Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

 Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,
Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering providing computational control.
Department of Computer Engineering  Microprocessors are also used in other advanced
electronic systems such as PDAs, handphones,
automobiles, home appliances and jet airliners

BENM 2123 MICROPROCESSOR

TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 1:
Introduction to 68000
Microprocessor
© Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor 1 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 3
MALAYSIA MELAKA
MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Definition of Microcomputer, Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Introduction Microprocessor and Microcontroller

What is microprocessor?

Microcomputer
 The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.  Programmable machine.
 Micro is the term used to represent the size of the  Basic component
circuit that form this solid state device. (micro = 10-
6)

 Processor means a device that processes whatever.

In this context processor means a device that
processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s
and 1’s.
 The microprocessor is a programmable device that
takes in numbers, performs on them arithmetic or  Currently microcomputer can be classified into four
logical operations according to the program stored groups; personal computer (PC), workstation,
in memory and then produces other numbers as a single board and microcontroller .
result.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 2 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 4
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Microcontroller

Microprocessor
 ‘Brain’ or ‘heart’ of the system
 Performing various computing functions Single IC
 Arithmetic and logic operation
 Fetch MPU
 Temporary storing
 Processor chip in market
Memory I/O
 Intel
 AMD
 Motorola Peripheral Devices
- A/D Converter
- Timer
- Serial I/O

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 5 7

MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Evolution of Microprocessor

Microcontroller
 Microcomputer built on a single chip
 Consist of a microprocessor, memory, input/output
devices and additional peripherals such as A/D
converter and timers.
 Microcontroller in market:
 Microchip PIC
 Motorola
 Intel
 Atmel

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 6 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 8
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Inside Microprocessor System Block Diagram

Standard element of microprocessor based
system:
 CPU
 Memory
 Input/output device

Central Processing
Unit
 Heart of the system which is control all operations
that can be performed.
 Execute instruction that are stored in memory

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL 9 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 11

MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Inside Microprocessor Microcomputer

ALU
 Performs all arithmetic (adding, subtracting, ets)
and logic operating (ANDing, ORing) of the data
which enters the microprocessor

Control Unit
 Manages the sequence and timing of events carried
out within the microprocessor

Registers
 Holds values of internal operation, such as the
address of the instruction being executed and the
data being processed
 i.e Accumulator, Program Counter Register, Status
Register
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL 10 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 12
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Memory
Additional element

 Store binary information; data and  ADC/DAC
instructions.
 Memory section has two components:  Video display controller
 Read only memory (ROM)  Speech synthesiser
 Random access memory (RAM)
 Interval timer
 ROM
 Store permanent information, data still available after  Math coprocessors
power off
 Store critical information such as start up, restart,
Bus system
configure, initialization process.
 Small sizes, need RAM to download main program such as  Simply groups of conductors that are routed
in PC throughout the system.
 RAM  Divided into three:
 Data lost upon power off
 Has two major types:  Data bus
 Static RAM – fast, easy to interface but small sizes
 Address bus
 Dynamic RAM – Larger but requires refreshing operation
 Control bus

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 13 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 15
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Microprocessor Operation

Input/output devices
Program (instructions) execution.
 Enable the microprocessor to communicate to outside
Three process (cycles) involves for each
world.
instruction
 Input devices - transfer data to microprocessor, e.g.
keyboard, scanner, bar code reader, mouse, sensor. 1. Fetch – processor load
 Output devices - Obtain data from microprocessor and an instruction from memory
transform to other format for human manipulation, e.g. into its internal instruction
monitor, printer, LED, hard disk. register (IR).
 Input/output for communications: 2. Decode – determine types
 Serial – one data at one time, slow but simple of instruction has been fetched.
 Parallel – more than one (usually eight) at one time, fast 3. Execute – perform the task
but complicated

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 14 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 16
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Hardware/Software Requirement Problem case (answer)

Peripheral initialization
Selection – microcontroller
 Serial device – baud rate, parity, number of data
Justification
and stop bits.
 Low cost
 Parallel device – configure the direction (input/
 Small product
output)
 Low power consumption
 Digital analog converter – initial value required.
 Small size memory needed to store programming

Software codes
 Application –Microsoft Office, RealPlayer  Easy to fabricate the circuit
 High level language – C, C++, BASIC, JAVA  Easy to debug and test
 Low level language – assembly language, machine
language

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 17 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 19
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Problem Case 68000 Microprocessor

As a design engineer, you are assigned to
MC68000 microprocessor designed by
design low cost handheld remote control Motorola in 1979.
powered by 9Vdc battery. The remote control
16 bit microprocessor
has four input buttons and the data will be
Comparing with 8 bit microprocessor
transmitted via radio frequency wave. Your
 Contain instructions unheard in 8 bit
superior expected that the remote control will microprocessor
be designed based on controller chip. The  Very large address space
assembly codes should be approximately  Many different addressing modes
4Kbytes in size to execute entire operation.
 Architecture easily lends itself to multiprocessing or
You need to choose either microprocessor or multitasking
microcontroller as the controller chip in the
The MC68000 is the first implementation of the
design. Justify your choice and give reasons M68000 16/-32 bit microprocessor architecture
to support your justification. (680x0 family)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 18 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 20
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Model of the MC68000

Members of 680x0 family such as
 MC68008
 MC68010
 MC68020
 MC68030
 MC68040 with some advance specifications

This family also as a core of to the Motorola
microcontroller products such as
 M68HC05
 M68HC08
 M68HC11
 M68HC12
 M68HC16

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 21 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 23
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Specification of MC68000

32-bit Data and Address Registers
Data register.

16-bit Data Bus  MC68000 contains 8 32

24-bit Address Bus (16MB) data registers; referred 33 16 15 87 0

14 Addressing Modes to as D0 through D7. D0

D1

Memory-Mapped Input/Output  Data register – to store
D2
information within the

24-bit Program Counter D3
68000 processor.

56 Powerful Instructions Types D4
 Size of data: D5

Operations on 5 Main Data Types  8 bits (0 – 7) – Lower
D6

7 interrupt levels byte (.B) D7

Clock speeds: 4MHz to 12.5MHz  16 bits (0 – 15) –

Lower word (.w)

Synchronous and asynchronous data transfers  32 bits (0 – 31) – long
word (.L)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 22 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 24
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Address register
System byte User byte
 8 address register; A0 through
A7. Technically speaking there 15 13 10 9 8 4 3 2 1 0

are two A7 : 32 16 15 0 T - S - - I2 I1 I0 - - - X N Z V C
A0
 User stack pointer (USP)
A1
 Supervisor stack pointer (SSP)
A2 Trace bit
Only one ever in effect A3
Extended

depend on processor Supervisor state Negative

A4

processing state. A5 Zero

A6
 Address register – to store Overflow
A7 (USP) Interrupt mask
location where data can be A7’(SSP) Carry
found outside the processor in
external memory chip.
Condition code

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 25 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 27
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

 For external memory
Status register

 Only the lower 24 bits are used  Status register (SR) has 16 bits
 Point 16MB memory (224 )
 Internally operate as 32 bits  8 bit lower SR form the user byte. These bits
 Cannot operate as 8 bits (byte) contain five status bit are commonly called
condition code or flags.

MC68000 is an ideal processor for application  X – extended
 N – negative
involving multiprogramming, multitasking and  Z – zero
creation of operation system when there two  V – overflow
processing state:  C – carry condition
 User
 supervisor  Upper 8 bits SR are make up the system byte and
unavailable to programmer unless the processor is

The processing state is determined by a in the supervisor state.
special bit in the status register.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 26 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 28
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Input and Output Signals

 The processing state is controlled by the S bit
 0 – user
 1 – supervisor
There are special instructions for manipulation
this bit
 Enable trace mode in the processor is T bit which
makes it possible to single step through a program
( instruction by instruction).
 I0 through I2 make up the processor’s interrupt
mask which are used to determine what level of
external interrupts the 68000 will respond to.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 29 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 31
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Program Counter
MC68000 come in a 64-pin package that run

 Used to store the memory address of the next 5 volt power supply
instruction to be executed.
Clock speeds for MC68000 is from 4 MHz up
 Only lower 24 bits are used to 12.5 MHz
Bit 0 to bit 23


All external data enter the CPU on 16
 Due to 68000 only has 24 address lines
bidirectional data lines (D0 – D15)

Address lines are connected (A1 – A23) with
31 24 23 0
two others signal UDS and LDS (upper and
PC
lower data strobe)

This address lines gives the processor ability
to address over 16 million bytes of memory
and handling the large database also support
develop multi-user system
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 30 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 32
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

example

MC68000 also provide two type data transfer;
synchronous and asynchronous.
16 bit data words in memory as shown below.

MC6800 will respond to seven levels of
The upper 8 bit word store at location even address
and the lower 8 bits at odd address
external hardware interrupt ( IPL2 – IPL0)
and has arbitration logic that support its in
Address 15 8 7 0 Address
multiprocessor systems.
1st word $100000 B5 2D $100001 1st longword
2nd word $100002 00 70 $100003
2nd longword
3rd word $100004 6A 37 $100005
3rd longword
4th word $100006 14 30 $100007

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 33 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 35
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Data Organization

MC68000 is possible to work with smaller bit
quantities even data and address register are
32 bits wide.

Generally we refer data as byte (8 bits),
words (16 bits) and longwords (32 bits).
 Example: MOVE.L – to move longwords of data
MOVE.B – to move byte of data

We refer bit 0 as the least significant bit
(LSB) and bit 7, 15 or 31 (byte, word or
longword) as the most significant bit (MSB).

MC68000 is a big endian processor where
words are stored with their lower 8 bits in the
higher of the two storage location.

Little endian processor like Intel family where
store the lower byte in the first memory
location

When data are thousands or million is difficult
to show each and very location therefore we
uses a single block diagram called memory
map.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 34 UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 36
MALAYSIA MELAKA MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com

 Intoduction to 68000 Microprocessor

Example memory map

 512KB Macintosh $000000 512K RAM
$080000
 MC68000 address
mapping start with $400000 64K ROM
$410000
$000000 and last
with $FFFFFF. $900000
$A00000
SCC Read

 The address indicate

$B00000
the beginning of each $C00000
SCC Write

new block in the

$D00000
memory. $E00000 IWM

$E80000 VIA
$F00000

$FFFFFF

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL © 07/08 Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim 37

MALAYSIA MELAKA

Printed with FinePrint trial version - purchase at www.fineprint.com