Managing LTE IP Transport

Networks with Route Analytics

WHITE PAPER

Table of Contents
Executive Summary

LTE Core and Backhaul Transport Architectures

Why IP Networks Are Inherently Unpredictable

Traditional Network ManagementMany Points of View, No Big Picture

Route AnalyticsSeeing the Network from the Routers Point of View

Improving LTE Network Management with Route Analytics

Conclusion10

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

Executive Summary
Mobile operators today confront a major evolution in their network architecture, service traffic, and
economics. The explosion of smartphones, tablets and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) mobile
broadband traffic has driven the roll-out of Long Term Evolution (LTE) based on 3GPP standards.
While mobile operators have relied for years on IP/MPLS networks for their mobile core backbone
communications, LTE is driving a significant transformation of many mobile backhaul networks from
statically engineered ATM over SONET architectures to Layer 3 IP/MPLS networks, particularly in the
aggregation or High Radio Access Network (HRAN) layer. While the precise nature of this transformation
varies dramatically depending on the legacy network assets and services, theres no question that the
evolution to IP/MPLS requires a new approach to network Operations and Management (OAM).
An inherent OAM challenge of IP is its dynamic nature. Unlike circuit-based TDM network architectures
of the past, IP networks can continuously and automatically reroute traffic paths around link failures
and other changes in the network infrastructure. The result is an intelligent but unpredictable
network topology that can not only cause delays to sensitive voice and broadband traffic, but also
make management visibility and operational processes much more challenging. Traditional network
management tools dont provide visibility into IP network dynamics, without which it is difficult to reduce
OPEX Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) such as Mean Time to Detection (MTTD) and Mean Time to Repair
(MTTR). In addition, lack of insight into dynamic network behavior impedes accurate maintenance and
capacity planning, leading to costly operations errors and CAPEX waste.
Route analytics technology, which taps into the networks live routing protocol control plane to provide
real-time, network-wide insight of the operational routing topology and the traffic flowing across all
network paths and links, is a key OAM technology for LTE mobile core and backhaul IP networks. Deployed
by hundreds of telecom and mobile operators today, route analytics transforms IP/MPLS network
management processes, helping engineering and operations teams deliver optimal service performance,
speed problem resolution, strengthen change management processes, proactively uncover network
vulnerabilities, increase capacity planning efficiency and ensure network and service resilience.
Effective integration of route analytics within the LTE mobile core and backhaul IP/MPLS network OAM
portfolio can help mobile operators ensure higher service quality, leading to lower subscriber churn and
reacquisition costs while reducing IP network OPEX and CAPEX.

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

LTE Core and Backhaul Transport Architectures

Long Term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) as defined by the Third-Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced significant architectural changes to mobile operator networks. Of
greatest interest to those responsible for deploying and managing the underlying transport is the fact
that unlike previous standards, LTE and SAE together introduce a completely IP-based communications
paradigm: Evolved Packet System (EPS). EPS employs an IP-based Bearer concept, essentially IP packet
flows with defined Quality of Service (QoS), as the communications channel between handsets and
tablets (the User Equipment or UE in 3GPP parlance) and the Internet via core network (CN) gateways (see
Figure 1).

Figure 1: System Architecture Evolution/Evolved Packet Core (source: 4G Americas)

3G Mobile operators have for years operated IP/MPLS VPN backbone networks to interconnect their core
nodes. With the onset of LTE, the much larger metro area backhaul networks that transport traffic from
eNodeB cell sites must transform to handle IP traffic flows. Some mobile operators are choosing to utilize
IP-friendly Layer 2 networks based on carrier Ethernet for backhaul transport, but for most operators IP/
MPLS networks will be the transport network architecture of choice for LTE backhaul.
There are a number of different approaches to designing these IP/MPLS backhaul networks. For example,
due to the need to accommodate legacy ATM transport of 2.5G and 3G traffic, some operators are using
point-to-point MPLS Layer 2 VPN tunnels to transport backhaul traffic between eNodeB sites and core
gateways. Others are choosing to utilize Layer 3 VPNs in the backhaul networks. While there are many
architectural variants of IP/MPLS backhaul networks, they all must offer a high degree of resilience via

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

router, link and path redundancy, as well as automated traffic re-routing around failures via standardsbased OSPF or IS-IS protocols. In some cases, mobile operators will additionally implement MPLS Traffic
Engineering (TE) via RSVP-TE tunnels to ensure bandwidth availability and fast re-route (FRR) for failure
recovery. Given the size and the complexity of these networks, it is critical that mobile operators possess
strong OAM capabilities based on next-generation technologies and tools that can address the dynamic
nature of IP/MPLS networks and also provide visibility into their Layer 2 VPN tunnels.

Why IP Networks Are Inherently Unpredictable

LTE is just the latest example of the convergence of all types of communication over IP. A major reason
that IP became the de facto worldwide standard for data communications networks is its automated
resiliency based on intelligent IP routing protocols that control the traffic routing topology. But while
IPs distributed routing intelligence makes it efficient and resilient, it also makes IP network behavior
unpredictable and harder to manage. IP routing protocols automatically calculate traffic routes or paths
from any point to any other point in the network based on the latest known state of network elements.
Any change to those elements causes the routing topology to be recalculated dynamically. While this
means highly resilient traffic delivery with low administrative overhead, it also creates endless variability
in the active routing topology. Large networks with many redundant links can be in any one of millions
of possible active routing topology states, which makes it much harder to understand and manage how
traffic will be delivered (see Figure 2).
The lack of network management visibility into dynamic network behavior can be seen in the timeconsuming process of correlating service problems to non device-specific network causes. For example,
when a user reports a service performance problem that doesnt stem from an obvious hardware failure,
pinpointing the root cause can be quite difficult because in a large, complex IP network, IT engineers have
no way to know the route the traffic took through the network, the relevant links servicing the traffic,
whether those links were congested at the time of the problem or even which devices were servicing
the traffic. Without understanding these factors, troubleshooting processes become slow, inefficient
guesswork games played by highly paid escalation engineers, increasing MTTR and raising OPEX. Change
management processes suffer from the same problem, since engineers making planned configuration
changes in the network have little or no idea of how the network-wide routing and traffic delivery
behavior will change once the configuration change is made. This can lead to higher OPEX because
changes must be rolled back or corrected, impacting service reliability and customer satisfaction.

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

Figure 2: The dynamic nature of IP routing presents a mathematically daunting challenge to network
management. In the illustrated network above, there are only 4 core routers and 5 edge routers. If one assumes
that traffic only enters the network from the edges, the routed topology (combination of routed paths) can be
in any one of 55 (3,125) possible states, or 53 (125) probable states. As a network expands and the number of
interconnected routers grows, the complexity of understanding the networks behavior increases exponentially.
For relatively non-critical applications like email and web browsing, the impact of routing and traffic
changes may be slight, but for mobile voice, SMS, data services, interactive gaming, and streaming media,
which have sensitive latency requirements, the impact can be dire.
Next-generation OAM approaches are needed to manage IP network unpredictability, prevent and
mitigate the service impacts of routing and traffic changes, and lower costs.

Traditional Network ManagementMany Points of View, No Big

Picture
Network managements purpose is to overcome the complexity inherent in a large network and provide
better visibility to network operations and engineering. The overarching architectural principle of todays
network management is to gather information on a vast number of different points in the network, and
then correlate various point data to infer service conditions. The key mechanism for doing this is the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which gathers information from devices such as routers,

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

switches, security devices and servers, and their interfaces. The type of data gathered is:

Device health: current status, CPU and memory utilization

Fault indicators: up/down status, uptime, dropped packets, errors
Traffic information: interface utilization: bytes in/out, packets in/out, configuration
Service utilization information: utilization per class of service, threshold violations

Having this point data is critical for example, an interface or device that fails, runs out of memory or
is congested with traffic can have a direct impact on service traffic. However, the sum of all this point
data often doesnt provide the level of understanding needed to reduce detection and repair times. Just
knowing that an interface is full of traffic doesnt tell you why it is full. Where is the traffic coming from and
where is it going? Is the traffic usually on this interface, or was there a change in the network or elsewhere
that caused it to shift to this interface? If so - from where, when and for how long? Without answers to
these questions, there is no real understanding of the behavior of the network as a whole, which robs the
point data of much of its meaning.
While there are correlation algorithms for deducing certain types of network conditions, the fact of the
matter is that SNMP was never designed to explain the complexities within routed IP networks. SNMPs
key limitation is that it is too periodic polling cycles from 30 seconds to several minutes simply cannot
produce an accurate portrait of the networks routing state, with its sometimes rapid and high-volume
state changes. Even speeding up the polling cycle say, to every five seconds would still miss many
routing state changes and would generate so much management traffic overhead as to be impractical.
Whats needed is a network management approach that can complement traditional, polled, device data
collection with real-time tracking of routing protocol and traffic flow message events. Routing protocols
such as OSPF, IS-IS and BGP send event messages to notify their peers of routing changes, such as a routed
link going down, or a new routed prefix being added to the network. Likewise, routers utilizing traffic flow
technologies such as NetFlow, broadcast event messages carrying the volume of traffic in specific IP flows.
It is critical to monitor and be able to analyze these routing and traffic events in order to understand and
manage IP networks dynamic behavior.

Route AnalyticsSeeing the Network from the Routers Point of

View
Route analytics technology, adopted globally by hundreds of service providers, mobile operators,
cable MSOs, large enterprises and government agencies, provides a new level of network visibility. The
technology exploits a different type of network visibility that is afforded by tapping into the routing
protocols the source of intelligence that determines how IP/MPLS VPN networks deliver traffic.

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

Route analytics are made possible by a sophisticated data collection technique. Using a collector that acts
like a passive router, peering with selected routers across a network, and using the routing protocols
OSPF, IS-IS and MP-BGPthe control messages that routers use to calculate how traffic will be sent across
the network can be recorded (see Figure 3). By processing this information just the way routers do albeit
in a more comprehensive fashion every Layer 3 routed path in the network can be calculated, from every
host to every other host. Thus, a routing topology of the entire network can be created and maintained
for operational and engineering analysis. Since routing protocols report changes to the topology within
milliseconds, the topology map is continuously updated in real time and always reflects exactly the way
the real network is operating.

Figure 3: Route analytics technology passively peers with, listens to and analyzes routing protocols to provide a
real-time, network-wide understanding of all IP/MPLS VPN topology changes.
Route analytics technology integrates traffic information into this live topology map by collecting flow
data (statistical information on unidirectional IP traffic streams generated by routers, such as IPFIX,
NetFlow) from key traffic ingress points such as IP edge routers and Internet and roaming peering points.
Using knowledge of the precise path that every flow takes at any time through the network, route
analytics project the traffic data onto the component links of that path (see Figure 4). The result is a highly
accurate, integrated routing and traffic map that shows the volume of class-of-service (CoS) traffic on
every link in the network. Since both routing and traffic data are generated and recorded continuously
into a database, it is possible to view the network conditions exactly as they were at a past moment in
time. In addition, since the topology is algorithmically calculated, it is possible to model routing and traffic
changes, and simulate changes in network-wide behavior.

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

Data
Center

Flow 1 Src Dest . . .

.
.
.
Netflow Data

Internet

Flow 1 Src Dest . . .

Flow 2 Src Dest . . .
Netflow Data

Traffic Explorer User

Figure 4: Route analytics integrate NetFlow traffic statistics information into the IP/MPLS VPN routing topology
by mapping traffic flows onto their routed paths. The result is a real-time, integrated routing and traffic
topology.

Improving LTE Network Management with Route Analytics

Route analytics technology provides new network management visibility to mobile operators who must
manage their mobile core and backhaul IP networks to deliver excellent service quality. For the first
time, engineers can understand the relationship between service delivery and network operations. The
results are greatly improved accuracy and efficiency of key business processes, contained costs, increased
subscriber loyalty and lower customer churn.
Real-Time, Network-Wide Routing and Traffic Monitoring, with Alerting: Route analytics provide
visibility into traffic flows on all internal and external links in the network. Network Operations can easily
monitor critical traffic paths, MPLS VPNs and RSVP-TE tunnels to ensure that the network architecture
maintains adherence to design specifications, and traffic remains under utilization thresholds across the
entire network. Real-time alerts via SNMP, syslog or console views help reduce MTTD of service-impacting
issues and enable more proactive customer experience management. For example, operators can monitor
reachability to distributed eNodeBs in the network, detect when any have lost reachability or have a path
change that is sub-optimal. Route analytics also reveal IP signaling plane stability issues such as excessive
overall Layer 3 network churn, problems like link flaps or the loss of routing redundancy to key Internet
Autonomous Systems (AS) or peering partners.

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

Benefit: Network operations can detect and anticipate problems much faster, reducing and preventing service
impacts, lowering MTTD for packet core network issues by up to 60%.
Layer 2 VPN Visibility Extends Analytics Capabilities: By monitoring Layer 2 VPNs, the power of route
analytics is expanded to include the same link level data on Virtual Leased Lines (VLL) as with other typical
Layer 2 links. For example, traps and alerts can be generated for Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) VLL
State, VLL Redundancy and Service availability. This enables mobile operators to monitor pseudo-wires
being used for backhauling cell site data. Network engineers also can verify that the actual deployments
of Layer 2 VPNs conform to design specifications (see Figure 5).
Benefit: Service resiliency and redundancy can be confirmed and status monitored for quicker response to
failures.

Figure 5: Route analytics incorporate path information from transported Layer 2 VPNs (e.g. ATM, E-Line, Frame
Relay, SONET/SDH and TDM) providing tools for managing mobile backhaul resiliency and redundancy.
Rewindable Routing and Traffic History for Improved Troubleshooting: By continuously recording
the state of routing and traffic over time, route analytics technology accurately portrays the network-wide
state of all links, peerings, paths, and prefixes as well as all traffic flows at any point in time. Engineers can
rewind the network topology to pinpoint the precise MPLS VPN, RSVP-TE tunnel and routed path that
service traffic took through the network, as well as the utilization of the component links, at the time of a
problem. For example, in the case of a suboptimal VLL path from the mobile core to an eNodeB, engineers

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can see exactly what precipitated the change at what time and visualize the resulting path and traffic
levels along the path. Using these historical forensics, engineers can solve hard-to-find and intermittent
problems in less time, increasing operational efficiency.
Benefits: MTTR for packet core network issues lowered by 20-40%. Improved network and service quality, and
customer service responsiveness, results in higher customer satisfaction and lower churn.
Network Modeling for More Robust Change Management Processes: Route analytics provide
powerful modeling capabilities that can be used to strengthen change management processes. Industry
research shows that 80 percent of unplanned downtime is caused by people and process issues, including
poor change management practices, while the remainder is caused by technology failures and disasters.
Route analytics allow engineers to model and simulate planned IP, MPLS VPN, L2 VPN and RSVP-TE routing
and traffic changes, and to accurately predict the effect on the entire networks behavior and on service
levels. For example, highly accurate modeling can help ensure path resilience between eNodeB and core
gateway nodes. After making changes, engineers can use route analytics to validate correct network-wide
routing and traffic behavior in real time.
Benefit: Service impacts from change management errors reduced by 25% or more.
Internet Routing and Analysis for Improved Service Performance: Mobile broadband service
customers who access the Internet judge their mobile operators service quality by how well they can
access their favorite applications and websites. Route analytics for BGP Internet routing help network
engineers and planners identify important sources of traffic for key customer groups. Then, using
simulation and modeling, they can find ways to optimize routing between multiple Internet peerings to
achieve the shortest number of AS hops from those sources and reduce traffic latency from those key
sites. Real-time monitoring of BGP AS paths to critical external networks can alert network operators to a
loss of redundancy so that they can take measures to ensure service delivery continuity.
In addition, route analytics technology can be used to ensure acceptable external peering utilization
levels and optimize transit and peering arrangements, which can significantly reduce mobile operator
costs. Route analytics provide engineers with a set of capabilities, including the ability to monitor peering
or transit traffic to ensure it is within contracted ranges, as well as analyze, identify and justify new peering
relationships. Engineers can also accurately simulate proposed peering changes to project exactly how
traffic would behave with the proposed changes, helping them to make more informed investment
decisions. Whether moving traffic from paid transit to settlement-free peering, or balancing between
multiple transit providers, route analytics provide the intelligence operators need to optimize their
peering traffic and maximize their bottom line.
Benefits: Improves customer service quality experience, increases customer loyalty and lowers customer churn.
Reduces peering and transit operating costs by up to 20%.
Network-Wide Routing Health Audits for Improved Service Continuity: One of the hardest challenges
in the midst of complex network operations is to anticipate and avoid problems. There is often no

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

insight into the potential causes of service impacts. Route analytics provide a network-wide audit of
routing health by systematically examining the network for problems and vulnerabilities, such as outof-policy asymmetric routes, routing black holes, lack of or potential loss of path diversity between
critical service nodes, underutilized assets and potential redundancy failures. By proactively identifying
misconfigurations and potential failure points, route analytics technology enables engineers to prioritize
fixes, increase network quality and prevent service impacts.
Benefit: Higher network quality, lower service impacts, and improved customer satisfaction.
Network-Wide Capacity Planning for Reduced CapEx: One of the most important network
management processes for capital-intensive mobile operator networks is accurate capacity planning.
Unfortunately, network planners often lack accurate and comprehensive information about the networks
traffic utilization over time, leading to inaccurate planning exercises, sub-optimally deployed resources
and wasted capital expenditures. By maintaining an always-accurate model of the entire networks routing
and traffic behavior, route analytics technology provides the basis for rapid, iterative and automated
capacity planning and traffic trending.
Benefit: Capital expenditure savings of up to 20% for evolved packet core network infrastructure.

Conclusion
This paper has established the need for insight into the dynamic behavior of LTE core and backhaul
IP transport networks, and how route analytics technology meets this need. Mobile operators that
leverage route analytics to increase the automation of IP/MPLS and Layer 2 VPN network operations and
engineering will gain a sustained competitive advantage due to the ability to deliver more reliable and
higher quality services while increasing profitability.
Packet Designs Route Explorer System combines route analytics for all IGP and BGP protocols with pathaware traffic flow analytics. In a single code base, it offers:

Real-time visibility into routing and traffic behavior plus intelligent alerts for proactive operational
monitoring and more efficient triage of service interruptions
DVR-like replay and analysis of routing events for faster troubleshooting of intermittent and hardto-find service delivery issues
Interactive simulation of configuration changes for risk-free network maintenance
Predictive analysis of new workloads for better capacity planning

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Managing LTE IP Transport Networks with Route Analytics

To learn more about Packet Design and Route Explorer, please:

Email us at info@packetdesign.com
Visit Packet Designs web site at www.packetdesign.com
Call us at +1.408.490.1000

Corporate Headquarters
Packet Design
2455 Augustine Drive
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: 408.490.1000
Fax: 408.562.0080

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