Experiment No.

: 4

Lab Group No.: 3

Student No.: 0906071

Course Number: EEE 434

Name of the Experiment:
DETERMINATION OF UNKNOWN LOAD IMPEDANCE OF A TERMINATED
TRANSMISSION LINE BY MEASURING VSWR AND USING SMITHS CHART.

Date of Performance: 30/08/2014

Date of Submission: 14/09/2014

Name: Md. Ehsanul Haque Nirjhar

Department: EEE
Section: B
Partners Student No.: 0906056
0906061
0906064
0906067
0906069

Objective:

Demonstration of the utility of Smiths chart

Determination of load impedance using the Smiths chart

Ans. To Question 1:
Reflection Coefficient is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of reflected wave and the
amplitude of incident wave. It is denoted as . Let a transmission line is terminated using load
impedance ZL and the characteristic impedance of the line is Zo. If the incident and reflected
wave amplitude are Vo+ and Vo- respectively, then for the transmission line given below

IL
Vo+
VoZL

z=-l

z=0

Reflection Coefficient, = Vo-/ Vo+ = (ZL- Zo)/ (ZL+Zo)

Voltage at any distance z from the load is

V(z)= Vo+e-jz + Vo-e-jz = Vo+ e-jz (1+|| ej(+2z)
Maximum value of V(z) will occur for zero phase and minimum will occur for phase. This phenomenon
will create a standing wave.These values would beVmax=| Vo+|(1+||) and Vmax=| Vo+|(1-||)

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio is referred to the ratio of maximum and minimum value of these
voltages.
1+||

VSWR=1||

Ans. To Question 2:
Scattering parameters, also known as S parameters, describe the behavior of electrical network
having two or more input-output ports. For example, a two- port network has 2 input and 2
output ports. Inputs are a1 and a2 , outputs are b1 and b2 like the following figure.

a1

a2

b1

b2

A parameter Smn is the ratio of the output at mth port and input at nth port, considering all other input
port deactivated. A two-port network has 4 such parameters, which can be defined asS11=b1/ a1
S12=b1/ a2
S21=b2/ a1
S22=b2/ a2

Now using superposition theorem output at port 1 and 2 can be described as

b1= S11a1 + S11a2 and b2= S21a1 + S21a2
Therefore

The matrix with S parameters in its elements is known as S matrix. The diagonal values S11 and S22 refer
to the reflection coefficients at port 1 and 2 respectively.

Ans. To Question 3:
Given that,
a= 0.0855 inch
b= 0.28 inch
r= 2.026
(i) For a coaxial cable, we know
=
=

ln = 2.3726 10 H/m
2
2
= 9.501 10 F/m

ln

Assuming the line to be lossless, the characteristic impedance of the line would be
= = 49.97

Considering a load impedance, ZL=40+60j , we get

= 0.231+0.513j
VSWR= 3.57
(ii) Sample Code:
clear all
close all
clc
clf
l=-0.55:0.0001:0;
Vo=10;
B=47.73;
Zo=49.97;
ZL=73+42.5i;
ref_co=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo);

%%%%%
%%%%%
%%%%%
%%%%%
%%%%%
%%%%%

Length of the wire is 55cm

Transmitted wave magnitude
Phase Constant, Beta
Characteristic Impedance
Load Impedance
Reflection Co-efficient

V=Vo*(exp(-i*B*l)+ref_co*exp(i*B*l));
plot(l,abs(V))
xlim([-0.56 0])
xlabel('\bfDistance from Load (in meters)');
ylabel('\bfVoltage');
title(['\bfVoltage variation for ZLoad= ',num2str(ZL),' ohm'])

Plot of voltage variation along the line for different values of load is given belowVoltage variation for matched load
10

10

10

V o ltag e

10

10

10

10

10
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
Distance from Load (in meters)

-0.2

-0.1

-0.2

-0.1

Matched load

Voltage variation for shorted load

20

18

16

14

Voltage

12

10

0
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
Distance from Load (in meters)

Shorted load

Voltage variation for infinite load

20

18

16

14

Voltage

12

10

0
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
Distance from Load (in meters)

-0.2

-0.1

-0.2

-0.1

Infinite load

Voltage variation for ZLoad= 75 ohm

12.5

12

11.5

11

V oltage

10.5

10

9.5

8.5

7.5
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
Distance from Load (in meters)

75 load

Voltage variation for ZLoad= 73+42.5i ohm

14

13

12

V o lta g e

11

10

6
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
Distance from Load (in meters)

-0.2

-0.1

73+42.5j load

Ans. To Question 4:
Experiment cannot be performed as the set up was out of order. As a result no value or data can be
measured in that particular experiment.

Ans. To Question 5:
Given that,
Vmax = 9V
Vmin = 3V
Zo= 50
lmin= 4cm
l =12 cm
We know that,
SWR= Vmax/ Vmin =3
= 2 l = 24cm
|| = =0.5

=+2 lmin=

300o

=0.25 - j0.433

Thus we can find analytically that

ZL=Zo() = 50 j57.735
By using the Smiths chart we get the following pointszL=1-j1.2; rotating 0.166 CCW from (-1,0)
zin=0.4- j0.5; rotating 0.083 CW from previous point
After multiplying these normalized values by characteristic impedance Zo=50 , Ohmic value of
input impedance and load impedance is determined
ZL= 50-j60 ; which is close to the analytical result
Zin= 20-j25
Operation on the Smiths chart is given below. Black dot represents load impedance, while blue
one represents the input impedance.

Ans. To Question 6:
(i) Sample Code:
clear all
close all
clc
clf

f=600e6:0.1e6:2800e6;
R=73;
L=5.6367e-9;
Zo=50;
ZL=R+2*pi*f*L;
ref_co=(ZL-Zo)./(ZL+Zo);
RL=-20*log10(abs(ref_co));

%%%%% Characteristic Impedance

%%%%% Load Impedance
%%%%% Reflection Co-efficient

plot(f,RL)
xlabel('\bfFrequency (in MHz)');
ylabel('\bfReflection Coefficient (in dB)');
title('\bfReflection Coefficient Variation','fontsize',12)

Plot:
Reflection Coefficient Variation
11

R e fl e c ti o n C o e ffic i e n t (in d B )

10

5
0.5

1.5

2
Frequency (in MHz)

2.5

3
9

x 10

(ii) Using frequency sweep from 600MHz to 2800MHz in QuickSmith following plot is obtained

This plot represents a constant resistance arc. Along the arc reactance rises with increasing frequency.

Ans. To Question 7:
Significance of a locus of load point after frequency sweep are as follows

The locus represents constant resistive load but changing reactive load
With the increasing frequency, VSWR also rises at first if the load is inductive. But as the
frequency becomes much higher, VSWR starts to fall and returns to the primary value.