EXPERIMENT No 04

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Name :D.P.Wijayarupa.
Batch :Applied Electronics ,Saturday
Index number :2013/AE/35
Partner :Mr.Sarangan

Contents
1).Introduction.
2). Applications of the Operational Amplifiers
Part 1 VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
Part 2 INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
Part 3 NON INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
Part 4 INTEGRATING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
Part 5 DIFFERENTIATION VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
Part 6 PRECISION DIODE
Part 7 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

3). Commmnets And Discussion

4). Referances

INTRODUCTION
Operational amplifier (Op-amp) is one of the important blocks in analogue electronics. Op-amp
is a high grain differential direct-coupled amplifier that can be used to mathematical operations.
Op-amps can be configured in different way to make different devices. The objective of this
exercise is to give a basic idea of different op-amps and their characteristics.

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Part 1 : VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

Find the gain of the voltage follower at 1 kHz
Measure the output impedance of the signal generator connected to the follower as the signal
source
[insert a 100 resister in between output of the signal generator and ground and measure the
change in
the output]
Measure the output impedance of the voltage follower at 1 kHz and compare that value with
the value
given in the datasheet
Measure the input impedance of the follower at 1 kHz and compare this with the data sheet
[Connect a
resister box in series with the signal generator, then consider input as a potential divider]

Gain of the amplifier

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Method.

Set up the apparatus as shown in the above figure. Change the value of
the signal given out by the signal generator for different voltages. Measure both the input and
output voltages using the CRO.

Gain of the amplifier

Input frequency is 1kHz when the input is 100mV
Input voltage

= 100 mV [ 200mV /Div]

Output voltage = 100 mV [ 50 mV / Div]

Gain

= output / input = 100mV/100mV =1

Input frequency is 1kHz when the input is 1V

Input voltage

= 1V [ 1V /Div]

Output voltage = 1V [ 1V / Div]

Gain

= output / input = 1V/1V =1

Input frequency is 1kHz when the input is 10V

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Input voltage

= 10V [ 10V /Div]

Output voltage = 100 mV [ 10V / Div]

Gain

= output / input = 10V/10V =1

Input impedance

Method

Set up the apparatus as shown above. Measure the output voltage without the load resistor using
a CRO.Connect a 100 ohm resistor between the output of the signal generator and the ground.
Measure the output voltage with the load resistor when changing the variable resistor until the
output becomes half that of the original.

Voltage output without the load resistor of the signal generator =734mV [200mV/Div]
Voltage output with the load resistor of the signal generator

= 360mV [200mV/Div]

Resistance of the variable resistor

= 25

Input impedance

= 25

Output impedance

Voltage output without the load resistor of the signal generator =240mV [200mV/Div]
Voltage output with the load resistor of the signal generator

= 120mV [200mV/Div]

Resistance of the variable resistor

= 15

Input impedance

= 15

Part 2 : INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

 Construct an inverting amplifier with a gain of 10 with the help of 1 k and 10 k resistors
and find the
actual gain at 1 kHz and 10 kHz
Find the input and output impedances at 1 kHz
Replace 1 k and 10 k resistors with 100 k and 1 M resistors and find the input and
output
impedances at 1 kHz
Find the bandwidths and quality factors of those two amplifiers and comment on the results.
[do
simulations only]

Method

Set up the apparatus as shown above. Change the amplitude of the input signal given out by the
signal generator and measure the output and input voltages using a CRO.

Gain of the amplifier

Output voltage

= 2.14 V [500mV /Div]

Input voltage

=0.252 V [420 mV/Div]

Gain of the amplifier

=output voltage / Input voltage

= 2.14 V / 0.252 V
= 8.49

Input Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.
Input impedance at 1kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 2.14 V [420 mV/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 1.02 V [500mV /Div]

Variable resistor reading

= 40

Input impedance

= 40

Output Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.

Input impedance at 1kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 2.80 V [420 mV/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 1.42V [500mV /Div]

Variable resistor reading

= 10

Input impedance

= 10

Quality factor

Use a sin wave input and measure both the input and corresponding output in each frequency.
Where 0<f<1MHz. Plot a curve frequency against voltage gain.

The following graph can be plotted the Gain Vs the frequency with the corresponding error bars.

Part 3 : NON INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

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Method

Set up the apparatus as shown above. Change the amplitude of the input signal given out by the
signal generator and measure the output and input voltages using a CRO.

Gain of the amplifier

Output voltage

= 2.12V [1V /Div]

Input voltage

=205m V [285 mV/Div]

Gain of the amplifier

=output voltage / Input voltage

= 2.12 V / 0.205 V
= 10.34

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Input Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.
Input impedance at 1kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 2.12 V [1V/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 1.04 V [1V /Div]

Variable resistor reading

= 40

Input impedance

= 40

Output Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.

Input impedance at 1kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 2.12 V [420 mV/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 1.05V [500mV /Div]

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Variable resistor reading

= 14

Input impedance

= 14

Quality factor

Use a sin wave input and measure both the input and corresponding output in each frequency.
Where 0<f<1MHz. Plot a curve frequency against voltage gain.

The following graph can be plotted the Gain Vs the frequency with the corresponding error bars.

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Part 4 : INTEGRATING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

Method

Set up the apparatus as given above. Change the configuration of the input signal
pattern as mentioned below when the signal frequency is at 10kHz.

Signal patterns

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Sin wave at 10kHz

Square wave at 10kHz

Triangular wave at 10kHz

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Gain of the amplifier at 10kHz

Output voltage

= 1.66V [1V /Div]

Input voltage

=1.24V [1V/Div]

Gain of the amplifier

=output voltage / Input voltage

= 1.66 V / 1.24 V
= 1.34

Input Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.
Input impedance at 10 kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 2.40 V [1V/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 1.20 V [1V /Div]

Variable resistor reading

= 25

Input impedance

= 25

Quality factor

Use a sin wave input and measure both the input and corresponding output in each frequency.
Where 0<f<1MHz. Plot a curve frequency against voltage gain.

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The following graph can be plotted the Gain Vs the frequency with the corresponding
error bars.

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Part 5 : DIFFERENTIATION VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER

Method
Set up the apparatus as given above. Change the configuration of the input signal pattern as
mentioned below when the signal frequency is at 10kHz

Signal patterns

Sin wave pattern at 10kHz

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Square wave pattern at 10kHz

Triangular wave pattern at 10kHz

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Gain of the amplifier at 1kHz

Output voltage

= 660mV [500mV /Div]

Input voltage

=520mV [500mV/Div]

Gain of the amplifier

=output voltage / Input voltage

= 520mV / 660mV
= 0.78

Input Impedance
Change the value of the variable resistor until the output becomes half that of the circuit with
zero resistance attached to the output. Measure that resistance of the variable resistor.
Input impedance at 1kHz

Output voltage without the resistor

= 480m V [200mV/Div]

Output voltage with the resistor

= 240mV [200mV /Div]

Variable resistor reading

= 45

Input impedance

= 45

Quality factor

Use a sin wave input and measure both the input and corresponding output in each frequency.
Where 0<f<1MHz. Plot a curve frequency against voltage gain.

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The following graph can be plotted the Gain Vs the frequency with the corresponding
error bars.

Part 6 : PRECISION DIODE

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The given diode is used to simulate the given operations.

Differentiator action at 1kHz.
Sine wave pattern for 1kHz

Square wave pattern for 1kHz

Triangular wave pattern of 1kHz

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Differentiator action at 100kHz.

Sine wave pattern at 100kHz

Square wave pattern at 100kHz

Triangular wave pattern at 100kHz

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Part 7 : SUMMING AMPLIFIER

The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the

standard Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration that can be used for combining multiple
inputs. We saw previously in the inverting amplifier tutorial that the inverting amplifier has a
single input voltage, ( Vin ) applied to the inverting input terminal. If we add more input resistors
to the input, each equal in value to the original input resistor, Rin we end up with another
operational amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, "summing inverter" or even a
"voltage adder" circuit as shown below.
Fourier analysis is given below.

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COMMMNETS AND DISCUSSION

In the above experiment, the machines are not ideal. So they do have their own systematic errors.
The NE 741 IC would not be at the operating temperature, so that there may be some fluctuations
of the signals sent out by the circuit. Since the mains supply voltage also fluctuates, which could lead the
experimental results to be changed. Electromagnetic noises produced by the circuit could also cause the
wave patterns to change slightly. The operating frequencies obtained from the experiments were
different than the originals.There is a slight change of frequency in the calculated values
due to the reason given above.

REFERANCES
The Art of electronics 2nd edition book
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, HANDBOOK, SIXTH EDITION, IAN R. SINCLAIR AND
JOHN DUNTON
Foundation of Analog and Digital electronics circuits, ANANTH AGRAWAL AND
JEFFREY H LANG
Analog and digital electronics by U.A.Bakshi and A.P.Godse
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampvar5.html
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
http://williamson-labs.com/480_opam.htm
http://www.gadgetgangster.com/tutorials/428
http://www.sentex.ca/~mec1995/gadgets/741/741.html

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