Agric. sci. dev., Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014. pp.

146-151

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The effects of water deficit and nitrogen levels on yield and yield
components of winter canola in Urmia, Iran
Mokhtar Neshati Rad *
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

Sina Besharat
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

Abolfazl Majnooni-Heris
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
*Corresponding author: mnrad@yahoo.com

Keywords

ABSTRACT

Keywords:
Canola
Nitrogen
Water Deficit
Yield
Urmia

Canola as a member of the mustard family is one of the main sources of vegetable oil in the world.
In addition to oil production, the leaves and stems of canola provide high quality forage suitable for
animal feeding because of their low fiber and high protein contents. Recently the cultivation of
canola is developing more and more in Iran. The main purpose of this study is the investigation of
yield and yield components of canola under the simultaneously water stress and nitrogen levels.
This research was carried out during the growing season of 2012-2013 in the agricultural research
station of Urmia University located in Urmia lake basin, Iran. The planted cultivar was, Okapi,
winter type of canola. Three nitrogen levels (60, 120, and 180 kg N /ha as urea 46%) and three
irrigation treatments (applied water at 1.0, 0.75, and 0.50 ratios of potential canola water
requirements as I1, I2, and I3 treatments, respectively) were considered. The potential water
requirements were estimated based on the differences between soil field capacity and measured soil
water contents at root depth in the I3 treatments before each irrigation. The obtained results showed
that the yield and yield components of canola were decreased under water stress condition. Of
course, fertilization largely improved the product decrement due to water stress. The maximum
seed yield was obtained 4.53 Mg/ha by irrigating the field up to field capacity and using 180 kg
N/ha fertilizer. Among the characters, the number of branches in stem had the least variation due to
the water and fertilizer different levels. The plant height, stem diameter, number of pods and the
number of seeds in each pod, were more sensitive to water shortage than fertilizer levels. Using the
results of this paper, it is possible to solve the problems of canola yield due to water shortage, by
using fertilizer and adequate nourishing of soil.

1.

Introduction

Drought, water storage, salinity and cold and heat weather are some of the environment stresses that have inappropriate effects on product
yield particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Water is the main component of products and is the major need for plant
growth. Using chemical fertilizers, in addition to water, is a known process in order to gain and optimized production. It is important to
note that the maximum production due to indiscriminate use of water and fertilizer, is not the modern agricultural aim, and environmental
concerns in different areas pervade the farming activities. The nitrogen fertilizer over use causes its transition to groundwater resources,
contaminates them, and makes environmental problems. In addition, non-optimal water use in arid and semi-arid regions such as in Urmia
Lake Basin is not logical and possible any more. The environmental problems and water storage in Urmia Lake basin make authorities to
present different method and ideas to gain the optimal water use in this area. Among these solutions, changing the crop pattern and using
some of the crops such as canola are in the agricultural schedule of the region. Canola as a member of the mustard family, is one of the
main sources of vegetable oil in the world. In addition to oil production, the leaves and stems of canola provide high quality forage suitable
for animal feeding because of their low fiber and high protein contents [3]. Recently because of the government supports in Iran, the
production of canola has been increased and often farmers over use the water and fertilizers in order to more production but without any
attention to environmental concerns [10]. Several researchers have been done in Iran and all of the world in order to illustrate the canola
yield under different environmental stresses. Many studies such as Clarke and Simpson [4], Pazaki et al. [13]; Dadivar et al. [5], Shabani et
al. [14], Zarei et al. [15] and Hasanzadeh et al. [8] have been done about the effect of water stress on canola yield and its yield component
in the world. Despite various studies on canola in other places, the few number of researches have been reported in Urmia lake basin
region.
Abdolzadeh et al. [1], reported that the canola growth has been lower under salinity condition, but if the N fertilizer is used the growth rate
will be much better. Nazemi et al. [12] showed that spring canola growth was significantly affected by water stress in east part of Urmia
lake basin. Water scarcity and growing salinity of soil and water in Urmia Lake region effect adversely on quality and quantity of crops
specially oil seeds as important foods. Therefore, this study examines the combined effect of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer levels on
yield and yield components of winter type canola (okapi). Kumar and Singh (1995) in India represented that an increscent of nitrogen from
30 to 120 kgN/ha caused the increscent in seed yield from 0.81 to 1.78 Mg/ha. Recognizing the importance of combined effects of water
and fertilizer stresses on canola yield, this study investigates the effect of both stresses on canola yield and yield components, in Urmia lake
basin region, Iran.

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The effects of water deficit and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of winter canola in Urmia, Iran
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014.

2.

Methodology

2.1 Study area

The present study was done in the Experimental Farms of Water Engineering Department of Agriculture Faculty, Urmia University, west
Azerbaijan Province, Iran on canola and during 2012-2013 year. The west Azerbaijan, including the area of Urmia Lake in approximately
43660 km2. This province is located in North West of Iran and comprises about 2.65 percent of the total areas of country. This province is
located between 35, 58' and 39, 46' north latitude and between 44, 03' to 47, 23' east longitude, and about 1276 meters height from sea
level. Figure (1) presents the geographical condition of west Azerbaijan and Urmia and experimental farm in Iran map.

Figure 1. Geographical position of west Azerbaijan and Urmia and experimental farm

2.2 Experimental design

The factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete black design (RCBD) has been planned in 3 replications. Winter type canola
of conventional variety in the region has been cultivated in from with the area about 1000 m2, in the experimental Farms of Water
Engineering Department of Urmia University in October 2013. The furrows width was 0.5(m) in the plots of 4 meters length and 3 meters
width, including 6 rows of canola with density of 80 plants perm2 (5 cm intervals). The seed requirements for planting have been prepared
from the Karaj Plant and Seed Research Center. In this research, some of the important factors have been measured such as: seed yield,
weight of 1000 seeds, dry matter, plant height, stem diameter, number of seeds in each pod, number of pods and number of branches in
main stem.
2.3 How to applying of treatments
In the experimental design, the water treatments have been applied in 3 levels: FC (field capacity), 75% of FC and 50% of FC, respectively.
The field capacity was considered as control treatment and 2 other levels were considered as 25% and 50% water stress applied in
comparison with control treatment. The water treatments were defined in 2 ways: water volume and water deficit, that were calculated
considering the plot areas and were exerted to noted periods. The farm irrigation water was provided plumbing supply of Urmia University.
Three levels of N fertilizer of urea supply (46%), 60, 120 and 180kgN/ha were applied in 2 points of time: after rosette and early flowering.
Considering the type of experimental design, a combinations of water and fertilizer levels (IiNi i=1,2,3) in factorial form were selected for
each experimental unit. Each experimental unit has received water and fertilizer various levels up to the harvesting time. The levels and
combinations of treatments are shown in table (1). Field capacity (FC) moisture was measured in samples that were taken from field by use
of pressure plates. The amount of volumetric soil water content in different treatments and depths was measured by TDR (PR2 type)
considering the plan rooting depth in each period. Irrigation intervals for all of the treatment were chosen 10 days due to local conditions.
Table (2) illustrated the results of soil texture analysis, electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECiw). The electrical conductivity of soil
saturation extract (ECe), FC and permanent wilting point (PWP). Considering the EC amounts of water and soil saturation extract, it can be
said that primary conditions of grows is acceptable.
Table 1. Introduction of different levels of water and salinity treatments

Water treatments (Ii)

Irrigation in field capacity moisture (I1)
Irrigation in 75% of field capacity moisture (I2)
Irrigation in 50% of field capacity moisture (I3)

Nitrogen Levels (Ni) (Kg/ha)

60 (N1)
120 (N2)
180 (N3)

Table 2.The general characteristics of experimental water and soil

volumetric soil water content, %

Permanent wilting
Field capacity
point
22
39

EC
ECe (ds/m)

ECiw (ds/m)

3.5

1.5

Soil texture
Clay

At the end of growing period, the weight of 1000 seeds, Top dry matter, seed yield, plant height, stem diameter, number of pods, the
average number of seeds in each pod and also number of branches, were analyzed statistically by using of SAS 9.1 and SPSS 21 softwares.

3.

Results and discussion

After experimental and analyzing of considered characteristics, the analysis of variance table has been provided using Duncan test for the
characteristics, and the effects of water and fertilizer treatments and the combined effects of them were studied. When the interaction effect
of water and fertilizer became significant, the levels of water treatment were sliced on fertilizer levels in considered treatment (Table 8). In

Mokhtar Neshati Rad *, Sina Besharat, Abolfazl Majnooni-Heris

148

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014.

addition, the average amounts for all characteristics were provided, separately considering the water and N fertilizer levels, (Table 4).
Figure (2) illustrate the variation of measured characteristics under simultaneously exertion of water stresses and fertilizer levels.
Table 3.Variance analysis table of yield and yield components of Canola

Source of
variation

MS
df

Seed
Dry
Weight of
Yield
matter
1000 Seed
R
2
1.57**
0.44**
0.07**
I
2
7.47**
9.53**
0.28**
N
2
3**
6.05**
0.19**
ns
ns
IN
4
0.27**
0.16
0.002
Error
16
0.06
0.03
0.002
Stress Nitrogen Sliced by Stress for Nitrogen
I1
2
15.62**
I2
2
11.66**
I3
2
3.74**
CV
8.61
3.15
1.76

Plant
Height
0.03**
0.03**
ns
0.01
ns
0.004
0.003

5.28

0.1**
0.18**
0.05**
ns
0.008
0.004

Number
of Branch
2.48**
4.92**
1.03*
1.2**
0.23

6.48

3**
ns
0.1
ns
0.3
9.9

Diameter

Number
of Pods
1699**
4097**
1512**
ns
104
56.77

Seed in
Pod
ns
4.13
36.4**
11.67**
3.4*
1.15

6.77

3.42
8.43**
6.77*
5.47

ns

Table 4. The comparison between the average of yield and yield components under separate effects of water stresses and Nitrogen fertilizer levels

I1
I2
I3
N1
N2
N3

Seed
Yield
3.91a
3.07b
2.09c
2.46c
2.99b
3.62a

Dry
matter
7.33a
6.15b
5.25c
5.44c
6.24b
7.08a

Weight of
1000 Seed
3.20a
3.00b
2.86c
2.90c
3.03b
3.20a

Plant
Height
1.14a
1.04b
1.04b
1.04b
1.08ab
1.10a

Diameter
1.21a
1.10b
0.92c
1.01b
1.07b
1.16a

Number
of Branch
5.33a
5.22a
4.00b
4.55b
4.77ab
5.22a

Number
of Pods
127a
119.5a
86.8b
96.88c
114.3b
122.2a

Seed in
Pod
21.64a
19.61b
17.62c
18.47c
19.64b
20.75a

3.1 Top dry matter

The variance analysis results showed that the effects of water and N fertilizer levels and replication, in 1% significantly level, is significant
on dry matter. The slicing of counteracted effects of water on N fertilizer levels illustrate that the effect of water stress treatments on N
fertilizer levels is significant in 1% level on dry matter yield (Table 3). The maximum top dry matter yield, 7.33 Mg/ha, was obtained from
the FC water treatment (I1) and the lowest amount of top dry matter, 5.25 Mg/ha, was obtained from maximum water stress treatment (I3).
The maximum and minimum amounts of dry matter were obtained 7.08 and 5.44 Mg/ha, respectively, corresponding to 180 (N3) and
60kgN/ha (N1) of N fertilizer (Table 4). In combined treatments of water and nitrogen fertilizer, the maximum dry matter amount was
obtained 8.49 Mg/ha in I1N3 treatment that is normal water situation with maximum N fertilizer (180kgN/ha). The minimum dry matter was
obtained 9.41 Mg/ha in I3N1 treatment and it shows that the interaction of the lowest N fertilizer amount and maximum water stress, cause
an important reduction in top matter yield of canola (Figure 2). Similar results were found in canola, which were reported by others
(Nazemi et al. [12], Shabani et al. [14]). Nazemi et al. [12] and Shabani et al. [14] reported that maximum dry matter yield in full irrigation
treatment (I1) was about 9.87 and 8 Mg/ha, respectively. So it can be concluded that applying sufficient amounts of N fertilizer can largely
compensate the reducing effect of water stress on dry matter yield.
3.2 Seed yield
Significant differences were found among the irrigation levels, fertilizer levels and also replication on seed yield. The interaction effect of
water and N fertilizer on this characteristic was non-significant (Table 3). Regarding to water treatment levels, the maximum and minimum
amounts of seed yield were obtained 3.91 and 2.09 Mg/ha, respectively in I1 and I3 irrigation treatments. Regarding to nitrogen fertilizer
levels, the maximum seed yield was obtained in I3 treatment (180 kgN/ha) that was 3.62 Mg/ha, and the minimum yield was obtained
while exerting minimum fertilizer (60 kgN/ha) that was about 2.46 Mg/ha (Table 4). The reduction in water amount causes the yield
decrease. In the same irrigation levels, increasing the fertilizer amount cause the dry matter yield increscent. Because of water and fertilizer
interaction, the maximum seed yield was about for 4.53 Mg/ha that was in I 1N3 treatment. The minimum seed yield was observed in low
water and fertilizer levels, I3N1 treatment, that was about 1.63 Mg/ha. Similar results were reported by Nazemi et al. [12] in Tabriz. ElNakhlawy and Bakhashwain [7] reached to maximum seed yield about 1.55 Mgr/ha by consuming 138 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.
Mohsenabadi et al. [10] reported that maximum seed yield of 3.98 Mg/ha under full irrigation condition 4.31 Mg/ha by consuming 150
kgN/ha of nitrogen fertilizer. I1N2 and I2N3 treatment dont have any significant difference; it means that it is possible to improve the effects
of water shortage by applying more fertilizer (Figure 2).

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The effects of water deficit and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of winter canola in Urmia, Iran
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014.

Figure 2.The average amounts of combined treatments (water and Nitrogen) for measured characteristics

3.3Weight of 1000 seeds

The analysis of variances showed that the effects of irrigation levels, fertilizer levels and replication on the weight of 1000 seeds were
significant in 1% level, but the interacted effects of water stress and fertilizer are not significant (Table 3). The maximum weight of 1000
seeds in different levels of water and fertilizer was obtained about 3.2 gr by exerting maximum water and fertilizer levels, in means the
maximum amount of water and fertilizer separately, have produced the same yield. The maximum weight of 1000 seeds in water stress
levels and fertilizers levels of 50% of FC (I3) and 180 kg N/ha (N3), respectively were 2.86 gr and 2.9 gr, respectively, that they dont have
any statistical significant difference. This issue specifies the importance of water and fertilizer separately in canola production (Table 4).
According to the combined treatments averages table, the maximum weight of 1000 seeds were 3.4 gr in I 1N3 treatment that had a
significant difference with other treatments. El-Nakhlawy and Bakhashwain [7] reported the maximum weight of 1000 seeds about 3.03 gr
by using 180 kg N/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Shabani et al. [14] reported the maximum weight of 1000 seeds 3.4 gr. Nasiri et al. [11] reported
4.4 gr for maximum weight of 1000 seeds and also represented that increasing the drought stress leads to decreasing the weight of 1000
seeds. The lowest weight of 1000 seeds was achieved in I3N1 treatment about 2.75 gr. The range of obtained data of different levels of
water and fertilizer shows that the weight of 1000 seeds has more sensitivity to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in comparison with water
shortage. In the words, under adequate fertilization condition the effect of water stress on this characteristic will be decreased. The absence
of significant difference between I1N1 and I2N2 and between I1N2 and I2N3 treatments in these characteristics shows that utilizing more
fertilizer can relief largely the decrement of 1000 seeds weight due to water shortage. This result shows the importance of fertilization
along with the irrigation more than ever (Figure 2).
3.4 Plant height
The analysis of variances showed that the effects of irrigation levels and replication are significant on plant height in 1% level. The nitrogen
fertilizer levels dont have any significant effect on this character. The interacted effect of water and fertilizer dont have any significant
effect on this character, it means that the plant height is so sensitive to water shortage, but fertilizer level changes have no significant effect
on this trait (Table 3). The maximum plant height was 1.14 m, obtained from the first irrigation level that had a significant difference in
comparison with the other irrigation levels. The maximum plant height in different fertilizer levels was 1.1 m and was obtained by using the
maximum amount of fertilizer (180 kg N/ha), that had a significant difference with other fertilization levels, but are also close in levels
(Table 4). In combined treatments of water and nitrogen fertilizer, the maximum plant height was 1.17 m in I1N2 treatment. As mentioned
before, in the same water level by decreasing the amount of fertilizer, the plant height was not significantly reduced, and this issue proves

Mokhtar Neshati Rad *, Sina Besharat, Abolfazl Majnooni-Heris

150

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014.

the non-sensitivity of this character to fertilizer shortage (Figure2). Nazemi et al. [12] reported the amount of 0.98m as the tallest plant that
was obtained in full irrigation. El-Nakhlawy and Bakhashwain [7] reported the height of 1.31 m by using 184 Kg N/ha nitrogen fertilizer.
3.5 The stem diameter
The obtained results from the analysis of variances in various levels of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer showed that the effects of water
and fertilizer levels and replication on the stem diameter are significant in 1% level, but the interacted effects of water and fertilizer havent
created any significant different between treatments (Table 3). The maximum stem diameters in water and fertilizer treatments were 1.21
and 1.16 cm in levels without water stress (I1) and maximum fertilizer (180 kgN/ha) respectively that had no statistical difference (Table 4).
In combined treatments (IiNi) the maximum stem diameter was 1.32 cm in I1N3 treatment. Al-barrak [2] reported the maximum stem
diameter 2.5 cm. The stem diameter in 3 treatments I1N1, I2N1 and I2N2 were 1.08, 1.09 and 1.07 respectively that none of them had
significant difference with others (Figure 2). According to the stem diameter variety in water and nitrogen levels, it can be said that the
stem diameter is more sensitive to water shortage in comparison with nitrogen fertilizer levels.
3.6 Number of branches in stem
Based on the analysis of variance, the effect of water stress levels and replication on this character is significant in 1% level and the effect
of fertilizer levels is significant in 5% level. The interacted effect of water and fertilizer on this character is significant in 1% level. The
slicing of interacted effects of water on N fertilizer levels shows that irrigating up to field capacity (I 1) is significant in 1% level on the
number of branches, but irrigating up to 50% or 75% of field capacity (I2 and I3 treatments respectively) on nitrogen levels doesnt have
any significant effect (Table 3). According to table 4 the water stress doesnt make significant difference in number of branches in first (I1)
and second (I2) levels. The fertilizer levels also were significantly in close levels. Given these circumstances, we can say the number of
branches in each stem is less sensitive to water shortage in comparison with nitrogen fertilizer levels. It means that increasing the amount of
fertilizer will affect the number of branches more, in comparison with the lake of water (Table 4). In combined treatments the maximum
number of branches was 6.33 in average and obtained from I 1N3 treatment. Also the maximum number of branches was obtained in I3N2
and I3N3 treatment respectively equal to 3.67 and 4 branches in average. According to the mentioned issues and being located the numbers
in statistical some levels, totally it can be concluded the number of branches in the main stem have a little variety due to water stresses and
fertilizer levels variations (Figure 2). Similar results have been obtained from Shabani et al. [14] and Al-Barrak [2]. They reported the
maximum number sub branches 4.1 and 16.8 in each plant respectively.
3.7 The number of pods in each plant
The analysis of variances illustrate that the effects irrigation and N fertilizer levels and replication are significant on the number of pods in
each plant in 1% level. The interacted effect of water stresses and N fertilizer levels on this character isnt significant (Table 3). According
to the obtained results from statistical analysis on water and N fertilizer treatments in this research, the fertilizer levels have differed the
number of pods more than the water stresses levels. Al- Barrak [2] reported the maximum number of pods in each plant equal to 218. In the
present study the maximum number of pods in different water and N fertilizer levels are 127 and 119.5 respectively for the first (I1) and
second (I2) levels of irrigation, and 127.2 while exerting the maximum amount of nitrogen fertilizer (180 kg N/ha ), that in terms of
statistical analysis, are located at same level (Table 4). In combined treatments, the maximum number of pods in each plant were 134, 134
and 135 respectively for I1N2, I1N3 and I2N3 treatments, that all of them are located at same level. The minimum number of pods was
observed in I3N1 treatment equal to 78 pods. According to the above results and statistical levels, it can be concluded that the number of
pods in each plant is more sensitive to the amount of irrigation levels in comparison with amounts of N fertilizer (Figure 2).
3.8 The average number of seeds in each pod
The analysis of variances showed that the effect of irrigation levels and amounts of N fertilizer on the number of seeds in pod was
significant in 1% level. The replication has not significant effect on this character. The interacted effect of irrigation levels and amounts of
N fertilizer in significant on the number of seeds in pod in 5% level. The effect of irrigating up to field capacity (I 1), in combination with N
fertilizer levels, has not significant impact on current character, but irrigating up to the 75% of field capacity (I2) in 1% and up to the 50%
(I3) in 5% are effective (Table 3). The maximum number of seeds in each pod in different levels of water and N fertilizer levels, were 21.46
and 20.75 respectively correspond to without water stress (I1) and maximum fertilization (180 kg N/ha). The minimum amounts of this
character were observed under server water stresses condition (I3) and low amounts of fertilization (N1), (60 kg N/ha) respectively about
17.62 and 18.47 that are statistically the same level (Table 4). According to the obtained results in combined treatments, decreasing the
number of seeds in pod is more related to the lack of water than N fertilizer levels, and the effects of fertilizer levels on this character is less
than the water stress effect. The maximum number of seeds in pod in statistical aspect was in I 1N3 treatment that was 22.83. The minimum
number of this character was observed in I3N1 treatment equal to 15.96 seeds in each pod. Results of this study are matched with result of
Darjani et al. [6]. They reported maximum amount of seeds in a pod equal 23.0 by full irrigation of canola.

4.

Correlation between traits

Table 6 presents the amount of correlation coefficient between various traits. The correlation can be positive or negative. The positive
correlation implies that increasing one trait causes the other's increscent. Also the negative correlation shows that increasing one characters
amount makes the others reduction. There is a direct correlation between the measured traits of this study. The table of correlation between
measured traits in this study showed that all of the correlations were positive and there were a direct relation between characters, it means
that increasing the amount of one character makes the others to rise. The maximum correlation between 2 characters; the weight of 1000
seeds and seed yield, is 0.976, and is significant in 1% level. The least correlation amount is between plant height and number of branches
in stem, equal to 0.34. The seed yield has a high correlation with all of the traits, that implies whatever the general characteristics of plant
are appropriate, the seed yield will be better and more. Dry matter yield also has a high correlation with dry matter yield also has a high and
significant correlation with all of the traits, that implies whatever the amount of physiological characters of plant are higher, the produced
amount of dry matter will be more. The weight of 1000 seeds also has a high and significant correlation with others.

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The effects of water deficit and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of winter canola in Urmia, Iran
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (4), April, 2014.

Table 6: Comparison table of correlations between traits

Seed
Yield

Dry
matter

Weight
of 1000
Seed

Plant
Height

Diameter

Number
of
Branch

Number
of Pods

Seed Yield

Dry matter

0.957**

Weight of
1000Seed

0.976**

0.975**

Plant Height

0.791*

0.759*

0.730*

Diameter

0.895**

0.926**

0.912**

0.737*

0.75*

0.806**

0.812**

0.34ns

0.841**

Number of Pods

0.941**

0.885**

0.933**

0.693*

0.894**

0.817**

Seed in Pod

0.962**

0.902**

0.920**

0.754*

0.816**

0.632ns

0.852**

Number of Branch

Seed in
Pod

**. Correlation is significant at the 00.01 level (2-tailed)

*. Correlation is significant at the 00.05 level (2-tailed).

5.

Conclusion

According to the obtained results from variances analysis (Tables 3), the comparison of amounts of averages and the table of correlations
between traits, it can be seen that the seed yield and some of the other yield components of plant decline under water stress conditions. Also
the results illustrated that applying more N fertilizer can improve the decreasing effects of the water shortage. The above results are in
agreement with the results that were obtained by other researchers. The interaction of water stress levels and amounts of N fertilizer under
sufficient amounts of them can increase largely the canola yield and other yield components. The maximum dry matter, the plant height, the
stem diameter, number of pods and number of seeds in pods, are more sensitive to water shortage than N fertilizer levels; while the weight
of 1000 seeds in more sensitive to the amount of N fertilizer. The number of branches in main stem is not so sensitive to the water and N
fertilizer levels. Among the traits, the number of branches in main stem doesnt have significant relation with plant height and the number
of seeds in each pod. Considering that water shortage is one the most major problems in agriculture, so applying N fertilizer can largely
improve the decreasing effects in production. As the efficiency of N fertilization is less that irrigation, increasing the amount of N fertilizer
causes the increment in canola yield.

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