International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 3(3) March 2014, Pages: 209-213

TI Journals

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

ISSN
2306-7276

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Reasons of Marriage Postponement among the Young Girls:

A Case Study in Kurdistan
Kamran Janfeshan 1, Habibullah Hasanzadeh *2, Jalleh Hasanzadeh 3, Elham Karimi 4, Masoud Nosrati 5
1

Department of English, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Department of Technical and vocational organization Kurdistan, Iran.
3
Secretary of Education in Kurdistan Province, Iran.
4
Director of Research Institute Pejvak Fekr Sanandaj, Iran.
5
Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2

AR TIC LE INF O

AB STR AC T

Keywords:

Introduction: Nowadays, the postponement of the young girls marriage is one of the miserable
social phenomena that will have consequences like statistical decrease of marriage. The goal of
current study is to assign the postponement of the young girls marriage age in Kurdistan.
Methodology: This research is based on the survey and the statistical society sample includes 385
girls in the ages of 20 to 35. All of the sample inhabit in Kurdistan [providence in west of Iran].
The tools to gather the data are the researchers questionnaire which was applied among the group
due to the consistency and the narration.
Findings: It is indicated that the suitable age for marriage is 27 for male and it was 23 for female.
There is also meaningful relation among the social, family, economical variables and the marriage
postponement in young girls. For them the variables of marriage postponement were respectively;
the family, economical, social and individual issues. The young girls tendency to the marriage is
less than the supposed middle in the society.
Conclusions: Both the increase of the marriage postponement among young girls and their noninclination to the marriage has increased the social damages. The marriage instructions may
contribute to improve the young peoples conditions as well as the young girls.

Marriage age
Girls
Effective factors of marriage
Postponement
Kurdistan

2014 Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

1.

Introduction

The marriage is the humans natural desire which has been preached in all of the spiritual religions (Amini, 1993). A person was used to
promptly marry while he /she needs it in the traditional primitive societies, though it was after the industrial, scientific development that the
marriage age increased, and it caused many problems (Ahmadi, 2003). Therefore, the postponement of the young girls marriage became
one of the miserable, social phenomena; which is also followed to the statistical decrease of marriage (Heiydari, et al.2008). It was in the
reports of sublime council of the young people (2004) that it was approved that the young peoples tendency to the marriage has been
increasingly diminished comparing to the past. These factors play an important role to postpone the marriage age including: vocation,
education and they also influence on the individual and the society. The increase of retarded infants and the maternal failures are the signs
of increase of the marriage age among the girls, hence the intelligence and healthy have the negative development in the society (Kajbaf et
al. 2008). The studies on the increase of the girls marriage age have approved the increase of divorce (Garino qut. by Abrokht, 2003), the
effects of the instructional organs as well as the human sources (the end of higher education) (Broudel,197)the human sources and the
social, family fields (Vang, 2003), the change of making decision center and the choice of spouse by parents(the arranged marriage)
(Kalool, 2005, Manesh et al.2005) , the effects of severe economical conditions(Hampolo and Niket, 2003 qut. By Nobel and Batnehim,
2006), the economical changes especially in the job market, the job development , the reflection of cultural texture, the appearance of
economical correlation (Deravanra, Rajalton, 2005), the education and the increase of marriage age among the girls (Mitra, 2004, Pang,
2006) whole and whole were affective in increasing the marriage age among the Iranian women the recent decades (Aghajani, Mehryar,
2000, Moosavi,Beladi,1999, Astinafshan, 2001, Doroodi Ahi, 2002, Mahmoodian, 2004, Kazemipoor, 2005). These factors can be taken as
the main factors to increase the marriage age including: the increase of education (Mahmoodian, 2004, Kazemipoor, 2004, Ardhaee, 2007),
the idealism and the parents severe consideration in finding the suitable spouse (Kajbaf et al, 2008), the female accompaniment in the
vocations, more equal sexuality, the far relative of the couples (Mahmoodian, 2004).
Marriage postponement among the young girls has changed the social structures miserably, that will cause unavoidable events in the future.
Therefore it is necessary to concern with how and why of the postponement of the young girls marriage, hence the goal of study is to
assign the affective factors of the postponement of the young girls marriage, the main question what factors are affective in the
postponement of the young girls marriage as well as the increases of marriage age in Kurdistan?
* Corresponding author.
Email address: hasanzadeh.kh@gmail.com

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Internat ional Journal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Social Science s , 3(3) March 2014

2.

The Theoretical Format of Study

There are many different formats due to the postponement of the young girls marriage. Here it is used the refreshment theory, the
decreased inflation, and the equal sexuality, in order to examine the postponement of the young girls marriage. The refreshment theory has
emphasized on the structural changes(the shifting from the traditional, agricultural economy to the industrial one), the evolution of marriage
and the issues and the problems of the structural changes in the society relate to the appearance of social ne forces meaning three changes
including; industrialization, civilization and the public instruction (Abasi Shovazi and Sadeghi, 2005). V. Good (1963) introduced the
revolutionary ideas in the world in the family pattern along with the refreshment of families and the models of marriage. He believed that
this process influences on the individual, social levels of marriage (Kazemipoor, 2004). Among the refreshment models, it can be referred
to the education opportunities, the change of job force, job, the womens job and city-settlement (Astin Afshan, 2001). Through this
process, the family-based approach changes into the individual-based approach. The refreshment method has caused to make the
individual-based approach contrary with the family-based one, in order to improve the womens positions, the public instruction, city-life,
the free marriage that motivate the family-making in the higher ages (Mahmodian, 2004). Regarding the reflexive modernization, Mac
Donald (2006) believed that whereas it produced the refreshment, freedom and independence for the people, they do not trust in their
future, therefore, while people do not have the constant jobs, they wont marry (Mac Donald, 2006). Mahdavi (1996) also believed that the
modernism intensified the possibility of choice and the relative independence in the economical, social regions, therefore some problems
will appear due to the field of marriage. The development of education is one of the most important factors of refreshment, the effect of
higher education is very visible in increasing the marriage age (especially among the women) (Smith, 1980, Joshi, 2004, Mitra, 2004,
Segalen, 1991, Cuvisombing and Halman, 2003). The improvement of womens conditions is one of the aspects of refreshment which
influences on the marriage age. Their conditions have been improved by developing the public education in the outdoor deeds.
The womens improved conditions lead to the increase of marriage age, the decrease of couples marriage age, the increase of family
decision-making and the decrease of generation (Cumsmbing, Halman, 2003; Casterline, 1986).
The other theory which relates to the postponing marriage is the decided inflation. According to the perceived statistics, the people tend to
marry more in the economical development comparing with other times while the economical progress has been decreased; therefore, one
of the most important theories is entitled the decided inflation (Majd Al Din, Jamali, 2006). One of the passing problems of the country is
the inflation of structural decadence. The development of hygiene and the public welfare have decreased the death statistics, therefore the
population has increased. The increase of crowd and the relative development of collective means have increased the demands and the
structural inflation (Taghari, 1997). The increase of economical, political conflicts, and the main factors of decadence inflation such as the
amount of saved money, inflation, decadence, the decrease of production, unemployment, the consumption-approach, the increase of
expectations had the negative effects on the young peoples marriage age, they also produced some obstacles in the economical field of
marriage (Majd Al Din and Jamali, 2006). Therefore, the decided inflation which is in the economy, but the theory is not absolutely
enough, because, in spite of the fact that the economical obstacles such as making life, having shelter are necessary and important to begin
the life, but they produce the other obstacles to postpone the marriage. Hence they are other factors such as education, the nuptial gift; the
household goods given to a newly married girl by her parents, the customs of marriage, non-contentment have provided the feedback of
economical problems.
The sexual analyses concern with the womens and mens relations, it is better to consider the sexual equality instead of the sexual issue.
The sexual thinking is a phenomenon which has introduced the sexual classification. There are some factors also which produce the sexual
racism including; the different roles, the values, encouragement, the social advantages. The sexual racism shows that men and women have
the different places in the society which are not equal (Kashi, 2003; Sharifi, 2006). The most visible kinds of sexual inequality refer to the
different methods of rearing the children, this role is main among the female and it is marginal among male (Ghasemi Erdahai, 2007). The
principles of theory is to concern absolutely with men and women, their equal income, the womens accompaniment in the social valuable
actions, in order to nullify the patriarchal politics (Mac Donald, 2000).
Regarding this fact that the women try in the instructional, job opportunities along with the men, therefore, the womens sexual equality has
postponed the marriage age, hence the postponement of marriage age is the expense which is paid by women in order to take the equal
opportunities (Ghasemi, Erdahaee, 2004).

3.

Methodology

Issue and the goal of current study is to examine and to use the results of subjects relating to the postponement of girls marriage, the
research is based on the survey. The present, statistical population includes all of the girls living in Kurdistan in the ages of 20-35 due to the
statistics of people in 1390 include 249720 persons. There were chosen 385 persons by Morgan table in the field of young peoples
examples, they were randomly chosen and classified of 5 provinces. And the questionnaires were broadcasted among the single girls. The
tools which were made by Lickert gathered the information of questionnaires, in order to assign the reliability and cohesion of 30 single
girls, at the end, the degree of reliability was counted by Cronbachs Alpha which was 88 percentages, and the reliability was approved by
experts ideas in the fields of sociology and psychology. After the questionnaires were gathered, the data was entered in the SPSS
Microsoft 16. The information was analyzed in the descriptive section by using (frequency, middle and percentage), it was also done in the
inferred section by using T-tests of independent groups, T-momo-example, the analysis of mono-way variance and correlation.

Reasons of Marriage Postponement among the Young Girls: A Case Study in Kurdistan

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Internat ional Jour nal of Economy, Mana ge ment and Social Sciences , 3(3) March 2014

4.

Findings

The findings show that most of persons who answered the questions were more in the license (%45) and less of them were in M. A. (%1).
There were %40 scholars, %38 was in the higher, and the least was in the private sections (%4). They were usually in 30-34, they were
%39, then it was the other group was in 25-29, which was %36 (table 1). According to the middles, the suitable age is 27 for men and for
women, it is 23.
Table 1: The social conditions of young men according to the descriptive statistics
education
Job

variable

14
4

98
25

30 to 34

147
38

52 to 29

40
11

20 to 24

155
40

Private

29
7

Unemployed

5
1

Free-job

175
45

Scholar

53
14

Staff

License

111
29

higher license

A. A

41
11

diploma

Under-diploma

Title

Frequency
Percentage

Age

139
36

148
39

It was in the inferred section that there was positive meaningful correlation between the individual, social, economical, family and the
postponement of girls marriage age.
Table 2: The relation between postpone of marriage age and other affective factors

Postponing
marriage age

at

Pearsons
correlation
coefficient
Meaningfulness

Individual factors

Social factors

Economical factors

Family factors

0.950**

0.868**

0.574**

0.729**

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Regarding to the girls tendency to the marriage, the findings show that the girls tendency was less than the supposed middle (1.398) due
to the supposed middle of population (3), which was 0.001 meaningful (p= 0.001) (table 3).

Factors

Numbers

Tendency to marriage

385

Table 3: The young peoples tendency to marriage

Freedom
The middle of supposed
Middle
T
degree
society
1.398
96.551
384
3

Meaningful level
0.000

The results at data in table 4 is based on the affective propriety on the girls postponing marriage, respectively family, economy, society and
the individual factors. According to K-Squire 947.941, the freedom level of 3 was 0.000.

Properties
The first propriety
The second propriety
The third propriety
The fourth propriety

Table 4: The affective properties on postponing the girls marriage age

The affective factors of postponing marriage among the men
Family factors
Economy factors
Society factors
Individual factors

Test Statistics (a) a Friedman Test

N

385

Chi-square
df

947.941
3

According to the results of table 5, there are some relations between education and postponing marriage age by using the analyses of
variances due to the freedom level of meaningfulness which was 0.000. It can be concluded, there is meaningful difference between
education and the postponed marriage (p> 0.05).
By using the chased tests of Tooki (HSD), there was difference between the license degree and A. A, diploma, as well as less that it,
therefore the postponement of marriage is more in the higher education, and the girls who were not in higher education tended more to
marry (table 5).

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Meaningfulness
0.000

5.

Table 5: The results of mono-lateral variance analyses of education and the postponing marriage
Middle of coefficients
Freedom level
All amount of coefficients
Tendency to marriage
6919.524
4
27678.096
9.788
706.909
380
267918.394
Education condition
383
295596.490
F

Discussion and Conclusion

The findings of sociology factors show that the higher education means license (%45) and the less education is M. A (%1). About the jobs
of those who answered the questions, the findings show that there were %40 scholar, %38 unemployed, the least job conditions was in the
private centers (%4). The age of those who answered the questions was in 30 to 34 which was %39, and then it was 25-29 years which was
about %36.
The middles of girls marriage age show the suitable age among the men was 27 and it was 23 among the women. The results were aligned
with the findings of Hay Borhan et al., (2001), Fathi Ashtiani, Ahmadi (1999) who believed that the suitable age of marriage was 26 for
men and it was 21 for women (Haghdoost et al., 1995, Harazi, et al., 2001). The experts showed that the suitable age was 24 to 28 for men
and it was 18-24 years for women (the council to control Irans family, 2000).
The findings showed that there was positive correlation between postponing the marriage age of girls and their social conditions. There are
many factors which are affective in the girls marriage age including; the miserable conditions of marriage in the society, the problems of
marriage in the future, unfamiliarity with the suitable methods of marriage in the society, the higher statistics of divorce were known as the
prior, affective factors in the society for the girls marriage age. The findings were aligned with the researches of Ingelis and Gerin Glas
(1989) as well as Derakhshan (1999), the findings at Kajbaf et al., (2008).
The findings about the effects of economical conditions of marriage age showed that there was positive correlation between the economical
conditions and postponing the marriage age, they include respectively, the miserable economical conditions, the expensive life expenses,
the shortage of financial support, the lack of trust to the future jobs, all at them were approved as the affective factors influence on the
postponed the girls marriage, the findings were aligned with those of Dera Khshan, 1999, Heidari, 1995, Ramazania, 1997, Banakar et al.,
2004, Kajbaf et al., 2008 which were about the economical factors and the postponed marriage, because the girls tended to employ in the
jobs which were in the less- levels or the jobs which they were not so much interested in, but they were forced to do it.
One of the affective factors in postponing marriage is the families, they play important roles in the process of girls marriage, because of the
culture of country, the girls have no option before marriage, it is their families which let their suitors come in, therefore, the process of
girls marriage are very important. The findings of study show that there is positive correlation between the family factors and postponed
girls marriage. The most important factors were: to see the quarrel of parents in the families, no-will in choosing the spouse, the parents
interfering in the future husband, the fear to express the supposed marriage, the fear not to be supported by families through as well as after
the marriage. It can be said that all of these conditions refer to the cultural conditions which dominating the girls, because they have no will
to choose their husbands, therefore the families are limited, hence they have no tendency for marriage. The family factors influencing on
postponed girls marriage age (Ramazanian, 1999, Derakhshan, 2008, Miri, et al., 1995).
The individual factors play an important role in postponing marriage, the girls ideals, and their intentions which are less considered while
they are important. Most of them do not know about their significances of marriage, they do not know about the goals, therefore they
cannot choose the best; it is the cause that the girls whose marriage age has increased accept every suitor for their future life. After
marriage, they come to this fact that there is deep difference between them, because of unconsciousness before the marriage. Therefore, the
individual factors can play an important role influencing on choosing the husband, the fear of future, unsuitable person. The results of study
were aligned with those of Borhan et al., (2001), which is based on the girls concerning about the suitable choices. The findings were
aligned with those of Miri et al., (1995), Herzi et al., (2001) which were about the individual factors a influencing on the young peoples
marriage age.
The psychological researches show that the singleness is affective in addiction, the sexual, illogical relations, the abnormal behaviors, the
psychological problems, the unequal, political social behaviors. Therefore the young girls cannot find their suitable husband, then they get
divorce, they may come to the other families, in order to save themselves, then they endanger the vitality of family (Kajbaf, et al,. 2008).
The findings of Samadi Rad (2005) Poor Etemad (2006) showed that the unwanted singleness has some unsuitable events among which the
disordered mood is one. The girls whose marriage age has increased faced some conflicts such as: not to pay attention to their significances
for marriage due to the increase of marriage age, the promptly reply to the suitors, the increased tension to be single longer, to marry the
men who are less than their age and other future factors.
As it was said, while the girls do not tend to marry, they will do them in the older ages; they do not pay attention to the important factors
before the marriage, therefore, the unsuitable marriage increased.
It suggests following items, in order to improve the girls marriage condition:
1. To hold the instructional careers before the girls marriage, the requisiteness to hold these programs in the socially.
2. To instruct the girls families about the suitable ways to choose the husband for their girls and the relative issues.
3. To instruct the spiritual psychological issues of marriage, the introduction of positive cases about the marriage, because marriage
influences on the psychological, physical, social health of young persons.
4. To hold the gathering about the easy marriage among the girls in order to decrease their expectations to lead them to the suitable
marriage with the least expenses.

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