World Applied Programming, Vol (3), Issue (2), February 2013.

61-67
ISSN: 2222-2510
2013 WAP journal. www.waprogramming.com

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Capacity in

Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrm black holes
Manuel Malaver
Universidad Martima del Caribe
Catia La Mar, Venezuela
E-mail: mmf.umc@gmail.com
WebSite: http://ve.linkedin.com/in/mmalaverumc
Abstract: In this paper, we have considered a microscopic model of a stretched horizon based on the ideas of
Mkel (2011). We obtain an analytic expression for the thermal capacity of the Reissner- Nordstrm black
hole. It is predicted of the thermal capacity of Reissner- Nordstrm black hole in the limit of high and low
temperature. In comparison with Malaver's analytical expression for the thermal capacity of the Schwarzschilds
black hole (2012), we found that the value obtained in the limit of high temperature for the thermal capacity is
very near to the one that is obtained in the model of Einstein for solid crystals.
Keywords: Reissner- Nordstrm black hole; Schwarzschilds black hole; thermal capacity; stretched horizon;
solid crystals

I.

INTRODUCTION

Recently Malaver [1] obtained an equation for the thermal capacity of the Schwarzschilds black hole by means of a
microscopic model of a stretched horizon. This horizon was chosen for Mkel [2] in such a way that the proper
acceleration a on the stretched horizon was always a constant, no matter that may happen to the Schwarzschild mass of
the hole and consist of Planck-size constituents, each of them contributing to the stretched horizon an area, which is an
integer times a constant. By means of that model, Mkel obtained an analytical expression [2,3] for the partition
function of the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrm black holes from the point of view of an observer on its
stretched horizon a = constant. Both cases implied the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy law and the Hawking effect and
provided it with a microscopic explanation as a phase transition taking place at the stretched horizon of the hole.
In this paper we have deduced an expression for the thermal capacity of the Reissner- Nordstrm black hole and there
studied what happens in the limit of high and low temperature. We found that the value obtained in the limit of high
temperature for the thermal capacity is very near to the one that is obtained in the model of Einstein for solid crystalline.
This paper is outlined in the following manner: in Section II, we present the equations for stretched horizon and of the
Reissner- Nordstrm metric. In Section III it is shown the partition function of the Reissner- Nordstrm black hole. In
Section IV one presents the behavior of the thermal capacity on the temperature. In Section IV, we conclude.

II.

STRETCHED HORIZON IN REISSNER-NORDSTROM'S METRIC

Consider a spherically symmetric four dimensional spacetime whose line element is described by the ReissnerNordstrm metric [4]

2M Q 2
ds 2 1
2
r
r

dr 2
dt 2
r 2 d 2 r 2 sin 2 d 2
2
2M Q

1
2
r
r

(1)

The Reissner- Nordstrm black hole is an electrically charged, where M is the mass of the hole and Q is its electric
charge. In the event horizon of the hole

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

M 2 Q2

r r M

(2)

In the stretched horizon, the proper acceleration vector field is

a u u ;

(3)

The norm of the vector field is

2M Q 2
a : a a 1
` 2
r
r

1 / 2

M Q2
2 3
r
r

(4)

This is the acceleration of particles in a radial free fall towards the black hole from the point of view of an observer at
rest with respect to the coordinates r, and [5] . As one may observe, far from the black hole the acceleration a tends
to its Newtonian value

III.

M
r2

PARTITION FUNCTION FOR THE REISSNER- NORDSTRM BLACK HOLE

The partition function of any system is, in general ,

Z g (En )e

En
k BT

(5)

where n labels the total energy En , kB is the Boltzmans constant and g(En ) it is the number of degenerate states with the
same energy En. The use of the equation (5) [6,7] allows to obtain a statistical and microscopic description of the energy
and the thermal capacity.
In order to find the partition function for the Schwarzschild and Reissner- Nordstrm black holes from the point of view
of an observer on its stretched horizon, Mkel [3] use (5) and the postulates of the statistical mechanics and obtains the
following result for the Reissner-Nordstrm black hole

Z
where

Tc

1
2 Tc

1 2 N 1

2 2 Tc 1

(6)

1
k BT

is the characteristic temperature of the Reissner- Nordstrm black hole and it is defined for

TC
where

a
8(ln 2)k B c

(7)

is a dimensionless constant. In this paper, at least that indicates the opposite to himself, the natural units

will be used c k B 1 .
Defining the statistical energy with the following expression [6,7]

ln Z

(8)

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

The thermodynamic energy for the Reissner- Nordstrm black hole [3] on stretched horizon is

2 Tc

( 2 N 1) 2 Tc
E Tc
Tc
Tc Ln 2
2 N 2
Tc
2 1
2 2 ( 2 1)

(9)

for N very large

N 2 TC 1 TC Ln 2

(10)

2 TC 1 2 TC 1

IV.

2 N 2

THERMAL CAPACITY IN REISSNER- NORDSTRM BLACK HOLE

The thermal capacity to constant volume this one defined

E
CV

T V

(11)

Differentiating (10) and for compilation of terms, it is obtained

CV

2 TC 1 TC ln 2 2 1 2 TC 1
2

T (2

Since the function

TC

2 N 1

1) 1 ( 2

(( 2 N 1) 2 TC 1) N

TC

1)

(12)

2 N 1 2

2 x is equivalent to the infinite series 2 x 1 x ln 2

x 2 ln 2 2 x 3 ln 3 2

..... it is possible to
2
6

determine the importance of (12) in two bounding senses

The first case to considering is the situation to a temperature T high enough is to say when

T
>> 1
TC

Developing the exponential terms of (12) we obtain that

2

TC
T
2
ln 2 C2 ln 2 2 ....)TC ln 2 2 1 (2 TC 1) 2 N 1 ((2 N 1)2 TC 1) N
T
T
(13)
CV
2
2
3
3

T
T
T ln 2
2
T 2 C ln 2 C 2 ln 2 2 C 3 ... 1 (2 TC 1) 2 N 1
2T
6T
T

TC
In the numerator, the powers of
ln 2 are totally insignificant and all the terms are eliminated, except the 1.
T
T
2 N 1
Rewriting (13) using SI units and evaluating the quantity ( 2 C 1)
in the numerator and denominator when N
it is obtained
2(1

CV

2TC ln 2 2

Nk B 2 Nk B
(14)
2
TC ln 2 2
T
T2
23
If N N O 6.02 x10
then CV = 2 R 2 N 0 k B when T TC . The CV value obtained by this method is
2

identical the one that would be obtained for an ideal gas with translational and rotational degrees of freedom for high
temperatures [6,7] .

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

As the second bounding case, we have analyzed the limit of low temperature in which

T
<< 1. In agreement with (12),
TC

it is possible to obtain that:

TC 2
) (ln 2) 2 N (2 N 1)
T
CV
2
3
4
2 NTC

4 N 2TC
4 N 3TC ln 3 2 N 4TC ln 4 2
2
1
ln
2

ln
2

...
2
3
4

T
2T
3T
T

2(

(15)

Re-arranging the expression (15) the result is :

CV

2 N (2 N 1)
2

4 N 3TC ln 2 N 4TC ln 2 2
2 NT
2
T

2
N

...

2
2
ln 2 2T

T
ln
2
3
T
T
C
C

(16)

In the parenthesis of the denominator of (16), the first two terms come closer zero, but the third and the following terms
tend to the infinite, for what CV 0 when

T
<< 1. This behavior is very similar to the observed one in the thermal
TC

capacity in Schwarzschilds black hole [1] .

In figure 1 we have made a plot of CV as a function of T

for the models of Einstein and Mkel where N=500.

TC
For Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrm black holes, when T TC CV tends to zero and for T TC the curve
is totally vertical. Finally, for Reissner- Nordstrm black hole, dependence of CV with T becomes constant and tends to

2 Nk B 2R when T TC .
It has been shown in Appendix that when T TC , we obtain
2

2k N ln 2
dE
B
(1)

3
dT T TC

(17)

Figure 1. Thermal capacity of Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrm black holes as a function of the quotient T/Tc with N=500.

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

dE
goes toward the positive infinity, this means that increases in

dT T TC

As the Schwarzschild black hole , for N ,

energy does not change the temperature of Reissner-Nordstrm black hole, for what it is said then that there is a phase
transition to the characteristic temperature T TC [2,3] .
For the determination of the dispersion of the energy [6] , we have

E 2 E 2 E

E
k B T 2 k B T 2 CV
T V

(18)

The relative energy fluctuation is given

E T k B C V

E
E

(19)

In this work, relative fluctuation is

2 N 1

2 N 1 2 TC 1
(2 N 1)2 TC 1
N 2 TC 1
TC

The exponent 2 T 1

(20)

2 N 1
TC
ln 2 when T TC , and 2 TC 1
will vanish in the limit for N very large ,
2T

for what

1
2N

0 as N

(21)

This value of the fluctuation is the same that the one that would be obtained in a diatomic gas that has two translational
and two rotational degrees of freedom, that is, in SI units, E 2 Nk BT .
As in Schwarzschilds black hole, for T TC , fluctuation is

as N

(22)

In the phase transition, the relative energy fluctuation tends to infinite .

V.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, there was studied the behavior of the thermal capacity for Reissner-Nordstrm black hole considering the
thermodynamic and statistical properties from the point of view of an observer on its stretched horizon and it was
compared with the value obtained for CV in the Schwarzschilds black hole. This value when T >> TC is the same that
would be obtained for an ideal diatomic two-dimensional gas if only they are considered translational and rotational
degrees of freedom and is very near to the value of CV in the model of Einstein for solid crystalline. This
demonstrated that in this model of stretched horizon there are two types of physical degrees of freedom for high
temperatures.

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

Malaver, M. (2012), Law of Einsteins thermal capacity for Schwarzschilds black hole? , International Journal of Research and Reviews
in Applied Sciences, Vol.11, pp. 31-36.
Mkel, J. (2011), Partition Function of the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy, Vol.13, pp. 1324-1357.
Mkel,J. (2012), Partition Function of the Reissner- Nordstrm Black Hole gr-qc/1212.1155v1.
Reissner, H. (1916), ber die Eigengravitation des electrischen Feldes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie, Annalen der Physik, Vol. 50, pp.
106-120.
Wald, R.M. (1984), General Relativity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA.
Reif, F. (1975), Statistical Physics, Berkeley physics course-volume 5, Mc Graw-Hill Company.
Nash, L.K (1974), Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics, Addison Wesley Company, Massachusetts.

APPENDIX
Based in Mkel [2] , in this Appendix we have calculated the change of energy of a Reissner-Nordstrm black hole with the
temperature when

T TC .

From the equation (6), we denote

y 2 TC 2

A.1

and Eq. (6) takes the form

1
1 ( y 1) 2 N 1
A.2
y
2 N 1
When y 0 , we can write ( y 1)
as a series expansion binomial
1
1
( y 1) 2 N 1 1 (2 N 1) y ( 2 N 1)(2 N 2) y 2 ( 2 N 1)(2 N 2)(2 N 3) y 3 ...
2
6
and we can obtain the Taylor expansion around the point y 0
1
1
Z ( y) 2 N 1 ( 2 N 1)(2 N 2) y ( 2 N 1)(2 N 2)(2 N 3) y 2 ...
2
6
Z ( y)

A.3

A.4

Applying the chain rule

dy
TC (ln 2) 2 TC
d

A.5

where we can obtain

E
and

Z ( y )

Z ( y)
TC (ln 2)( y 2)
Z ( y)

A.6

is given for

1
1
Z ( y ) (2 N 1)(2 N 2) (2 N 1)(2 N 2)(2 N 3) y ...
2
3
Evaluating Z ( y ) and Z ( y ) in y=0
Z (0) 2 N 1
( 2 N 1)(2 N 2)
Z (0)
2

A.7

A.8
A.9

which implies

E (2 N 2)TC ln 2

A.10

for very large N

E
2TC ln 2
N
dE
The determination of
will be given for
dT

T TC
E

A.11

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Manuel Malaver, World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (2), February 2013.

dE dE dy

dT
dy dT

A.12

where
2
dE Z ( y ) Z ( y )
Z ( y )
( y 2)


T C ln 2
dy Z ( y ) Z ( y )
Z ( y)

A.13

and

(ln 2)TC 2
dy

dT
T2

TC

A.14

From A.4 and A.13, we obtain that

dE
2( N 1)(2 N 3)(ln 2) 2

3
dT T TC

A.15

For very large N, we can write

dE
2 N (ln 2) 2

(1)
3
dT T TC

A.16

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