Ling Zhu

Louisiana State University

X Congreso Latinoamericano de Estudiantes de Ingenieria Civil
XII Congreso Nacional de Estudiantes de Ingenieria Civil del Peru,
August 4- 8, 2014

Coastal Shore Protec.on

Structural methods
Seawalls
Breakwaters
Non-Structural methods
Coastal wetlands

Seawalls

A seawall at St Ouens Bay,

Jersey, UK

Credit: hBp://www.freefoto.com/preview/1120-15-18

Seawalls

A seawall at St Helens
Duver, Isle of Wight, UK

Credit: Oikos-team at en.wikipedia

Breakwaters

A harbor with oa.ng breakwater

elements
Credit: hBp://concretesubmarine.ac.veboard.com/t43945325

Breakwaters

A Breakwater at Nobby,
Queensland, AU

Credit: hBp://highteawithmrswoo.com.au

Coastal Wetlands at Parker River

Na.onal Wildlife Refuge in
Newburyport, MA.
Credit: Kelly Fike/USFWS

Func.ons of Coastal Wetlands

to dissipate ocean waves
Dissipate incoming wave energy
Reduce hurricane damages
Enhance deposi.on of sediment

A Video

Main Forces Exerted by

Waves (Cont.)
Drag force, FD
Iner.a force, FI
Flow
Direc.on

Eec.ve stem
height, Hv

How to assess surge and wave

reduc.on by vegeta.on?
Field studies
Laboratory studies
Numerical simula.ons

Field Studies

Field Studies
Measurement of
vegeta.on stem height

Field Studies
Surge measurements

Direc.onal wave
measurements

Wave measurements

Field Studies

M. E. Anderson, J. M. Smith, and S. Kyle McKay (2011), Wave Dissipa*on by

Vegeta*on. ERDC/CHL CHETN-I-82.

Laboratory Studies
A ume at the USDA-ARS Na.onal
Sedimenta.on Laboratory in Oxford,
Mississippi, US

Laboratory Studies

A ume at the USDA-ARS Na.onal

Sedimenta.on Laboratory in Oxford,
Mississippi, US

Laboratory Studies

Ar*cial / Live plants

Rigid / exible plants

Ar.cial plants

Live plants

Laboratory Studies

Ar.cial / Live plants

Rigid / exible plants

Rigid plants

Flexible plants

Numerical Models

How to represent the vegeta.on

eect in wave models
Treat vegeta.on as a rough
boBom with high fric.on
Add vegeta.on-induced resistance
(drag/iner.a) in the momentum
equa.ons of the wave model

Vegeta.on-induced Resistance

1

F = f CD bv N u uv ( u uv ) + f VN CM u (CM 1) uv

CD = drag coecient CM = iner.a coecient

u = uid velocity uv = vegeta.on mo.on

Vegeta.on-induced Resistance

1

F = f CD bv N u uv ( u uv ) + f VN CM u (CM 1) uv

Drag Force

Iner*a Force

CD = drag coecient CM = iner.a coecient

u = uid velocity uv = vegeta.on mo.on

iption Model Verification Scaling analysis Conclusions

Wave model Vegetation model Model coupling

etation model

Vegeta.on Motion (Cont.)

verning equation for vegetation motion:

Governing Equa.on:
v V +
(Inertia)

C1

(4)

EIz

(1)

+ (f v )gV z

(Damping) (Stiffness)

(Gravity)

(CM 1)
f CD bv N W
W
+ f V CM W
2
(Drag)
(Inertia)

W = water par.cle movement

movement
egetation density
W = water particle

u
=

= vegeta.on dCeforma.on
v
ater density
=
damping
coefficient
1

lume per unit height of each

CD = drag coefficient
tion stand
CM = inertia coefficient

Vegeta.on Motion (Cont.)

Methods:
Finite element method
Finite dierence method

model
numerical convergence rates of FEM and
Vegeta.on
M
otion
(Cont.)


FDM for solving vegetation motion

thod Numerical convergence rates of FEM and

shape
4th-order
rate

FDM for solving vegeta.on mo.on

1

10

10

ime stepping
accuracy

10

Error [%]

drag force
n+1

W
n
+1

FDM, slope = 1.9149

FEM, slope = 4.0022

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Number of elements

10

Single-stem Vegeta.on
Deforma.on

mation () for extremely flexible (S = 0.0042),

flexible (S = 0.42) and stiff (S = 42) vegetation stem
S = 0.0042

S = 0.42

S = 42

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

ariation

0.7

0.7

0.7

-linear variation

0.6

0.6

0.6

stem: whip-like

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

puted by

0.3

0.3

0.3

motion

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

z (m)

0.9

0
10 5

0
0
5
0
5
0.05
vegetation deflection (cm)

0.05

Single-stem Swaying
m swaying
vegetation(Cont.)
Vegeta.on

Verification Scaling analysis Conclusions

Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple sw

Assump.ons:
s:
neglect buoyancy, iner.a, damping
gravity
buoyancy,and
inertia,
damping and gravity
e small vegetation
deformation
assume
small vegeta.on deforma.on
e linear drag
force linear drag force
assume

1

Fv = f CD r0 |U | W
2

em radius, |U | is characteristic velocity magnitude,

Single-stem Swaying
Vegeta.on
(
Cont.)
gle-stem swaying vegetation

scription Model Verification Scaling analysis Conclusions

Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying veg

Model Verification Scaling analysis Conclusions

Single-stem swaying vegetation

stem
vegetation
Nswaying
umerical tests:
wave condi.ons and

vegeta.on
parameters
umerical
tests: wave conditions
and vegetation parameters
Water depth

1.5 m

Stem length

0.85 m

Wave height

4 cm

Stem radius

16 mm

0.0042 42

Wave period and

2.95 s W
ships between

= 2.0 S =
drag coefficient Cparameter
=D 2.0
DC
dimensionless

= wave
0bjectives:

Er03 T02

f CD l04 W0

measures the st

Mullarney,
. and Henderson,
S. M. (2010).
mo5on of submerged single-stem
period,
l0 =J. Cstem
length,
WW0ave-forced
= characteristic
water pa
vegeta5on. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12061.
placement)
study stem deformation, deformation speed, and drag forces for

line) and dW /dt (solid line) at the

top end of the vegetation stem

theore
/W

0.05

dW / dt (m/s)

0.05
10

15

20

25

S = 0.42

0.05

0.05

0.05
10

15

20

25

S = 42

0.05

15

20

Time [s]

25

5
30

80
60
40
20

d/dt
0
0

dW /dt

0.05
30
x 10
5

0
0.05
10

0.05
30

d! / dt (m/s)

0.8
magnitude

S = 0.0042

0.05

phase angle [deg]

Time Series of
d/dt and dW /dt

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

p end of the vegetation stem

Time Series of and

S = 0.0042
0.02

0.2

0.02
10

0
15

20

25

0.2
30

S = 0.42
0.02

0.05

0
0.02
10

0
15

20

25

S = 42
0
0.02
10

0.05
30
x 10

0.02

0
15

20

time [s]

25

Vegetation deflection (m)

Surface elevation (m)

30

A Video for Flexible

Vegeta.on (S = 0.006)

A Video for Flexible

Vegeta.on (S = 66)

n stem

on

isiana State University

Drag force per unit length (N/m)

ation

x 10

Drag Forces

6
10

15

20

Time (s)

25

30

Extremely exible plant (e.g. S = 0.0042)

Numerical
M
oderately
exible
plant Over
(e.g.
S = 0.0042)
Modeling
of Surface
Waves
Submerged
Flexible Vegetation
S. plant (e.g. S = 42)

Model Coupling
WAVE MODELS
Flow Veloci.es
Non-hydrosta.c models Surface Eleva.on
(e.g. NHWAVE, SWASH)
RANS-VOF models (e.g.
IHFoam/OpenFoam)

Eec.ve Vegeta.on
Height
Vegeta.on-induced
Resistance

VEGETATION
MODEL

Mul.ple swaying
vegeta.on (Cont.)
Couple the vegeta.on model with a non-
hydrosta.c wave model (NHWAVE, Ma et
al. 2012)
Model results are compared with
experimental results (Asano et al. 1992)
Model results are compared with
experimental results (Wu et al. 2012)

Mul.ple swaying
Multiple vegeta.on
swaying vegetation (Cont.)

Model Description Model Verification Scaling analysis Conclusions

Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation

the fully coupled wave-vegetation model is solved

setup
(Asano
et vegetation
al. 1992) parameters
8 numericalExperimental
test cases: wave
conditions
and
Water depth

0.45, 0.52 m

stem length

0.25 m

Wave height

0.086 0.166 m

stem width

5.2 cm

stem thickness

0.03 mm

specific gravity (v /f )

0.9

Wave period
Youngs modulus

0.83 2 s

9.8106 Pa

inertia coefficient CM = 2.0

drag coefficient CD is calibrated

le swaying vegetation

Experimental and
Numerical Wave Heights

comparison of the experimental (circles) and numerical (solid

line) wave heights
Case 1

H [m]
0.05
2

10

0.05
2

12

Case 3

H [m]

H [m]

0.1
2

10

0.05
2

12

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
2

12

0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
2

H [m]

0.1

0.2

10

Case 7

H [m]

H [m]

0.15

0.15
0.1
2

4
6
8
10
distance to wave maker [m]

10

12

Case 4

0.06

12

Case 5

0.07

0.15

H [m]

Case 2

0.1

H [m]

0.1

10

12

10

12

Case 6

6
Case 8

4
6
8
10
distance to wave maker [m]

12

Experimental
(Asano et al. 1992)
Numerical

Mul.ple swaying
vegeta.on (Cont.)

Experimental setup (Wu et al. 2012)

 the fully coupled wave-vegetation model is solv

Mul.ple swaying
8 numerical test cases: wave conditions and vege
vegeta.on
(
Cont.)
Water depth
0.45, 0.52 m
stem len
Water
depth height
0.70 m
Wave
Wave height

length m
0.48, 0.63 m

0.086Stem
0.166
stem
wid

0.052, 0.117 m

Wave period

Youngs
Wave
period modulus
1.1, 1.2 s

Stem width

0.83 2 s

9.4 mm

stem thick

6
9.810
Pa 350, specific
Stem density
623 #/m2 gravit

inertia coefficient CM = 2.0

drag coefficient CD is calibrated

Experimental and
Numerical Wave Heights
Experimental
(Wu et al. 2012)
Numerical

Conclusions
Coastal wetlands are recognized as a buer zone
protec.ng the inner land
A variety of eld studies, experimental work, and
numerical simula.ons have been performed to
assess surge and wave reduc.on by vegeta.on
The swaying vegeta.on stem and the wave
veloci.es should be coupled in numerical models
S. vegeta.on stems result in larger resistance
on wave and therefore induce more wave
dissipa.on

Thank You!