Expert committee suggests 10-year moratorium on GM food crop field trials

October 25, 2012

The 5-member, Technical Expert Committee appointed on the directions of Supreme Court, has recommended a
10-year moratorium on field trials of all Genetically Modified (GM) food crops.
The panel, in its interim report, suggested that the field trials should not be done till an independent committee
of experts and stakeholders examines and assesses the potential hazard of herbicide tolerant crops and their
suitability to India.
What is the concern of environmentalists?
The environmentalists are concerned about the potential damage GM crops can cause to human health, to
livestock and to biodiversity and the likelihood of field trials to contaminate regular crops.

Scientists oppose TECs recommendations of 10year ban on field trials of GM crops

October 29, 2012
Scientists have opposed the recommendations made by the Technical ExpertCommittee (TEC) appointed by
the Supreme Court of India which has recommended a moratorium of 10 years on all field trials of transgenic
food crops and field trials of transgenics in those crops for which India is a centre of origin or diversity.
Why this opposition?
As per scientists opposing the suggestion, ban on the field trials and commercialization of transgenic crops
could harm Indian farmers the most as they need to elevate production of food grains to meet the demands of
increasing population with reduced availability of fertile land. As per them, TEC has exceeded its mandate and
made many sweeping recommendations on diverse issues without bearing in mind the scientific rigor of the
methods used in India which are similar to those in the most advanced countries. Scientists are of the opinion
that interventions using GM technology will play a significant role in providing the necessary means to enable
farmers to produce more using fewer resources.

Uttarakhand tops in Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

November 1, 2012
Uttarakhand (scored 0.8123) topped the list of best-performing States and Union territories in terms of
environmental performance. As per the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) released by Planning
Commission:
Uttarakhand is followed by Himachal Pradesh (0.7316), Chandigarh (0.7270), Sikkim(0.7149), and Andhra
Pradesh (0.7147).
Best states in terms of air quality: Mizoram, Kerala, Goa, Sikkim, Tripura, Puducherryand Andaman
and Nicobar (all with average score of 1)
Paradoxically, except for Uttarakhand, all the States meet the prescribed nationalambient air quality standard
in respect of the sulphur dioxide of 20 micrograms per cubic metre.
More than 10 States do not meet the national standard of 30 microgram per cubic metre for Nitrogen dioxide.
Except for Goa, Kerala, and Mizoram, no State meets the 60 microgram per cubic metre national standard for
particulate matter.

 Himachal Pradesh is the only state with 100 % sewage treatment capacity, in the remaining States it ranges
from 0 (13 States) to less than 20 % (8 States) and more than 50 per cent in 4 States.
Total fecal coliform count is as much as 92 % in most of the States.
States leading in forest conservation and expansion of green cover are Chandigarh, Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Madhya Pradesh.
Environmental well-being is one of the considerations for transfer of funds to the States under the Gadgil
formula.
Indicators taken under consideration to arrive at water quality:
Sewage disposal
water quality of rivers
dissolved oxygen
total coliform count
percentage of water exploitation
The indicators considered for measuring the ambient air quality performance:
sulphur dioxide
nitrogen oxide
particulate matter

Negative Impact of Nutrients On Coastal Ecosystems

October 29, 2012
Salt Marshes along the U.S. Eastern seaboard and other highly developed coastlines have witnessed
deterioration of salt marsh. The disintegration has accelerated in recent decades, with some losses caused by
sea-level rise and development.
As per recent studies, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus originating from septic systems, sewerage, and
soil fertilizers on land flow with rainwater down to the coastal ocean is responsible for this disintegration.
What is the importance of Salt Marshes?
Salt marshes form critical interface b/w the land and sea. They provide habitat for fish, birds, and shellfish;
protect coastal cities from storms; and they take nutrients out of the water coming from upland areas, which
protects coastal bays from over-pollution. Losses of healthy salt marsh have accelerated in recent decades, with
some losses caused by sea-level rise and development.

Vulture population rises in India

November 15, 2012
As per a recent report by the Bombay Natural History Society(BHNS) rapid decline in the number of critically
endangered Indian vultures has stopped. Indias vulture population has risen for the first time in last 20 years,
after a sharp decline in their numbers by more than 99%. Vulture numbers decreased in India from 4 crore in
the early 80s to less than 1 lakh in 2011.

Why Vulture numbers were fast declining in India?

Diclofenac, a painkilling drug administered to cattle, is the main cause of mass extinction of vultures.
Vultures, which have a digestive system robust enough to even digest disease-causing pathogens found in
rotting meat of dead, do not have a critical enzyme that breaks down diclofenac and die of renal
failure after eating carcasses of cattle administered the drug.
Vultures feeding on cattle either die from acute kidney failure within a few days or lose their ability to
reproduce.
Diclofenac is a painkilling drug administered to cattle.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has put vultures on its list of critically endangered
species.
The three most common species of vultures and there approx. numbers in the India are:
Long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus), also known as the Indian vulture (44,000)
White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) (11,000)
Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris) (1,000)

26,000 hectares in Bagalkot will have Drip irrigation

November 27, 2012
Drip irrigation project is planned to irrigate nearly 26,000 hectares of land in the command area of the Krishna
in Bagalkot district. The project would cost Rs. 800 crore.
What is Drip Irrigation?
Drip irrigation or trickle irrigation or micro irrigation or localized irrigation, is an irrigation method
deployed to save water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil
surface or directly onto the root zone, by using a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. It is done
through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of the plant.
Advantages of Drip Irrigation:
Fertilizer and nutrient loss is minimized due to localized application and reduced leaching.
Water application efficiency is high.
Field levelling is not necessary.
Fields with irregular shapes are easily accommodated.
Recycled non-potable water can be safely used.
Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.
Soil type plays less important role in frequency of irrigation.
Soil erosion is minimized.
Weed growth is minimized.
Water distribution is highly uniform, controlled by output of each nozzle.
Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.
Variation in supply can be regulated by regulating the valves and drippers.
Foliage remains dry, reducing the risk of disease.
Usually operated at lower pressure than other types of pressurised irrigation, reducing energy costs.

Dumping of N-waste at KGF ruled out

November 27, 2012
The centre made it clear that it has no plans to dump Nuclear waste (N-waste) from Kudankulam
Nuke Power plant in the defunct gold mines of Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) inKarnataka. The reported move by
the Govt to dump the waste at the KGF was opposed by various political parties.
The team of experts clarified that since KGF lacks a rocky (granite) background and has waterlogging area, the
site is not safe for dumping the N-waste.

Kyoto Protocol extended till 2020: Doha Climate Conference

December 17, 2012
Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 to oblige industrialized nations to reduce emission of greenhouse
gases to fight global warming has been extended till 2020. The protocol was due to expire at the end of 2012. It
was decided in the 18th session of the CoP (Conference of the Parties) to the United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC)and the 8th session of the CoP serving as the Meeting of the
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol held in Doha, Qatar. Around 200 countries participated in the talks.
Highlights of the Conference:
New agreement covers only developed nations whose share of world greenhouse gas emissions is less
than 15 %, it excludes countries such as China and India.
It was agreed to bring a new pact, in 2015, which will be binding to all countries and will replace Kyoto
Protocol.
The extension was supported by European Union, Australia, Switzerland and eight other industrialised
nations.
US rejected the idea of equity by refusing to associate itself to any new agreement that is under the
Convention.
Russia also rejected the proposal.
Indias principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)were reintroduced in the negotiations after it had been kept out of the talks in 2009 and 2010.
It failed to deliver anything of significance for poor countries due to lack of credible pathway to provide
then financial aid to deal with climate change.
The outcome was also supported by G77 and China, BASIC groups.
in Current Affairs 2012, Environment Current Affairs, Places in News

Justice Swatanter Kumar is new NGT chief

December 28, 2012

Justice Swatanter Kumar has become the first Supreme Court judge to be the chairperson of
the National Green Tribunal (NGT) which was, till now, functioning without a full-time chairperson. He
will decide on cases pertaining to environmental protection, and conservation of forests and natural resources.
What is NGT?
The National Green Tribunal was set up in 2010 in compliance with the National Green Tribunal Act 2010 to
provide effective and speedy disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests
and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief
and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto. It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes
involving multi-disciplinary issues.
5 Places where NGT is proposed to be set up for its sittings:
Principal Place: Delhi
Bhopal
Pune
Kolkata
Chennai

MoEF asks all states to declare eco sensitive zones around national parks, sanctuaries by Feb 15, 2013
January 15, 2013No comments
The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) has set the February 15, 2013 as deadline for all states to
submit site-specific proposals declaring eco sensitive zones around national parks and sanctuaries. A decade
back, the National Board for Wildlife had envisaged declaring areas within 10 km of the boundary of national
parks and sanctuaries as eco-sensitive zones.
What is the purpose of creating eco-sensitive zones?
The need for creation of eco fragile zones was proposed at the 21st meeting of Indian Board for Wildlife in
2002 when Wildlife Conservation Strategy 2002 was adopted. It was proposed that land falling within 10
kms of the boundaries of National Parks and Sanctuaries should be notified as eco-fragile zones. The purpose is
to create some kind of Shock Absorber for the protected areas which would also functions as a transition zone
from highly protected areas to areas involving lesser protection. The activities in the eco-sensitive zones would
be of a regulatory nature rather than prohibitive nature, unless and otherwise so required.
What is the extent of these areas?
The extent of the eco-sensitive zones could go upto 10 kms surrounding the protected area. However, in case
where sensitive corridors, connectivity and ecologically important patches crucial for landscape linkages, are
even beyond 10 kms width, these should be included in Eco-sensitive zones. Further the distribution of an ecosensitive zone and the extent of regulation may not be uniform all around it and could be of variable width and
extent.
What are the MoEF norms under eco-sensitive zone?
As per the MoEF norms, activities like commercial mining, setting up of industriescausing pollution,
commercial use of firewood, establishment of all hydroelectric projects, use or production of any hazardous
substances and tourism activities like flying over the national park area by any aircraft or hot-air balloons and
discharge of effluents and solid waste in natural water bodies or terrestrial area are prohibited.
Why the site-specific proposals have been asked for?

After MoEF found that many of the existing protected areas have already undergone enormous development in
proximity with the boundaries with national parks and sanctuaries, it has asked all states to come up with site
specific proposals indentifying eco-sensitive zones. Similarly, the eco-sensitive zones could extend beyond 10
km width in cases of sensitive corridors for connectivity of ecologically important patches crucial for landscape
linkage.
What if a state/Union Territory fails to submit site-specific proposals?
In case, the State/Union Territory governments fail to submit the proposals within the deadline, the activities
that have been prohibited as per the MoEF guidelines would stand prohibited within 10 km of the boundary of
National Parks and Sanctuaries.

Air pollution in Beijing reaches to dangerous levels

January 20, 2013
A yellow alert was issued by Chinese meteorological authority indicating dangerous levels of smog in Chinas
northern and western regions, including major cities like Beijing and Chengdu.
The density of PM2.5 particulates had surpassed 700 micrograms per cubic meter in many parts of the city,
much above than the daily safety level of 25 micrograms per cubic meter as considered by the
World Health Organization.
What is PM2.5?
PM is the short of Particulate Matter which describes condensed phase (solid or liquid) particles suspended
in the atmosphere. Their potential for causing health problems is directly associated with the size of the
particles. As per WHO standards, PM less than 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5), are more closely linked to
adverse health effects than other metrics such as PM10 (particles with a diameter less than 10 m).

Source of Iodine oxide gas responsible for destruction of ozone over oceans identified
January 17, 2013
Scientists at the University of York and Leeds in Britain have established that the majority of ozone-depleting
gas iodine oxide observed over the remote ocean comes from a previously unknown marine source. As per
researchers, the main source of iodine oxide can be explained by emissions of hypoiodous acid (HOI) a gas
not yet considered as being released from the ocean along with a contribution from molecular iodine.
Since the 1970s when methyl iodide (CH3I) was discovered as everywhere in the ocean, the presence of iodine
in the atmosphere has been understood to come mainly from emissions of organic compounds from
phytoplankton microscopic marine plants.
As per latest research, reactive iodine, along with bromine, in the atmosphere is accountable for the destruction
of huge amounts of ozone around 50 % more than estimated by the worlds most advanced climate models
in the lower atmosphere over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Scientists quantified gaseous emissions of inorganic
iodine following the reaction of iodide (compound of iodine with another element or group) with ozone in a
series
of
lab
experiments
and
formation
of
both
molecular
iodine
and
HOI.

Researchers call it a self destruction mechanism, where more concentration of ozone leads to formation of more
halogen gases which in turn destroy it.
This reaction could be responsible for around 75% of observed iodine oxide levels over the tropical Atlantic
Ocean

Panna Tiger Reserve of MP undergoes vulture population estimation

January 30, 2013
The Vulture Population Estimation-2013 has been concluded in the Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya
Pradesh.Counting found 867 vultures including 160 migratory and 48 of unidentified origins. The number of
vultures found this year is less compared to last year. The reason could be the sudden increase in temperature in
the area during the estimation week. Seven out of nine vulture species in the Indian sub-continent were found in
Panna.
Another survey will be conducted in April-May 2013 to assess success rate of vulture breeding in Panna Tiger
Reserve.
Vulture Population Estimation
Vulture Population Estimation is being conducted in Panna Tiger Reserve annually in January since 2010. It is
carried out with public private participation with the co-operation of bird watchers from across the country.
Various species of vultures include Long Billed Vultures, White Backed Vultures, Egyptian Vultures and Redheaded Vultures. The migratory vultures found during the estimation were European Griffon, Himalayan
Griffon and vultures of cinereous species. It is being considered to include Paragrin spies of vulture also in the
Vulture Population Estimation next year.

MoEF sets up committee to study legal cover for elephant habitats

February 15, 2013
A panel has been set up by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) with the objective to review how
elephant reserves and corridors across the country can get a higher level of legal protection under existing green
laws.
Objective: The step has been taken comes after the National Board for Wildlife raised concerns about lack of
legal cover for elephant reserves and corridors against changes in the vast landscapes that pachyderms occupy
in the country.
What are the problems faced by environment ministry to bring legal safeguards for Elephant
habitats? What is the job assigned to the committee?
The central government has identified 32 elephant reserves spread over 69,582 sq km encompassing not only
forest patches of different kinds but also villages, townships, agricultural land, tea plantations and revenue
land.

Currently, the environment ministry provides additional funds to its elephant reserves programme but this does
not automatically ensure a higher level of legal protection against changes to the demarcated area such as in the
case of tiger reserves (which are in most cases forest land).
What are the problems faced by environment ministry to bring legal safeguards for Elephant habitats?
The ministry is facing problems over how to regulate activities detrimental to the pachyderm while not hurting
the rights of people inhabiting in these zones. Unlike in the case of national parks, tiger reserves and
sanctuaries, the government faces peculiar difficulties in protecting elephant habitats. Elephants can traverse
hundreds of kilometres annually, running through cities, villages and forest land that are contested by many
stakeholders holding or wanting rights to the lands for varying activities ranging from mining to sustenance of
tribals.
What
is
the
job
assigned
to
the
committee?
The panel will be chaired by Vinod Rishi, retired senior forest officer, along with the director of Project Tiger
as
member
convener.
The task before the panel is to examine whether the existing network of elephant reserves and corridors
sufficiently cover the animals habitat and what kind of legal cover can be introduced to these lands under
existing green laws as recommended by the Elephant Task Force. The committee will assess the impact of
wildlife protection regulations on people living or utilizing the land falling under elephant reserves and
corridors.

Thinning of Ozone has altered ocean circulation: Study

February 7, 2013
As per a latest study, a hole in the Antarctic ozone layer has changed the way waters in the southern oceans
mix, which researchers say could impact global climate change. As per scientists this phenomenon has the
potential to alter the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. It has been found that subtropical intermediate waters in
the southern oceans have become "younger" as the upwelling, circumpolar waters have gotten "older" changes
that are consistent with the fact that surface winds have strengthened as the ozone layer has thinned.
How is it important? How did the researchers found this?
How is it important?
This is significant as southern oceans play a crucial role in the absorption of heat and carbon dioxide, so any
alterations in southern ocean circulation have the potential to change the global climate.
How did the researchers found this?
Researchers compared the levels of "chlorofluorocarbon-12," or CFC-12 in the southern oceans in early 1990s
to the mid-to-late 2000s.
It was in 1930s when CFC-12 was first produced commercially and its concentration in the atmosphere
increased rapidly until the 1990s when it was phased out by the Montreal Protocol on substances that damage
the ozone layer.
As it was known that concentrations of CFCs at the ocean surface rises in tandem with those in the atmosphere,
scientists were able to infer that the higher the concentration of CFC-12 deeper in the ocean, the more recently
those waters were at the surface and have mixed recently. The inferred age changes "younger" in the
subtropics, "older" nearer the South Pole are consistent with the observed intensification of surface westerly
winds, which have occurred primarily because of the Antarctic ozone hole, suggesting that stratospheric ozone
depletion is the primary cause of the changes in ocean ventilation.

Rare Whooper Swan spotted after 113 years in Himachal

February 7, 2013
Rare migratory bird Whooper Swan was spotted in Pong Dam lakeof Kangra valley in Himachal
Pradesh after 113 years.
Whooper Swans, which migrate from Central Asia and Europe and are rare migrants to India, were last seen
in the country in 1900 near river Beas.

Fact Box: Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

March 1, 20131 Comment
Delhi placed lowest in pollution survey
Indias national capital Delhi has been ranked last in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) evolved
by the Planning Commission which makes it worst performer in the country when it comes to all key
environmental parameters. The city-state has slipped to 32nd in 2012 from 26th position in 2011. Delhi scored
0.4246 compared to 0.7696 achieved by top ranker, Andhra Pradesh.
Environmental Performance Index
Started by Planning Commission
Objective: To
measure
of
environmental
well-being
of states.
Analysis of data supplied by 35 states and union territories.
Reflects states performance on 16 Green Indicators under 5 categories
5 Categories:
Air Pollution (nitrogen and sulfur oxides, respiratory SPM)
Forest (total forest area, increase/decrease in forest cover, afforestation efforts)
Water Quality (domestic waste water, surface water quality, ground water extraction)
Waste management (municipal solid waste, biomedical and hazardous waste handling capacity)
Climate change preparation (use of renewable sources of energy, mini hydro, electricity intensity of
state GDP, disaster preparedness, energy efficiency)
Who are the Best Performers?
Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in the same order of
ranking.
How to look at scores?
A score of one means the state is characterized by cleaner environment, sticks to environmental
standards, implements all necessary legislations, has institutional mechanisms and is making efforts
for conservation of natural resources.
How would these results help?
The results of the analysis are yet to be adopted formally by the Planning Commission and will be shared with
National Development Council. If approved, additional weightage may be given to states based on EPI, while
allocating resources to states. This may call for amendment to the Gagdil formula for allocation of central
funds. The states not doing better on green issues could thus be motivated to improve.

What is Gagdil Formula?

The Gadgil formula was given by D.R. Gadgil, the social scientist and the first critic of Indian Planning. It was
evolved in 1969 for determining the allocation of central assistance for state plans in India. Gadgil formula was
adopted for distribution of plan assistance during Fourth and Fifth Five Year Plans.

Fact Box: Dongria Kondh tribe

February 21, 20131 Comment
MoEF justifies cancellation of environmental clearance to Vedanta
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has held that its decision of cancellation of the environmental
clearance granted to Vedanta for the Lanjigarh Bauxite mining project in Odisha was right and that forest
land cannot be diverted under the provisions of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
As per MoEF, the diversion of forest land on the proposed mining site of the Lanjigarh bauxite mining lease is
violative of the fundamental rights of the Dongria Kondh tribals as well as the spirit of Forest Rights Act
especially for the vulnerable tribal groups such as the Dongria Kondh and thus cannot be allowed for this reason
alone.
As per Govt. the Lanjigarh bauxite mining lease is located in Scheduled Areas as referred to in Clause (1) of
Article 244 of the Constitution. Circumscribing or extinguishing of forest rights in such areas shall not be in
conformity with the provisions of the clause-5 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution.
About Dongria Kondh tribe:
The Dongria Kondh, a primitive tribal group [now termed as particularly vulnerable tribe], has been protecting
more than 7 sq. km. of the sacred undisturbed forests on top of the mountain, where the proposed mining lease
area of the Lanjigarh bauxite mining lease is located. They consider the land and forests sacred to their deity.
Diversion of these sacred areas for mining will undermine the customary rights of the Dongria Kondhs to
protect their sacred places of worship and thereby amount to a violation of their fundamental right to manage
their own affairs in the matter of religion and fundamental right to conserve theculture of their own. It was also
in direct violation further of the specific provisions of the Forest Rights Act

Central assistance of Rs. 41 Crore to protect Pashmina Goats

March 15, 2013No comments
The Union Government will provide a financial assistance of Rs 41.21 crore to protect Pashmina
goat which produces
world-famous
fine
luxury
fibre.
The government is concerned over the recent deaths of thousands of Pashmina goats in the Ladakh
region.
As per the assistance, there is plan which envisages a new Pashmina Wool Development Scheme with a
special package and a financial allocation of Rs 41.21 crore.

Compost Plant in New Delhi is first composting plant in India to get carbon credits from UNFCCC

March 6, 2013No comments

The composting plant in Okhla, New Delhi has become the first in India to receive the carbon credits from
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The plant has received Rs 25
lakh as an advance against the Carbon Emission Reduction (CER) earnings from this plant.
What are carbon credits?
Carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right to emit One Tonne of
Carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent equivalent to one tonne
of carbon dioxide. The concept of carbon credits came into existence as a result of increasing awareness of the
need for controlling emissions. The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto Protocol,
aninternational agreement between more than 170 countries, and the market mechanisms were agreed through
the subsequent Marrakesh Accords.
Carbon credit facility has been introduced with an aim to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and
commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used
when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other Green House Gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere.
Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits, this approach can be used to finance carbon
reduction schemes between trading partners and around the world.
The carbon credits can also be traded on exchanges like Carbon Trade Exchange, which is like a stock
exchange for carbon credits. If it is traded internationally then each transfer is validated by the UNFCCC.
Exchanges trading Carbon Credits:
Currently there are 5 exchanges trading in carbon allowances:
The European Climate Exchange
NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe
PowerNext
Commodity Exchange Bratislava
The European Energy Exchange

Fact Box: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)

March 17, 2013No comments
CITES concludes, eight nations escape sanctions
The 16th meeting of the Conference of Parties to CITES (Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered
Species), concluded in Bangkok, Thailand, after granting better protection to hundreds of threatened animal and
plant species.
The eight countries accused of failing to do enough to tackle the illegal trade in elephant ivory escaped
sanctions. The conference found that Kenya, Tanzania andUganda, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, and
top markets China and Thailand are making insufficient efforts to curb the trade. However, the nations avoided
sanctions after 6 of them submitted draft action plans in response and China and Tanzania committed to do so
by
a
specific
date.
Possible punishment option: Under the convention, member states can halt trading with offender countries in
the
35,000
species
covered
by
the
convention.

CITES
CITES is (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is
also known as the Washington Convention.

It is an international agreement b/w governments to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals
and
plants
does
not
threaten
their
survival.
Currently 178 nations are members of CITES, Headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland.
CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN.
It is an effort towards regulation of cross-border trade in wild animals and plants b/w countries to
safeguard
certain
species
from
over-exploitation.
It provides protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants.
Although it is legally binding on all Parties to the agreement to implement the Convention, it does
not take the place of national laws. Rather it provides a framework to be respected by each Party,
which has to adopt its own domestic legislation to ensure that CITES is implemented at the national
level.

Great Indian one-horned Rhinoceros population rises in Kaziranga: Census

March 29, 2013No comments
As
per
the
latest
census,
the Great
Indian
one-horned
Rhinoceros population
in
theKaziranga National Park (KNP) world heritage site has seen a rise. There number rose by 39 from
previous 2,290 to 2329 at present. In 1999, the figure was 1,672, which increased to 2,048 in 2009

Supreme Court orders transfer of some Asiatic Lions from Gujarats Gir to MPs Kuno
April 17, 2013No comments
The Supreme Court directed concerned organizations to shift Asiatic lions fromGujarats Gir forest to
in Madhya Pradeshs Kuno wildlife sanctuary.
The Supreme Court rejected Gujarat governments plea against trans-location of lions as Gujarat held that these
animals were pride of Gujarat. Whilst, Madhya Pradesh in 2012 had sought translocation of lions to Kuno
Palpur sanctuary, laying claim it has the entire means to ensure pleasant-sounding environment to the
endangered species. The number of lions to be transferred would be decided by a group of wildlife experts.
At present there are approx. 400 Asiatic lions in Gujarats Gir sanctuary.
Under its Rs 300 crore Cheetah Reintroduction Programme, the MoEF (Ministry of Environment and
Forests) had proposed the introduction of the African Cheetahs inIndia.
Why a re-allocation of lions from Gujarat to Madhya Pradesh?
92 Asiatic lions have died, including 83 of natural death, in the past two years in Gujarats
Saurashtra region while there has been no case of poaching. Thus,Conservationists had also
advocated the establishing of a second sanctuary outside Gujarat to ascertain genetic variegation.
Wildlife experts had also warned that the Gir sanctuary is getting crowded now, making the lions
more susceptible to disease.
Due to crowding in Gir sanctuary in Gujarat, there is small fresh territory for young males to
claim, enhancing probabilities for inbreeding, territorial conflict or males killing the young ones.
The Supreme Court also held that this was done in order to ensure that the entire endangered species
is not wiped out in an epidemic or a fire.

Supreme Court cancels Karnatakas all 49 mining leases

April 25, 20131 Comment
All 49 leases for iron ore extraction in category C mines in Bellary, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts
of Karnataka have been cancelled by the Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court has permitted
resumption of activity in mines with lesser illegalities as recommendations made by Central
Empowered Committee (CEC) since July 2011 on the mining issues in Karnataka. The CEC had categorized
the mines in the area in three categories A, B and C.
Category A: Mines in these areas have least or no irregularities.
Category C: Mines in these areas have maximum irregularities.
The Supreme Court, whilst admitting most of the recommendations made by CEC, held that unlawful iron ore
mining on the Andhra-Karnataka border would continue suspended till the separation of boundary between the
two states is finished. The unlawfulnesses referred to included unlawful mining activities, allotment of
enormous quantities of iron ore at throw-away prices to private companies and an boost in rates at which iron
ore was rendered to some other companies

Bombay HC directs Maharashtra govt to release water into Jayakwadi dam

May 2, 2013No comments
Bombay High Court has ordered the Maharashtra government to release water from upstream reservoirs into the
Jayakwadi dam in the region.
Jayakwadi dam
The Jaikawadi project is a large irrigation and multipurpose project.
Its water is used primarily to irrigate agricultural land in the drought-prone Marathwada region of the
state.
Provides water for drinking and industrial usage to nearby towns and villages and to the municipalities
and industrial areas of Aurangabad and Jalna district.
Jayakwadi dam is located on Godavari river at the site of Jayakawadi village in Paithan taluka of
Aurangabad district in Maharashtra state of India.
What is the issue?
The dam was not getting sufficient water to meet the needs of surrounding regions. According the state
government it was facing practical difficulties in conveying the water to the Jayakwadi dam and there was
also low reserves in the upstream reservoirs.
After the HC order the water would be released from the Karanjwan, Gangapur, Bhandardara and Mula dams in
the Nashik and Ahmednagar districts.

What is Desertification?
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes
increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.

What are the causes of desertification?

There are a number of factors which work individually or in combination causing desertification. The
immediate cause is the removal of most vegetation. This is driven by a number of factors such as:
Drought

Climatic shifts
Tillage for agriculture
Overgrazing
Deforestation for fuel or construction materials
What is the role of vegetation, livestock and wildlife in preventing desertification?
Vegetation plays a vital role in determining the biological composition of the soil. As per studies, the rate of
erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow
away with the wind or are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers that bake in the sun
and become an unproductive hardpan. Alternatively, it was found that the movement and migration of large
herds of livestock and wildlife has an integral role in the preservation of vegetation and soil fertilization, and
that the removal of livestock and wildlife (largely by human influence) has been the main driver of increasing
desertification.

Supreme Court allows the functioning of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

May 9, 2013No comments
The apex court has allowed the functioning of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNP) with a view of safe
and secure plant by issuing 15 guidelines on commissioning, safety, security and environmental issues.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power station in Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu with a capacity of
generating 2000 MW with 2 reactors but this was agitated by Anti- Nuclear activists due to fear of radiation and
Fukushima nuclear disaster occurred in Japan in 2011.
Advantages of KNPP
Its a technologically proven design,
Inbuilt safety features to minimize the risk of any radiation leaks,
The location is least earthquake prone area,
Its height ensures safety from potential tsunamis.
Issues raised in protests
The coolant water and low-grade waste from the KKNPP are going to be dumped in to the sea which
will have a severe impact on fish production and affect the food security of southern Tamil Nadu and
southern Kerala.
Functioning of KKNP will remit Iodine 131, 132, 133, Cesium 134, 136, 137 isotopes, strontium,
tritium, tellurium and other such radioactive particles into air, land, crops, cattle, sea, seafood and
ground water which in turn lead to risk of diseases and defective births.

Acidification on the rise in Arctic Ocean

May 12, 2013No comments
As per a new scientific report, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean is rapidly escalating
which is making its water more acidic.

It was assessed by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) that the ocean chemistry of the
region is undergoing widespread changes.
Key findings of the report:
The rising acidification may bring major changes in the marine ecosystem, but say there is huge
uncertainty over what those changes will be.
Even if CO2 emissions stopped now, it would take tens of thousands of years for Arctic Ocean
chemistry to revert to pre-industrial levels.
Acidification is specifically rapid in Arctic as its water is cold which aids fast absorption of atmospheric
CO2 and the recent decreases in summer sea ice have exposed more sea surface to atmospheric CO2.
The susceptibility of Arctic region is aggravated by increasing flows of freshwater from rivers and
melting land ice, as freshwater is less effective at chemically neutralizing the acidifying effects of CO2.
Acidification is fast in surface waters and more slowly in deep waters.
Slow mixing of river water with the seawater forms a sort of freshwater lens on the top of the sea in
some places, and freshwater lowers the concentration of ions that buffers pH change. The loss of ice also
is allowing fast uptake of CO2.
The pH of seawater has decreased about 0.02 per decade since the late 1960s in theIceland and Barents
seas.
Average acidity of surface ocean waters worldwide is now about 30% higher than before the Industrial
Revolution.
The possible major changes to the makeup of Arctic marine ecosystem may prove harmful to key prey
species like sea butterflies. Other species may thrive. It may also harm the development of fish eggs.
What is Ocean Acidification?
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans, caused by the
uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. About 3040% of the carbon dioxide
released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into the oceans, rivers and lakes. To maintain chemical
equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic
acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing the
oceans acidity (H+ ion concentration). Absorbed CO2 in seawater (H2O) forms carbonic acid (H2CO3),
lowering the waters pH level and making it more acidic
This increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the water, and limits organisms access to carbonate
ions, which are needed to form hard parts like those found in calcifying organisms which
include organisms
such
as coccolithophores, corals, foraminifera, echinoderms,crustaceans and molluscs.

Gold nanoparticles to aid efficient drug delivery and diagnostics

May 27, 2013No comments
Scientists from Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, have synthesized eco-friendly
gold nanoparticles using bio-resources which could be used as carriers for delivering anti-cancer drugs and also
for diagnosing the disease.
How it was done?
Scientists used leaves of some herbal plants like Bhringaraj ( Eclipta alba ) to extract the bio-compatible
nanoparticles. This plant extract contains some anti-cancer bio-molecules which are conjugated with
gold nanoparticles during synthesis.
How it can help?

The gold nanoparticle is bio-compatible, easy to synthesise and multiple cancer drugs could be loaded. It
could reduce the toxicity of the anti-cancer drug, increase its efficacy and ensure better retention of the
drug in the blood system. When conjugated with gold nanoparticle, the anti-cancer drug could stay for
more time in the tumour and enhance the therapeutic efficacy.
Although gold nanoparticles can also be produced by chemical methods, the inherent problem in that approach
was of toxicity. The bio-compatible nanoparticles have shown promising results and inhibited cancer cells
proliferation in lung and breast cancer cell lines. With the addition of a fluorescent molecule, it could be used to
detect the position of the tumour.

What is a buffer zone in the context of environment protection?

A buffer zone is created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance.
The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting
zone within it which links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics
and conservationproductivity. A buffer zone is intended to avert the effect of negative environmental or human
influences, whether or not it embodies great natural or cultural value itself.
What is ESA?
Ecologically Sensitivity is the ability of a landscape to cope with environmental stresses stresses like various
human induced developments and their impacts; future impacts due to climate change; essentially the ecological
resilience and how it might vary from landscape to landscape.
ESA for Western Ghats:
An ecological sensitive area (ESA) is a bio-climatic unit (as demarcated by entire landscapes) in the Western
Ghats wherein human impacts have locally caused irreversible changes in the structure of biological
communities (as evident in number/ composition of species and their relative abundances) and their natural
habitats
What is the difference b/w ESAs and Protected Areas?
Protected areas in contrast to ESAs: Extensive, standard, heavy and rigid restrictions, no scope for adaptive
management, largely focused on flagship species and their habitats, leaves out small, unique habitats. ESAs
may have protected areas embedded in them, of various extents, could focus on small special habitats, flexible,
adaptive regime of regulation for eg: example whole Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim.

What are Bryophytes?

Bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are
therefore called non-vascular plants.Some bryophytes do have specialized tissues for the transport of water; however since these
do not contain lignin, they are not considered to be true vascular tissue.

Madhya Pradesh govt to listen to oustees of the Omkareshwar dam project

June 2, 2013No comments

The MP government has decided to hear out the issues of the oustees of the Omkareshwar dam project who
have been protesting standing in waist to neck-deep water, for the last two weeks as part of their jal satyagraha.
Why this protest?
The jal satyagraha was started by the oustees in May 2013 to at Ghogalgaon village in M.P.s East Nimaar
region to protest against the state governments decision to raise the water level in the dam to 193 metres from
189 without ensuring prior relief and rehabilitation, including land for land, to the oustees.
As per States official release, some affected families, having already received monetary compensation in lieu
of land, have been misled into demanding land for land and have not moved from the dam site. But as per court
orders, only those displaced families who have not received any compensation money from the banks are
eligible for land in lieu of land and those protesting should keep that in mind before assessing the validity of
their movement.
The Omkareshwar Project:
The 520 MW Omkareshwar project is one of the several big dams in the Narmada Valley, built by the
Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation, a joint venture between NHPC Ltd and the government
of Madhya Pradesh.

About NSL Renewable Power:

NSL Renewable Power develops and operates renewable energy projects using biomass, wind, hydro, and solar
technologies. It has an operational capacity of 185 MW across India.
What is the difference b/w World Bank and World Bank Group?
The World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, along with three other institutions,
including the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington
DC, and work closely with each other.
Difference:
World Bank Group is a large group which comprises of five institutions collectively:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Whereas, World Bank is comprised of only two institutions:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association (IDA)

Number of Royal Bengal Tiger in Sudarbans exceeds 2011 census estimates

June 13, 2013No comments
As per a new study conducted in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund For Nature (WWF) and Wildlife
Institute of India, the number of Royal Bengal tigers in the four ranges of the Sundarban Tiger Reserve (STR)
and the adjoining South 24 Parganas districts is 103 which is more than the estimates of the 2011 census.
As per Study:

Of the 3,500 sq km of the Indian side of Sundarbans, about 40-45 per cent is water. This leaves about
2,000 sq km for the tigers. There was presence of a tiger in every 20 sq km of the delta.
The density of tiger population varied for a tiger from 14 sq km to 18 sq km in a mainland forest.
Sundarbans is still a healthy habitat despite shortage of the prey base for the animal.
Factbox : Sunderbans
Largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.
It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site spanning across parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West
Bengal.
rd
Bangladesh controls 2/3 of the Sundarbans
rd
India manages 1/3 which is in West Bengal
Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve located in the
Sundarbans delta in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Sundarbans South, East and West are three protected forests in Bangladesh.
It is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger.

World Oceans Day observed on June 8, 2013

June 8, 2013No comments
World Ocean Day was observed across the globe on 8 June 2013.
The theme for this year is: Together, we have the Power to Protect the Oceans.
Although World Ocean Day was introduced in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, it was in 2008 when United Nations
General Assembly decided to designate June 8 as the World Oceans Day from 2009 onwards with its resolution
number 63/111, Paragraph 171.
Importance: The day focuses on raising global awareness of the current challenges faced by
the international community in connection with the oceans.
Cabinet approves IWMP as a flagship programme
June 23, 2013No comments
In order to make Centrally-sponsored programmes condensed, the Cabinet has approved Integrated
Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) as a flagship programme of the government.
Why IWMP?
Around 60% of cultivated area across India is rain-fed. Besides, these areas are also blighted by poverty, water
scarcity, low productivity, malnutrition and prone to severe land degradation. The watershed development
programme has been adopted as a tool to address problems of the rain-fed or degraded areas in the country.
Key Points of IWMP:
Launched in 2009-10 by the integration of various area development programmes of the Department of Land
Resources, including the Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), the Desert Development Programme
(DDP) and the Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP).
th
The 12 Plan allocates the programme an additional Rs. 29,296 crore.
Cost sharing ratio of Central Government : State Government = 90 : 10
9% of the project cost is earmarked for development of livelihoods for asset-less people
10% of the project cost is for productivity enhancement and development of micro-enterprises for small
& marginal farmers.
An average size of project under the IWMP is about 5,000 ha which is cluster of micro-watersheds.
A portion of institution &capacity building (5% of the total project cost) has been provided to set up
institutional mechanism at State, District, Project and Village levels and to build capacities of
stakeholders.
It also entails involvement of primary stakeholders in the form of grassroots community organisations.

Expected Benefits of IWMP:

The benefits include increase in availability of surface water & groundwater, changes in cropping pattern from
one to two crops annually, increase in fodder availability and increase in milk yield, increase in agriculture
What are Flagship Programmes?
Flagship programmes derive their origin from the term flagship which is the main or most important ship of a
countrys navy and is symbolic of the main thrust of the nations developmental policy. Major Flagship
programmes of the Government of India are:

Bharat Nirman: The objective of the Bharat Nirman Programme is to give top priority to
rural infrastructure by setting time-bound goals under various schemes to develop rural housing, rural
roads, irrigation, rural drinking water and rural electrification. The Programme imposes a responsibility
on sub-nationalgovernments to create these facilities in a transparent and accountable manner.
National Rural Health Mission: The main aim of NRHM is to provide accessible, affordable,
accountable, effective, and reliable primary health care, especially to poor and vulnerable sections of the
population. The programme sets standards for rural health care and provides financial resources from the
Union Government to meet these standards.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme: The Act was notified on 7
September 2005 and is aimed at providing livelihood security through employment for the rural poor.
Sarva Siksha Abhigyan: This programme was started with the objective of providing
elementary education for all children in the age group of 614 years by 2010.
Mid-day meal Scheme: The MDM Scheme launched in 1995 aims to give a boost to universalization of
primary education by increasing enrolment, retention, and attendance and
simultaneously impacting upon nutritional status of students in primary classes.

Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)

Himachal Pradesh becomes countrys first smoke-free State

July 6, 20131 Comment
Himachal Pradesh has been declared the first smoke-free State in the country in compliance with Section 4
of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003. The State has achieved 85.45%
compliance with the relevant parameters. The State government intends to eliminate tobacco products and has
hiked taxes on bidis and cigarettes from 11 and 18% to 22 and 36%, respectively in the 2013-14 Budget.
What is the scope COTPA 2003?
The Act is applicable to all products containing tobacco in any form i.e. cigarettes, cigars, cheroots,
bidis, gutka, pan masala (containing tobacco) khaini, mawa, mishri, snuff etc. as detailed in the Schedule
to the Act.
The Act extends to the whole of India including the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
What does Section 4 of COTPA provide for?
Section 4: Prohibition Of Smoking In Public Places
The Government of India passed new rules on May 30, 2008 for effective realization of the objectives of smoke
free environments as stipulated under the Indian law.
No person shall smoke in any public place
Public Place means any place to which the public have access, whether as of right or not, and
includes auditorium, hospital buildings, railway waiting room, amusement centres, restaurants, public

offices, court buildings, work places, shopping malls, cinema halls, educational institutions, libraries,
public conveyances and the like which are visited by general public but does not include any open space.
Mandates display of board containing the warning No Smoking Area- Smoking Here is an Offence
Hotels & Restaurants should ensure physical segregation of smoking and non-smoking area. Hotels
having thirty rooms or a restaurant having seating capacity of thirty persons or more and in the airports,
a separate provision for smoking area or space may be made.

What is : The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)?

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is a global collaboration led by WBCSD and WRI. It is the most
widely used international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and
manage greenhouse gas emissions.
GHG Protocol provides the foundation for sustainable climate strategies and more efficient, resilient and
profitable organizations.
GHG Protocol standards are the most widely used accounting tools to measure, manage and report on
greenhouse gas emissions.
It serves as the foundation for nearly every GHG standard and program in the world from the
International Standards Organization to The Climate Registry as well as hundreds of GHG inventories
prepared by individual companies.
Offers developing countries an internationally accepted management tool to help their businesses to
compete in the global marketplace and their governments to make informed decisions about climate
change.
Who Uses The GHG Protocol?
Since the publication of the first edition of The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and
Reporting Standard (Corporate Standard) in 2001, more than 1,000 businesses and organizations worldwide
have developed their GHG inventories using the GHG Protocol.
Some of the worlds largest companies are using the GHG Protocols Corporate Standard.
The 2007 Corporate Climate Communications Report of the Fortune 500 companies by
corporateregister.com reported 63 percent of companies use the GHG Protocol.
GHG Protocol is considered the second most important climate program after Kyoto
Protocol in the successful measurement and management of climate change.
Key Objectives of India Greenhouse Gas Reporting Programme :
To help companies in the country monitor their progress towards voluntary reduction goals consistently
and credibly.
Aimed at promoting profitable, sustainable, and competitive business.
Under this programme, companies will be provided with tools and technical assistance to build
inventories, identify reduction opportunities, establish annual and long-term reduction goals, and track
their progress based on the most widely used emissions accounting and reporting standard in the world,
the GHG (Green House Gases) Protocol.
The India GHG Program will also facilitate engagement of the business sector with policy makers,
supporting progress and advancement towards national goals on carbon intensity and GHG emissions
mitigation.
The program will build a pool of trained and certified GHG practitioners and GHG measurement and
management professionals.
What is India Greenhouse Gas Program (India GHG Program):

It is the joint effort between the World Resources Institute(WRI), The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). A voluntary initiative to standardize measurement and
management of GHG emissions in India.
Program Partners for India Greenhouse Gas Program (India GHG Program)
CII Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
TERI The Energy and Resources Institute
WRI World Resources Institute

What is Campaign Clean India?

The Campaign Clean India is a programme being run by the Ministry of Tourism aimed at undertaking both
sensitization and action at field level on bringing our tourism destinations and their surroundings to an
acceptable level of cleanliness and hygiene. The Campaign will ensure that these levels are sustained through
ownership and involvement of private and public sector stakeholders. The campaign will be part
of Governments strategy of the 12th five year plan for improving the quality of services and environs in and
around tourist destinations across India.

About The Great Barrier Reef:

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the worlds largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reef
sand 900 islands spanned over 2,600 kilometers over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers. The
reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
Importance of GBR:
It has the worlds biggest single structure made by billions of tiny living organisms known
as coral polyps. It is a rich ecosystem bearing a great diversity of life.
A major part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the
impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism.
The reef ecosystem faces threat from other environmental pressures which include runoff, climate
change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown of thorns
starfish.
It is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions.
Tourism is an important economic activity for the region generating over $3 billion annually and is a
significant part of local groups cultures and spirituality.
It was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.

E-surveillance to monitor various tiger habitats

July 31, 2013No comments
India plans to start electronic surveillance of some of the tiger habitats using high definition cameras as the tiger
deaths each year are increasing mainly due to poaching and poisoning.
With the E-surveillance the pilot study in the Kalagarh range of the Corbett NationalPark was quite
satisfactory so the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has decided to expand E-surveillance
to Assams Kaziranga Natonal Park, Madhya Pradeshs Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary and the Ramnagar
division surrounding Corbett.
How will tiger E-surveillance help?
The surveillance involves putting into use high resolution thermal and infrared cameras mounted on towers to
capture image of objects weighing more than 20 kg in a range of 3-5 km and generate alerts if the boundary is

crossed. It will also keep an eye on unauthorized people entering into the tiger habitat areas and tigers straying
into human habitat. It is a fool-proof anti-poaching system that gathers information, does processing, filtering
and then sends alerts.

Wildlife Protection Amendment Bill 2013 introduced in Rajya Sabha

August 14, 2013No comments
The Environment and Forests Ministry introduced in the Rajya Sabha major amendments to the Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 that seek heavier penalties to check wildlife-related crimes and aim to make Indian laws
consistent with the Convention onInternational Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and
fauna (CITES).
Salient features of the Wildlife Protection Amendment Bill 2013:
The amended legislation aims to ban the use of animal traps except under certain conditions.
It also looks forward to engage gram sabhas and gram panchayats in management of protected areas,
and to grant hunting rights to hunter-gatherer Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Hunting in national parks and sanctuaries or the alteration of their boundaries should be punished with 5
to 7 years in jail and fine of Rs 5 to 25 lakh as compared to the previous 3 to 7 years in jail and Rs
10,000 fine.
The punishment would be 7 years in prison and Rs 30 lakh fine for repeat offenders compared to the
previous 3 to 7 years of imprisonment and Rs 25,000 fine now.
The amendments are strict against crimes related to sale, purchase and transfer of animals, their parts or
products listed in various schedules.

Environmental activists oppose Mithi Virdi Nuclear Plant

August 14, 2013No comments
Environmental activists in Gujarat are against the proposed Rs. 6,000 crore Mithi Virdi nuclear power plant
in Saurashtra regions Bhavnagar district to be set up by NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation
of India Limited).
They have written to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) that alleging theCoastal Regulatory
Zone (CRZ) clearance by the State government was given without any site visits and documentation of ground
realities.
Why Environmental activists opposing the Mithi Virdi nuclear power plant?
As per the activists, clearance for the project has been given by overlooking safety aspects, site clearance report,
and without undertaking any site visits. They argue that the basics like population increase in the immediate
vicinity of the proposed plant have not been taken into account. According to the activists CRZ clearance is an
act of endorsing the illegal and unconstitutional act of NPCIL and Engineers India Limited (EIL). Activists
earlier alleged that the EIL were not authorized to conduct an environment impact assessment for a nuclear
power plant.

MoE slaps Rs 200 crore penalty on Adani group

September 5, 2013No comments

A committee, established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, under the chairmanship of Sunita
Narain, director general of Centre for Science and Environment, has slapped a penalty of Rs 200 crore on the
Adani Groups Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone for inflicting harm to mangroves, creeks and the
local environment at the project site. In addition to the fine, a part of the project could face suspension after a
more detailed probe into the alleged violation of environmental clearance norms. The money from the fine will
go into an environment restoration fund for the area.
Why did the environment ministry impose fine on Adani Group?
As per the report submitted by Sunita Narain panel, it was found the Adani Group infringed environmental
norms in the countrys largest private port in Mundra and special trade zone that it operates in the Kutch district
in Gujarat. The penalty has been slapped for damaging mangroves, creeks and the local environment at the
project site. During its investigation the panel found widespread destruction of mangroves-75 hectares of
mangroves have been lost in Bocha Island, which was declared as aconservation zone under the environmental
clearance conditions.
The panel stated in its report that the company has not taken precautions to guard against blocking of creeks
because of construction activities; satellite imagery shows signs of deterioration and loss of creeks close to the
proposed North Port.

Indian scientists undertake earthquake prediction research, measure the Deccan Trap
September 6, 2013No comments
Researchers from the Hyderabad-based National Geophysical Research Institute are conducting deep-earth
study in the Koyna-Warna region of Maharashtra with the aim to enhance understanding of seismic activities
and improve earthquake prediction.
What is special about this study?
The study is first of its kind in India which involves drilling deep holes of up to 8 km into the earth to directly
visualize and measure rock changes during earthquakes. NGRI recently concluded airborne gravity
gradeometery studies to get a closer look at Earths interior, again a first of its kind in the country. Recently,
when scientists drilled 1.5 km into the earth during a test of drilling technology they accurately measured
the Deccan Trap in the study region.
What are Deccan Traps?
The Deccan Traps are large volcanic deposits located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India and one of the
largest volcanic features on Earth formed due to eruptions about 65 million years ago at the end of
the Cretaceous period.
How would this study help?
As per scientists, the project would take 5 to 10 years during which they expect to have a better understanding
of below-the-surface phenomena during and after an earthquake. The Koyna-Warna region is known for
frequent seismic activity, linked to changes in water levels in water reservoirs present in the region. Researchers
will try to determine how the changes in water-reservoirs exactly triggers earthquake. In addition to that,
drilling will also allow them to plant underground earthquake detection devices which will lead to creation of
highly efficient warning systems.

Montreal Protocol helps reduce the size of hole in Ozone

September 6, 2013No comments
According to experts at University of Canterbury, the hole in the earths stratospheric ozone layer over
Antarctica is recovering slowly and should close completely in the latter half of this century. However, its effect
on global climate change is still uncertain.
As per researchers, the Montreal Protocol, which effectively banned chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), had aided in
reducing the size of the hole in the ozone layer. The protocol, which came into existence in 1989, is
an international treaty to phase out substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The scientists are
of the view that if the protocol is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.
Uncertainty over the effect of Ozone Recovery
Contrary to our expectations, stratospheric ozone depletion is also believed to have indirectly protected
Antarctica from the worst of greenhouse gas-related warming. The creation of ozone hole acted to change the
circulation of the Southern Hemisphere so that the strong winds linked to the jet streams moved towards the
pole. However, scientists are uncertain about the effect of ozone recovery on the Antarctic climate. There are
views that ozone recovery should act to move the winds back towards the equator, but greenhouse gases might
counteract this effect on the jet-stream positions, which help to control the width of tropical and polar weather
belts.
About National Green Tribunal (NGT)
Established: October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.
Aim: Effective and speedy disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests
and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief
and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto.
The NGT is:
Specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving
multi-disciplinary issues.
Not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by
principles of natural justice.
Mandated to make and endeavor for disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing
of the same.

Key points about the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
Established: February 20, 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, which also
declared Ganges as the National River of India.
Authority: Financing, planning, implementing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganges River,
functioning under the Ministry of Environment of India.
Mission: Protect the drainage basin which feeds water into the Ganges by protecting it from pollution or
overuse.

IPCC report: Humans are dominant cause of Global Warming

October 4, 2013No comments
A latest report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on global warming claims that it has
evidence that since 1950 the atmosphere and oceans had warmed, and that scientists are now 95% certain that
humans are the dominant cause.
As per the IPCC report:
Warming patterns has been replicated across the climate system, as the amount of snow and ice has
diminished, the mean global sea level has risen and concentration of greenhouse gases has increased.
In the absence of strong measures, the global warming is likely to exceed 2C by the end of this century.
This is the level at which the consequences become even more catastrophic and which world
governments have agreed to try to avoid.
It is urgent to put a price on carbon emissions that was high enough to force power companies and
manufacturers to reduce their fossil-fuel use. IPCC is working on mechanisms through which the
market could be used to reduce carbon emissions.
The world had already burned more than half of the one trillion tonnes of carbon permitted if it is to
have a reasonable chance of limiting the temperature rise by 2C.
Rapid industrialisation in the developing world is increasing global emissions so fast that the world is on
course to use up its entire carbon budget within 25 years.
The effects of climate change include rising sea levels, more and hotter heatwaves, and changes to
rainfall meaning dry regions get less and wet areas receive more.
What skeptics have to say about climate change?
As per the skeptics who play down the idea of climate change the phenomena is a problem but not so serious to
be called a crisis. They point to an observation that there has been a slowdown in climate change in past 15
years. As per the observation, the temperature rise has slowed from 0.12C per decade since 1951 to 0.05C per
decade in the past 15 years a point seized upon by climate sceptics to discredit climatescience.
However, environmentalist point that it was the effect of El Nino in 1998 which made it unusually hot and since
then there have been a series of medium-sized volcanic eruptions that have cooled the climate. The oceans have
also played a significant role in rearranging the earths heat by absorbing it. So, it just seems to have cooled.
Ocean warming dominates the increase in energy stored in the climate system, accounting for more than 90%
accumulated by the planet between 1971 and 2010.

Great Indian Bustard in critically endangered stage

October 18, 2013No comments
As per the 2013 Threatened Bird list by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Great
Indian Bustard is listed under the category of Critically Endangered birds.
The Great Indian Bustard (Scientific name: Ardeotisnigriceps) was once widely spotted across 11
Indian states, but now only less than 250 birds are left all across India. The destruction of the habitat is a
primary threat to the birds endurance. The Great Indian Bustard is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The
Great Indian Bustard lives in short-grass plains and deserts in large arid landscapes.
Key reasons for the decrease in count of the Great Indian Bustard: Habitat destruction- The change of land use from grassland to farmland, thus shrinking the birds
habitat.
Poaching.

Degradation and disturbance in existing grassland habitat

Hunting
Lack of importance for natural grassland conservation in policy, law and PA network due to incorrect
perception on ecological value vis-a-vis forests
Lack of protection for many lekking and nesting sites
Lack of cooperation between different departments/stakeholders in GIB habitats
Lack of awareness and support from local communities
Livestock overgrazing and feral dogs
Disturbance by photographers there is now plenty anecdotal evidence to demonstrate that
photography of the species causes substantial disturbance
In a recent judgement, the Supreme Court had directed the Ministry of Environment and Forests to take steps
for the recovery of the Great Indian Bustard.
Status of the Great Indian Bustard
The Great Indian Bustard is now confined to only eight pockets in 6 Indian states
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The largest population (~50%) can be found in Jaisalmer, Barmer, and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan

Great Indian Bustard is the State Bird of Rajasthan.

Bird may be already extinct in Madhya Pradesh.

Odisha imposes fishing ban to protect nests of endagered Olive Ridley sea turtles
October 27, 2013
The Odisha Government has imposed a seven-month fishing ban within 20 km from the river mouths
of Dhamara, Devi andRusikulya in Gamjam district for safeguard nests of endangered Olive Ridley sea
turtles.
The ban prohibits motor boats, trawlers and mechanised fishing boats in the region.
The ban on the 20 km span of the Dhamra-Rushikulya river mouth has been imposed in accordance with
Sections 2, 7 and 4 of the Orissa Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1982.
As per Fisheries Department, prohibitory orders are being enforced every year to ensure the safety of turtles.
However, the fishermen are unhappy over the ban as the ban is affecting their livelihood.
Olive Ridley Turtles:
Scientific name: Lepidochelys olivacea
Also known as the Pacific ridley sea turtle
Found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Global population of annual nesting females of these turtles reduced to 852,550 by 2008.
Considered endangered because of their few remaining nesting sites in the world.
Largest breeding ground for these turtles: The Gahirmatha Beach in Kendrapara district of Odisha
(India), now a part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary .
Bhitarkanika Mangroves designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002.
Worlds largest known rookery of Olive Ridley sea turtles.
Two other mass nesting beaches on the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi.