709.

H-

3261:
A
A

6
2
1

5
7

THE TARGUM
OF

ONKELOS TO GENESIS
A CRITICAL ENQUIRY
INTO THE VALUE OF THE TEXT EXHIBITED BY YEMEN MS?.

COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE EUROPEAN RECENSION

TOGETHER WITH

SOME SPECIMEN CHAPTERS OF THE ORIENTAL TEXT

BY

HENRY BARNSTEIN.

LONDON

1S96

DAVID NUTT
270-271 STRAND.

Ph. D.

W.

DRUGULIN
LEIPZIG.

DEDICATED
TO

MY REVERED TEACHER AND FRIEND

THE Rev. Dr. M. Gaster
to

whom

owe an

everlasting

debt of gratitude for the

instruction received at his hands

interest

he has shown

in

1187410

and the constant

my

welfare.

PREFACE.
HE purpose

of this enquiry

the recension of the

Yemen

Targum

is

to critically investigate

of Onkelos preserved in the

Mss. and to establish a comparison between these

Mss. and the Western or European texts,

present

represented

best

by

which are at

recent

edition.

Berliner did not avail himself, however, of these

Eastern

and

Mss.

his

edition

is

Berliner's

to a certain

therefore,

inadequate and can hardly be accepted as

final.

extent,

In order

to establish a critical edition this enquiry goes into minute

details of

grammar,

differences of vocalization

graphy, additions and omissions,

and ortho-

interchange of particles

and variant readings. Part I contains the general outlines

of this research and the results arrived at. Part II shows
the

more

detailed

comparison

following the text of the Bible,

investigation

the Targum
Yemen Mss.

concludes
text,
It will

Table of Contents.
effort

may

lists

of

examples,

according to the version given by the

probably

reflect the original Palestinian

It is

my

fervent

have given a detailed

hope

that this

humble

be appreciated by students of the Bible and

give an incentive to the true appreciation of the

of Onkelos.

The

with a few specimen chapters of

Instead of making an index

form.

may

and

chapter and verse.

work

CONTENTS.

PART
CHAPTER

History of the Text

I.

Importance of the Translation

l)

I.

(l).

i 3-

PP2)

Where

it

originated

(2).

Travels (2). 3) Effects of travels upon text (2). Present texts

CHAPTER

and

Ofikelos

II.

Translation

his

pp. 3

(2),

5.

Approximate date of work (3). 2) Character of his Targum (4). 3) Halachic and Haggadic elements (4). 4) Public recital
l)

Targum

of

CHAPTER

(5).

Importance of the Yemen Mss.

III.

6 11.

pp.

Hitherto their linguistic character alone studied (6). 2) Origin

of Superlinear vocalization (6). 3) Targum never neglected in
1)

Palestine (8). 4)

Yemen

of

version

(lo).

CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Signs

l)

maic
45)-^

(14).

5)

IV.

V.

The Babylonian Redaction

6) They represent the

7)

Object of Investigation

Description of Mss.
Superiifiear

employed

3)

in this

system

4)

(13).

114).

5)

Differences

2)

13

.pp.
.

11

pp.

13.

17.

Appropriate to Ara-

Absence of Segol

(15; 45

46).

6)

No

(15;

sign

7) No sign for Dages or Rafe (16).

Aramaic and Syriac (17). 9) Agreement

(16).

to Biblical

Vocalization

Origin of system

original Palestinian

(10).
.

Absence of Sewa Compositum

Approach

(9).

(10),

Sewa Quiescens

for
8)

Mss.

with Biblical Aramaic (17).

CHAPTER
l)

VI.

Differences of Vocalization

Less frequent use of vowel letters

(iS).

pp.

18

25.

2) Superlinear system

ety-

mologicallymore correct(i8).-3)Interchange of vowels. Western texts

Patah=YemenQames(i8
{a)

Second number

responding portion

in

9; 46);

(7.

brackets

in Part II.

Monosyllabic words and particles.

refers to

the pages of the cor-

CONTENTS

VIII

b.

Per. Sin. Fret. Peal of ^"v.

3rcl

Mediae Geminatae.
f. Suffix of 2nd

Per.

Sin.

e.

3rd Sin. Pret. Feminine.

Miscellaneous

g.

Pret. Peal of

3rd. Per, Sin.

c.

Present Participle,

'.

Western

words.

= Yemen

Qames
b.

Patah (19; 47). a. Suffix of 3rd Per. Sin. Fem.

Vowel of 2nd Radical of Verb. c. Little change in Pause.

d.

Vowel before

Sere

5)

47}.

b.

and

"3

= Yemen

(20; 48).

= Yem.

Patah ==Yem. Sere.

Yem. Sere.
Yem. Hireq.
Yem. Qames.

Hireq.

c.

Sere (19;

Western Holem

(20; 47).

of the Imperfect (20; 4S).

=Yem.

Yemen

= Yem.

Holem.

West.

Holem

West. Sureq

West. Sureq

h.
j.

Patah.

d.

ITolem. f. West.

West. Holem = Yem. Qames.

i.

4) Western

Yemen

West. Sere= Yem. Patah.

West. Patah

e.

West. Hireq

a.

48).

West. Sere

g.

Holem

6; The vowel

Various interchanges (21

West. Patah

Other instances.

e.

sj.

Western Hireq

(19; 47),

Western Sureq

= Yemen Sureq
7)

Suffixes

Yemen Hireq

=Yem.

Sere. /. West. Patah == Yem.

Sewa (22; 48 49). a. West.
Patah = Yem. Sewa. b. West. Qames = Yem. Sewa. c. West. Sere
= Yem. Sewa. d. West. .Sewa = Yem. Sere. e. West. Hireq =
Yem. Sewa.
10) General
9) The Yemenite Pronunciation (22).

Sureq.

West. Patah

k.

8) Interchange

of Vowels and

results (25).

CHAPTER

Variations in orthography.

VII.

25

pp.

28

4953
a. Dialectical Variations,

similar words.
letters,

e.

1)

Pael.

tafal.
c.
7.

0.

/2.

State,

and Construct,

and

Afel.

and Imperfect.

Other

IX.

How

j.

Etpeel and
^i.

28

pp.

Number,

c.

2)

Additions (3637;

4j

Contractions

35
Em

Gender.

39;

c.

60

62). 3)

5)

The Tenses

/'.

Present

(Participle)

Other Differences.
pp.

may be accounted

Interchange
62 65) [Hebraisms

(38).

Etpaal.

and

Perfect

Variations

additions and omissions

Particles (38

b.

Absolute and

a.

i)

fix

a.

Imperfect and (Participle) Present,

CHAPTER

z'-VTi-,

a. The Conjugations.
. Pea
60).
35; 57
Peal and Afel. 7. Peal and Etpeel, Etpaal or Et

[t^T)

Pael

Perfect

Interchange o

d.

1.

g.

Grammatical Variations

Absolute

The Verb

and

in

s"!5

to distinguish

Nhp.
h. Mar
Agreement of Mss. with Nehardean Tradition

i.

VIII.

/?.

of

f. nt;^n jra?.

The Noun (2833; 53 57).

phatic.
2)

Use of vowel change

3rd Pers. Plu.

c.

Other changes,

ginal readings,

CHAPTER

b.

36).

38;

62).

Omissions (37

of Prepositions
65].

6)

3539.

for (35

and other

Variations in Suf-

(39).

CHAPTER

X.

Exegetical Variations

pp. 39

42;

66

77.

CONTENTS

PART
CHAPTER

I.

Remarks Upon
n^; bs;

CHAPTER

II.

CHAPTER

III

Onp;

Examples of

IX

II.

words

the

i)^3p;

n^i.-^H^X

pp. 43

the rules contained in

pp.

Introductory

XXXI

(85)

Specimen Chapters
remarks

XLI

(92).

(78).

Genesis

....
XVII

pp.

(79}.

45.

Part

J.

45777S

end.

XXVI

(81).

LIST
A

OF ABBREVIATIONS.

= Ms. Codex Montefiore.

=
C=
Z? =
B. =

Bbl.

No. 502.

508.

Museum. Or. No. 2363.

Codex Gaster. No. 2.

Berliner's Targum Onkelos (Berlin

Brit.

1S84).

Babylonian.

=
Aramaic.
= Dagges.
= Haggadic.
Hal. = Halachic.
H. = Hireq.
Ht. = Hatef.
Ho. = Holem.
L. = Levy's Chaldaisches Worterbuch
Luz. = Luzzatto's Philoxenos (Vienna
O. = Onkelos.
=
=
Q. = Qames.
R. = Rafe.
= Segol.
= Sureq.
= Sere.
Se. = Sewa.
= Superlinear.
SbL = Sublinear.
Trg. = Targum.
Bib. Aram.

Biblical

D.
Hag.

P.

Plst.

S.

S.
S.

Spl.

Patali.

Palestinian.

(Leipzig 1S66).
1830).

I.

It

I.

is

HISTORY OF THE TEXT.

universally

acknowledged

the greatest veneration

upon

rests

to

the Exegesis

that of all the Trans-

name of Onkelos enjoyed

lations of the Bible that bearing the

from very ancient times; because

and

of the Tanaim,

is

it

considered

represent the original traditional Interpretation.

Its

sanctity

was enhanced when the Amoraim invested

with great authority by making

an

it

official

decree that

it
it

should be publicly read in the Synagogue side by side with

Hebrew original.
The neglect of this Rabbinical decree was in later times
This neglect of
greatly blamed by some of the Geonim.
the Targum was most noticeable among the Jews living in
the

arabic-speaking

countries

supplanted the Aramaic

in

the Jewish

who have blamed

other authorities

carrying out the

arabic

the

after

as

principle

language

had

Among

vernacular.

the Jews for their laxity

of ai^ir nnsi

x^.p^

^'i'si

the

Hanagid and the GeoHai

stand
out
most
prominently.
and
nim Natronai
had
a
salutary
effect
for throughout
Their admonitions
at
the
time
present
this precept is
the middle ages and
strictly adhered to, and this accounts for the veneration in

names of Jehuda

which

it

is

be added,

b.

Qoreis, Samuel

held by the Jews

is

shared by

of the light which

all

veneration

this translation

passages in the Bible, as well as for

'

Cf. Delitzsch

1836, pp. 27

and

which,

it

may

Holy Writ, on account

throws upon many obscure

students of

,,Zur Geschichte

its

intrinsic

merits

der jiidischen Poesie".

135.

'.

Leipzig

The Targum

2.

originated

where

coming, as

esteem,

we

Palestinian

clearly presently,

subgreat

Similarly

both of which are products of

great zest in Babylon,

In Babylon

learning.

enjoyed

Calendar and the Ritual pursued

find the study of the

with

it

from the Holy Land.

did

it

was

but

Palestine,

in

sequently transplanted to Babylon

we

as

redaction

fresh

more

see

shall

of the text was made,

in many respects, from the original Plst.

From Babylon the Trg. travelled to Europe, first
and then to Germany and Northern France, and

which differed

Version.
to Italy

also

to

Spain and Provence.

In

3.

the

course

of

became more and more

in Europe the original
the Sbl. system which

a change

which

its

Spl.

the

travels,

Some

corrupt.

for

of the Trg.

after

its

arrival

was exchanged for

vocalization

was used

text

time

the

Hebrew language,
effect upon the

had the most pernicious

The evil was aggravated by the ignorance of the

European scribes who inserted marginal glosses in the text
and heaped errors upon errors until the text of the Trg.
text.

became
4.

common
the

text

result of this

use to-day.

expedients

all

an all-but-hopeless condition.

in

The

have been

with

is

seen in the texts which are in

These are
tried

far

from

from time

perfect.

Various

time to improve

to

but indifferent success, the reason being that

the would-be amenders started from

an incorrect stand-

They all assumed that the European copies were

based upon the original text, whereas they originate from
point.

the

Bbl.

according

Redaction.
to Bibl.

Buxtorf wished

to

remodel

the

text

Aram., quite ignoring the fact that a long

time had elapsed between the Aramaic of the Bible and that
of the Trg. and that the Trg. was
different circumstances,

Lagarde thought he

and

for

composed under

an entirely

entirely

different purpose.

would be serving the

interests

of

I At the beginning of the

12th century by Nathan B. Machir of
Ancona, according to an epigraph of the Codex I2 of de Rossi

(v.

Berliner

Targum Onkelos".

Berlin

1884, Vol.

II,

p.

134).


science

way by omitting

best

the

in

his attention

confining

consonantal

but,

text,

and

vowel-signs

the

establishing a correct and critical

to

must be remarked, he did not even

it

attain this ideal.

Targum

Berliner's edition of the

*,

(B.)

which

is

a reprint

of the Sabionetta edition of 1554 suffers for the same reason

His sources are

European Editions.

as all other

Euro-

all

pean MSS. none of which exhibit the original text but the
subsequent Babyl. redaction. It is undoubtedly superior to
any of

and embodying the

vestigation how our
to MSS. unknown

which

serve

will

necessary

to

in-

is

predecessors in

B.'s

all

Before proceeding to the

may be improved by

Trg. texts

as

of

results

learning.

to B.

edition

does the products of a life-study

it

ripe

same branch of

the

which the

besides

predecessors,

its

valuable containing as

in-

reference

and hitherto all-but-neglected and

basis

for our

own

know something about

investigations
his

O.,

it

is

and the

time

general character of his translation of the Pentateuch.

ONKELOS AND

ir.

As

I.

to

date

the

of

translation

this

much

difference

Frankel- and Geiger^ place

of opinion has existed.

in

HIS TRANSLATION.

the time of the later Talmudists, but

its

date

by observing certain

of the translation B. has fixed the time as

characteristics

contemporaneous with or immediately following the time of

second half of the second century. He bases
opinion upon the Targumist's consistent avoidance of

R. 'Aqiba;
this

anthropomorphisms

LXX),

the

words

'Aqiba's

time

9.

1857, p. 164.

Frankfort 1S92,

characteristic

of the

for aramaicising Greek words

in the original Greek in

Targumic embodiment of 'Aqiba's

the

principles*.

Zu dem Targum der Propheten".

Breslau

Urschrift und die Ubersetzungen der Bibel.

Breslau

Berlin: 1884.

1872, p.

also

being au conrant

and

and hag.

hal.

is

necessity felt

little

these

(which

1.

c.

p. 132.

pp.

102 loS.

Cf.

also

Zunz "Gottesd. Vort."

As

2.

regards

character of this Translation,

the

described with great clearness and minuteness by B.

Trg.

neither too literal nor too free;

is

agreement with the Massoretic Text^;

this

is

Our

it

shows a remarkable

it

always follows the

Qere leaving the Ketib unnoticed^ a characteristic which is

also noticeable in a MS. of Daniel with Spl. vocalization

my

which came under

be considered

will

original

the

which

are

to

occasionally endeavours

he

texf*;

The Targumist omits

be found in the Hebrew

chapter VIII.

in

pleonasms

certain

and the importance of which

notice,

text

to imitate the sound of

employs a rich store of synonyms, oc-

5,

makes use of circumlocution and simplifies figuraBoth the Tetragrammaton and u^nbn are

casionally

tive expressions.

rendered

which was written

"'"'^,

"i^"'

(until

this

was taken as

a sign for the Trinity), of which various modifications, such

as

2"'"',

"^T,

"'Z'^

word

are found.

word c-nsx

like of the

is

The reason of

the Targumist's dis-

found

employment of

When

for strange gods''.

in the
d%"i^n

this

occur together, the

"^^

Targumist must naturally reproduce them as they occur

Hebrew

the

According

3.

which applies
mist renders
affects

thus

are

to

is

be found,

that

Whenever
have

people
pp.

p. 210,

206224
5

the case

not

1.

c.

yet

1.

c.

p. 211.

must be

it

for

Targumist has

the

This

it.

(Prague: 1861)

runs

rule

to

meet

the

those

cases

wherein the

attained

complete

1.

1.

c.

c.

p.

207.

p. 223.

3
7

1.

c.

That

p. 11.

contra-

knowledge
p.

209.

this is not

may be seen from Exodus 12, 12 where a'jU'^ "rfTS

^ In Kerem Eemed V, 223 and VI, 220

Wilna: 1874.

to

and

rejected,

in

r-yj.

n)3Ki tithv

tra-

or

dictory views of Sectarians,

"K'^U'D

occurs which

But so many exceptions

given.

by Adler^ substituted

given

law

each individual member of the community, the

rule

that

command

but where a

literally,

have

of justice the Targu-

administration

the

we

where

Rapoport^,

to

to

ditional explanation
this

in

text.

is

of

1.

c.

always

rendered

also in i-iai

In the Introduction to his

15"?

nm

point

the

in

the

Tanaim themselves

the

Targumist gives the better of

the two traditions,

he

down no

general

the

rule,

unassailable

is

we can

lay

Halacha

the

rendering

literal

differ

says

employs

O.

but

tradition

however,

Singer,

where

translation

his

where

but

literally \

renders

upon

when

question,

or

the tradition,

would

in

remain

obscure-.

Great care was taken

4.

ensure

to

the

correct

recital

of the Trg., this being especially the case with the Trg. of
the Pentateuch ^

was given out by the Reader in

immediately followed by its Aramaic

verse

Hebrew, which was

allowed

the

were

verses
their

with

recital

the

before the

of the

solemn

however, a standard

official

demeanour,

which they held 5.

As,

virtue

in

had not then yet appeared, opportunity was given

translation
to

which three

in

Meturgeman recited
Both Reader and Meturgeman had to

translation'*.

the

of the Prophets,

together

taken

preserve a reverential
office

]More laxity was

by the Meturgeman.

rendered

translation

Meturgemanim

to

insert

interpretation of

own

their

Meturgemanim blamed by

find

some of

this

account.

The

of the Misna

was

the

writing

down of

only applied to the writing

down

the Rabbis^

the Trg.

at first prohibited",

and we

abused

This privilege was occasionally

text.

but

this

just

on

as that

prohibition

for the purpose of public

reading, but private copies could be held by the scribes for

their

own
E.

1.

niss seines
4

Cf.

use.

c.

pp. 224

Targums

Misna.

225.

Singer: Onkelos und das Verhalt-

zur Halacha".

Halle 1881.

Megillah IV, 4 and Talmud. Bab.

Hayyim

Tr.

B.

1.

c.

p. 84.

Megillah 24 a.

and Maimonides rhsr r'ihr: XII, il.

R. Nissim quotes a Jerusalemi^ Cf. Talmud of Babytan Talmud as the origin of this custom.
Megillah
7 Cf. Talm. Jer. Tr.
lon Tr. Megillah 23 b and 24 a.
5

Cf. Tur, Oral}

In Tal. Bab. Tr. Megillah

IV,

ch. 145

Cap.

III.

and Talmud Bab. Sabbath 115

a.

v.

Zunz.

1.

c.

p. 65.

IMPORTANCE OF THE YEMEN MSS.

III.

only European MSS. have

strange that hitherto

It is

1.

been studied

Since then how-

connection with the Trg.

in

ever a number of Targum MSS. have come to Europe from

South Arabia but have received

having regarded them

scholars

attention;

of linguistic importance only.

one of them (which

way,

little

shall subsequently

In this

call

C) has

been employed by B. \ Merx^ and Margoliouth

2. At the outset of our investigation into the importance
of these MSS. we must ask ourselves two questions.
j.

Is

correct to call the Spl. system of vocalization the

it

Does

Babyl. system?
the

redaction

of

the study of the Trg. in Babylon, or

version

necessarily imply that

Now

country, Palestine?

of the

Trg.

in

country

that

study was neglected in

its

mother-

its

the Spl. punctuation has been fre-

quently described as the Babyl. system'^, a nomenclature which

pp. 68

1.

c.

pp. 159

160.

103.

On

"Chrestomathia Targumica", Berlin 18SS,

the Supeilinear

vocalization (Transactions of

London 1893), pp. 4656.

Thus Neubauer connects the Yemen Jews with Babylon in his article
on "The Literature of the Jews in Yemen" (Jewish Quarterly Review
III, pp. 604
Speaking of the epitaphs which have been dis622).
"These epitaphs, dated
covered in Yemen, Neubauer says (p. 608)

the

Congress

9th

of

II,

Orientalists

according to the era of the contracts point to an acquaintance with

the Babylonian schools, for the Italian
era

of

the

addition,

destruction

of

the

early epitaphs date

2nd Temple

The Jews

the era of the creation.

and
of

later

Yemen

from the

on bear,

in

continue up

day to date from the era of the contracts, using Aramaic

Morepoint more to Babylonia than to Palestine.
over, the use of superlinear vowel-points (usually called Assyrian Punctuation) in the pointed Hebrew Texts written in Yemen would argue

to the present

formulae, which

their connection with the Eastern Massoretic Schools rather than with

the Palestinian one at Tiberias".

But Margoliouth

of the Bbl. origin of the Spl. vocalization.

the

originators

Schools of the

of the
"sn:-;'^

superlinear

or "Easterns"

punctuation
rests

is

not at

all

"The theory which

partly

with

the

cert.ain

identifies

Masoretic

on an epigraph

he Parmese Codex de Rossi 12 of A. D. 1311, and partly

or

in

rather

employed by

also

is

says:

but,

B.,

proofs have yet been

can be observed, no

far as

as

given

show

to

its

Bbl. origin

doubtful when the vowel-signs were

"it is

B.

'.

added

first

but probably they were added in Babylon, in which country

peculiar

the

punctuation was

Spl.

advanced why we should make

assume

were added

that they

in

Babylon?

Is

reason

is

Then why

assumption.

were originally written

likely that they

No

use".

in

this

not just as

it

and came

in Palestine

over to Babylon with the Trg. text?

This seems the more probable after Noldeke's assertion ^

Targum although redacted

that "the authoritative

chiefly

on

point
vSpl.

the internal evidence afforded

of the

rubrics

out

that

Codex Babylonians"
this is a

How

system.

subject.

how

out

p. 51).

But he proceeds to

very flimsy foundation

for the origin of the

can we

trust

a single

of the 14th century

scribe

system are

silent

Margoliouth especially singles out Saadia and points

inexplicable his silence would be were the superlinear system

of Bbl. origin.
lonicus

Babylon

by the readings and marginal

c.

(I.

whilst the contemporaries of the originators of this

on the

in

it

As

for

the internal evidence

must be remembered that

from the Codex Baby-

MS. does not

this

the

exhibit

primitive Spl. system, but shows the Spl. punctuation in a highly

com-

posite and developed form which would naturally approach the Eastern
or Bbl. forms of that jSIasoretic School.

argue
refutes

from

MS.

this

various

to

prove

other theories

origin of this system,

but his

the

Hence

Bbl.

which have been

own theory

it

origin.
set

is

hardly

fair

Margoliouth
up

to

to

also

prove the

that this system represents

a mixed nestorian-jacobite punctuation appears to be very forced, and

is

more than improbable

if

we

are

to

admit

this

system to be of

Cf. Seligsohn pp. 12, 19, 32.

Palestinian origin.

1
Likewise Dalman: Zwar ist die superlineare Vokalisation der
von dort neuerlich nach Europa gekonimenen Targumhandschriften
keineswegs als aramaisclie \Viedergabe palastinischer Aussprache des
Aramiiischen anzusehen. Vjelmehr wird sie einer in Babylonien gelehrten schulmassigen Behandhing des Onkelostargums entstammen,
der gegeniiber der Konsonantentext der sog. jerusalemischen Targume
ofters eine iiltere und urwiichsigere Form des Onkelostextes reprasentiert" (Grammatik des jiidisch-palastinischen Aramaisch, Leipzig 1894,

I,

p.

V VI).

matik.

1.

Halle 1S75.

c.

p. 131.

Introduction

Th. Noldeke, Mandaische Gram-

p.

V.

exhibits

whose

dialect

fundamental

are

characteristics

Palestinian.

For the present

system should

the

then,

Superlinear (Spl.) system, without defining

we shall see further on

more appropriate this system is to

Bbl. or Plst.

now

than the Sbl. system

B.

3.

states

'

that

country and

we

V how much

chapter

the

Aramaic language

in use.

various

for

through the decay of the

in

be called the

further as either

it

reasons

Plst. schools, the

but

Trg.

principally

But are

study was transferred to Babylon.

its

sure that the Trg. ever

left

Palestine

native

left its

or that

study

its

was neglected by the Jews of the Holy Land? May it not

have travelled to Babylon just as the Calendar and Ritual
did

and

It is

were greatly harassed

of Palestine

Jews

the

that

yet have been continued in Palestine?

true
their

in

by political troubles which interfered with their liberty

and yet we know that they were always the great leaders
of the study of the Bible, a fact which the Massora
that

studies

invaluable guide to the correct Text of our

Hebrew

and the various Midrasim bear witness to.

Now we know that both the Massora and
from Palestine.

hail

come down

to us^

Midrasim

the

the Jerusalem Trg.

Again,

Bible

which has

although differing in character from the

Trg. of O., shows at least that the study of the Trg. was

pursued
hagadic

Now

in Palestine.
in

character,

this

may we

Jerusalem Trg.

is

entirely

not then assume that side by

side with this hag. Trg. there existed a literal Trg., the

version, in fact, which

Palestine produced

by

side
it

will

the

original Plst.

1.

c.

p. 108.

Babylon?

same

Just as

probable that the two Recensions

and the hag.

will

be shown that
text.

is

it

literal

This

side.

to

two such varied studies as those of the

Massora and Midras,

of the Trg.

was transferred

existed

in this

country

perhaps be seen more clearly after

Yemen MSS.

appear

to

contain the


The

4-

natural

of the attention bestowed upon

result

the Trg. in Babylon

seen

is

redaction

that

in

which

of the text

version

although adhering to the original

a great

to

extent must have inevitably become somewhat corrupted in

its language in course of time, in spite of the efforts of the

Rabbis of the time

the

stamp

preserve the

to

text

intact

it.

As

upon

authority

of their

by placing

became

texts

more mistakes must have gradually crept in. As

the words were also, in all probability, differently pronounced
in Babylon, their orthography became changed, and the orimultiplied

must

vocalization

ginal

stitution
literal

have

been

considerably

least

at

Another tendency became noticeable

modified.

of hag.

explanations

In time a reaction set in in favour of the

rendering.

and

Version;

original Plst.

in the sub-

of the original

place

the

in

movement

this

represented

is

by the so-called Nehardean tradition, in contradistinction

to the tradition of Sura, which is substantially represented

by the

When

text

which we find to-day

the Trg.

came

to

was then punctuated

it

the original Spl. vocalization which

in

Some

Palestine.

zation

was altered

Hebrew

time after

in

our European editions.

in

Europe
its

it

in

had probably received

this Spl.

arrival',

favour of the Sbl. system

vocali-

in use

with

for the Trg. text

This inevitably led to great confusion ^

had already undergone considerable modi-

fications after

arrival in

the

text.

its

Babylon, and

ration taking place w^hich practically

of the text in

its

now

involved

entirety the result can easily

As copies were increased in Europe

fied and was greatly aggravated by
the scribes, of the

another
the

alte-

rewriting

be imagined.

became magniignorance shown by

the evil

the

Aramaic language; the

result of all this

we have already seen in the various devices made by scholars

to amend the corrupt text.
These were all unsuccesful
because the scholars depended upon the Babyl. recension
I

whilst

V.

B.

old

1.

c.

p.

editions

134.

Our

editions

are

greatly

and MvSS. have superior readings".

Nachgelassene Schriften, Vol.

4,

Berlin 1876, p. 104.)

neglected,
(A.

Geiger:

lO

which must have been a considerable modification of the

original.

PIst.

Of

5.

to

late years

a rich store of treasure has been brought

most of which are punctuated with the

which

fact

from a

more

examining these MSS.

These variations occur not only

in the vocali-

pronunciation and orthography but also in the exe-

of

the

text

itself,

several important hag.

usual

lation.

On

most far-reaching and profound differences are

to be found.

zation,

the

Spl. vocalization, a

the student to their study if only

in itself invites

linguistic point of view.

closely

gesis

Yemen

by the discovery of MSS. of the Trg. from

light

especially

interpretation

the

in

and poetical passages,

hag. interpretation

replaced by a

is

of

which cases

in

literal

trans-

point to?

It is

'

What then do
the

all

that

of their

own although

thern Arabia

at

communities

in

facts

Yemen had a peculiar

we know that they settled

very early

Mohammed

before

centuries

these peculiar

Jews of

unlikely

period.
there

North Arabia

"Certain

were

tradition
in Sou-

it

powerful

as well as in

is

that

Jewish

South Arabia or

Yemen" ^
6. The various differences which are noticeable in these
Trg. MSS. induce one to believe that they represent the
The changes in vocalization, pronunoriginal Plst. text.
and orthography remind us

ciation

chapters

to VIII

of

the Bib.

as will be shown in
Aram, and Syriac grammatical

forms and approximate more closely to the Nehardean

tra-

we may perhaps call it the Nehardean recension.

The preference shown for a literal translation may be acdition,

or

counted

7.
I

by observing

for

Trg. which

The

entirely hag.

is

that
in

the

Plst.

Jews had another

tendency.

object, then, of this investigation

is

Geiger although ascribing a Babylonian origin

of Onkelos points out that

its

as a later protest

the fanciful

exegetists.

1.

c.

against

vol. 4,p. 104.

character

v.

is

literality,

1.

endeavour
the

to

Targum

which he regards

interpretations

Neubauer

to

c.

of
p.

the

605.

earlier


to

way

so pave the

now

of the original Trg. of O.

the true character

show

for a

how

of that Trg.

edition

critical

of the

each

with

separately

deal

above, and show in

II

and
will

enumerated

points

far these characteristics strengthen

our views as to the original and

Plst.

character of the Trg.

But before entering into the examination of

these MSS., a short description of those I have made use
of these MSS.

of,

may be now

given.

THE YEMEN

IV.

MSS.

Codex Montefiore, No. 502; which

I.

call

is

peculiar

in having a Sublinear vocalization for the Aramaic as well

as for the Hebrew text, which may perhaps be regarded

as an unsuccesful attempt

the

two

other.

of

differs

from the

systems
also

It

Hebrew

text

on the part of the scribe

vocalization

large

in

to bring

harmony with each

other MSS. in having the
into

square characters

the

in

middle of

Arabic translation are placed

and
and the commentary of Rasi below. It conThe
sists of 133 folios and extends till the end of Exodus.
writing is bold, square and pointed; and the paper stout
and dark. It is probably of the i8th century and is written
whilst the Trg.

the page,

on the

sides

throughout
quires

custos

both

in

consist

the

translations

length

number
lations

Hebrew
at

every

but nearly

leaves,

The number of

the bottom.

at
in

The

one hand (except the marginal notes).

of

and

text,

the sides,

in

the

lines in

has the

each p^ge,

Aramaic and Arabic

varies

naturally

leaf

according

to

the

of the commentary of Rasi below, but the average

is

19 lines

and about 8

for

the

for the

Hebrew

has an average of 8 word.s to the

soretic directions except that at the

number of
mnemonic.

text,

commentary.
line.

30

is

text

There are no mas-

end of every Parasa the

verses contained in that portion

It

for the trans-

The Hebrew

is

given with a

one of the characteristics of Eastern MSS.


have

that they

little

no

or

12

illuminations^

and

all

these

MSS.

(except C) have only an ornamental figure on the margin at

end of every Parasa.

the

2.
is

Codex Montefiore, No. 508. I call

and clear MS. and

a remarkably fine

found

be valuable

to

It

of 159

consists

custos,

being

24 Hnes

to

MS. B.

This

be frequently

in retaining the original literal render-

an haggadic interpretation

ing, whilst

this

will

folios,

inserted on the margin.

is

making a quire;

leaves

given at irregular intervals

a page and 10 words to a line.

the

average

an

paper and the oldest part in bold and round hand.

unfortunately in a very imperfect condition and
in

no

less

extends from

f.

to

be quite modern.

87,

98

102

and 104

both Hebrew and Aramaic,

throughout,

The

155),

103 and III

Spl.

159)

is

78

(f.

It

79,

round and bold; and

less

is

dates

Hebrew

has the Sbl. vocalization for the

for the Trg.

Spl.

is

probably

it

perhaps of the 17th or i8th centuries, the third

156

is

hand

oldest

no and

from the i6th or 17th century; the second hand

is

It

written

is

than four distinct handwritings, of which the third

and fourth appear

and the

of

Thick, oriental

(f.

2,

much more minute and is

or 19th century.
The fourth hand

Sbl. throughout;

has added
probably i8th
numerous marginal readings as well as Genesis 44, 10 15.
Many verses in the second hand are left entirely unpunctuated.
Again the only Massoretic note is the number of verses
contained in each Parasa. The MS. extends till Exodus 24, 2.
Each Hebrew verse is followed first by its Targum. and then
by its Arabic translation.

3.

fully

is

the British

Z> was placed at

4.

(Codex Heb. Gaster No.

of

Museum MS.

Or. 2363 and has been

described by Dr. Berliner^.

all;

scribes'

my
2)

disposal

and

is

the

errors being few

and

sign being used either for Dag. or R.

1.

c.

pp. 132, 134 (Note

4),

137,

by the Rev. Dr. Gaster

most perfect and

far

between;

The paper

159 and 160.

is

reliable

and no
thinner


than that of

13

and the

or B,

writing

clear

beautifully

is

and round; probably 17th century. It consists of 159 folios,

written throughout in one hand and extends till the end of
Exodus. There are about 27 lines to each page and about
14 words to each
it

The MS. has been rebound, hence

line.

impossible to

is

but every

quires,

the

tell

page has the

There are frequent marginal notes by a

custos.

hand;

later

number of verses at the

number of mmra and n'-awo

the only Massoretic notes being the

end of every Farasa and the

A note
at the end of each Book.
that the scribe's

notice inside the original cover

was

seems

somebody's possession

in

(ri)x^i

p-iirri

(mnt:)ujb

"f

pir

sbx "pnn raa

This

"im.

at the

nnn-^ -p xiirc

name was

-(rrxi

It

adorned with a

Menorah,

the

the

year 21 21

V.
I.

its

Each verse

Arabic translation.

will first

is

figure

having

of

an

followed by

All

the

MSS.

consider the system of vocalization used

MSS.

we have

are written above the consonants.

(P.), Sere" (S.),

Besides

large

page

and have been very much used.

In the Spl. vocalization

Fatah"

of the

last

THE SUPERLINEAR VOCALIZATION \

We

in these

with

The

branch of the candlestick

Trg. and then by

are Folios

MS.

mm

runs vhn

to

cabalistic devise

each

whilst a

(? u:"nrt) iu:inb -paii -las

points

appropriate scriptural quotation.

its

nao;

"nx

Seleucidan era, corresponding to 1809 C. E.

is

end informs us

to point that the

1809.

in

these

signs

Hireq' (H.),
a

six

Holem

horizontal

vowel- signs

These are Qames"

line

which
(Q.),

'(Ho.) and Sureq'^(S).

represents

the

Sewa

This system has only been lately discovered, being brought to

by the Karaite Rabbi Firkowitsh about 50 years ago. It represents
the older system, since it is more simple and primitive than the sublinear system (cf. also the expression hy -ijjj) and it is unusual to regress
from a well developed to a primitive vocalisation.
I

light

and

Mobile

A,

in

and

14

indicates the

a slanting line

make

also

Rafe

sign.

use of the Dag. point

occasional

within the letter.

must

The

Aramaic language.

the

to

of punctuation

This system

2.

peculiarly appropriate

is

inevitable

Hebraisms which

occur in a text punctuated with vowel-signs which were

Hebrew language are

As an example, we may

taken direct from those in use in the

not noticeable in the Spl. system.

absence

the

take,

and

of any particuliar sign to represent the

This semi-vowel

Hatef.

in Biblical

Hebrew.

It

is

unknown

is

Aramaic

it

remarkable that

sulted in the British

in the

Aramaic language

must have been taken from the

Museum

in a Bible

MS. which

Daniel and Ezra which seemed

have

to

con-

words in

(Or. 2374), the only

particular

sign

Sewa compositum are mp and 3"-P which are written

This appropriateness of the Spl. system
thus 2"ip and 5"rp.
to Aramaic leads us to think that it was invented for the
Aramaic language in Palestine as was suggested by Dr.
for the

Gaster in the course of his lectures at Montefiore College;

and

that

Spl.

system to the Hebrew language

MSS. do

consequently, just as incorrect to apply the

is,

it

as

it

is

to

as

some of

Yemen

the

apply the Sbl. system to the Aramaic

language.
3.

made

Various suggestions have been

but

the origin of this system,

jecture.

Strack^ remarks

accurately

this

"The

the Superlinear

is

still

with respect to

a matter of con-

so-called Babylonian or

punctuation

the

more

vowel-signs

which are simplified forms of the matres lectionis

x,

of

and

"^

and the detached accents of which usually have the shape

of the letters with which their

name begins was

non- Palestinian Jews of Asia".

the

statement

is

Margoliouth^

forthcoming.
tries

to

We

have

in

already

prove that the system

is

among

use

But no proof

for this

noticed

that

of a mixed

Nestorian-Jacobite character.
I

1.

c.

"Einleitung in
p. 47.

das alte Testament".

NSrdlingen 1888,

p.

74.

In

4-

we must
unknown in the

place

first

tlie

vowel-sign Segol

15

is

signs being substituted for

S. is

his

in

and even by

P., S.

the

that

Spl. system, other vowel-

MSS. which

In the Yemenite

it.

Derenbourg saw and described in

P. was invariably used for S.; but
replaced by

once notice

at

"Manuel du Lecteur" '

the MSS. which I used
the particular vowel

.,

being in most cases justifiable by reference to the word's

etymology or by comparing the word in the cognate Semitic
This shows that the scribes must have been
languages.
very careful

and

the correct original orthography

preserving

in

another argument in favour of the greater antiquity

is

and authenticity of the Trg.

detailed
S. is

by

Yemen MSS.^

the

in

5.

will

few

Instances

be found

replaced by P. in

rrs

'ns'3 2, 8,

Besides having no

remarked

is

S.,

or a Full Vowel.

in

Se.

Quiescens
17,

7.

or

In

more

as

full

4,

Pi.;

the

MSS.

rarely

by

has been

Hebrew and

of the

is

it

in

usually

Quiescens

Se.

Mobile replaces Ht.-P.

replaces

This sign

characteristic

replaces Ht.-Q. in "^a^p

"'in^b

by

the Spl. system of vocalization

not of the Aramaic language'*.

replaced by Se. Mobile,

but

replaced

S. is

11, 7.

Very rarely
14,2, xfb-'ED 25,9.
the word ai^nn 28, 17 (Greek iSicoxt];).

previously

Se.

given here^,

are

of

texts

in Part 11.

has no sign for Sewa Compositum.

It

the

in

"ix-iy

in

S.

e. g.

lists

exhibited

as

r-n

i, 2.

10 and Ht.-S. in ts^JX 36,11.

Ht.-P.

vowel

in
is

|"'~n3

found

2,

in

10
the

and

Ht.-S.

MSS. where

Compositum in such words as x^n 29, 34.

Strange to say, Se. Compositum is found m a few isolated examples which have either crept into the MSS. by

B.

writes a Se.

Journal Asiatique.

1870.

Sixieme S^rie.

Cf. VI, 2.

In

all

Tome XVI.

examples which

No. 61.
will

Paris

be quoted,

Targum is the one referred to for the European readings, but the readings quoted are those given by the MSS
4 Cf. also the absence of any sign in Christian Palestinian Aramaic
for Se. Compositum, Noldeke, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der aramaiscenh

Berliner's edition of the

Dialecte.

ZDMG.

XXII,

p.

507.

i6

were found

error^ or, are exactly taken as they

and

of these

majority

the

text;

both write b-ipb^ 33,

more consistently

C,

6.

the

is

MSS.

(the other 2

and

b"-pi^"')^.

sign which

third

calization

Hebrew

in the

being Proper Names.

instances

not represented in the Spl. vo-

is

which

Quiescens;

Se.

wantmg

also

is

in

Syriac.

The

7.

or R. and there

no doubt

is

Aramaic language had no signs

pronunciation

softer

had no sign

Spl. punctuation as originally written

either for D.

of

the

that originally the

the harder

indicate

to

rSDnsa.

letters

remarks ''The oldest-known MSS. only use the D.

Hebrew, but not

that

the D.

that

it

the Trg.,

a fact which

system.

has

Or. 2363

may

fitly call

the Trg. this sign of the R.

in

no more very necessary"

He

j.

composite developement of
dicated by the

adds

and can only be

This

the letter.

explained by

system of a feature belonging

is

in fitfully

employing the D. point and

and

as Margoliouth

Many

transcribes

has remarked.

This MS.

A.

are a few exemples ""i^^i

1.

c.

Cf. VI, 8.
p. 49.

b^ir^r.

regularly uses the

Cf.

neither

in this

P'^kI i, 24,

'rr!r\_

Dalman

2,18,
1.

c.

using the Sbl.

N^-Cirn
p.

46.

MS.

^^'^'"7"

2,19,

may

This

the Sbl.

into

Spl.

i, 7,

2,16,

has

instances of the D. are to be

although apparently
the

Of

slight corruption

But

account for the frequency of the D. point

1,26, xrn- 2,11,

in-

really not necessary,

show a

unfortunately

the one nor the other.

in

not only

the adoption into the Spl.

vocalization

is

the Sbl. punctuation".

to

our MSS.

R. sign

D.

largely

as being

'Tn the more

further"^

system,

this

dropped

is

over the
is

form of the preceding vowel-sign but also

by the point within

"^"1

rs:n;2 but in later MSS. in which the Dg.

adopted

found

the Sbl. vowel-

for the

sign

special

to

from the other system of

into the text

punctuation, which one

the

in

show
such% but

seems

not a part of the Spl. system as

is

was adopted

Hebrew
letters

in

or

Margoliouth

i,

Here

26,

x^a-is 2,
3

1.

c.

"i?'n

23.

p. 46.


By
it

17

many examples

the existence of so

two chapters

in

might perhaps be thought that the sign was very frequently

employed throughout

MS.;

the

but

the

breaks

scribe

off

suddenly and we find whole series of chapters which do not

contain a solitary D.

The
rn'nf2

a few examples from B.

following are
i\,

i,

x-rr^

i,

28,

h~r\

-1:^'^

29,

\,

i,

"i3^ i, ii,

31.

has none

of these!
chapter appended to this

In the specimen
I

have followed

which

investigation

most perfect MS. and has

the

is

neither D. nor R. sign.

The absence of all these signs, shows that the AraYemen MSS. is much more closely akin to the

8)

maic of the

Bb. Aram, and Syriac than

editions

of the Trg.,

and

the

is

case with our European

may be

it

seen

how

appropriate

Aramaic language.
Our MSS. agree with Bb. Aram, in many grammatical

the Spl. vocalization

9)

is

to the

points.
a.
2,

b.

and

3rd. Pers. Sin. Fern. Suffix ends in n^-,

ist Pers.

its 3

5, 5

d.

Cf.

and

nj^3

22

to

the Bb.

2, 9

Daniel

f.

of Verb

are

resp.

"^33

''rsyi'inn.

Perf.

of Verb

ends

in

n.

Cf.

Cf.

Dan.

\
is

punctuated with Q.

-yhyi.

Our MSS. punctuate many words with

Aram, form with
xabn p~b5 xitn rn-a.

e. g.

Suffixa

PI.

Dan.

2nd. Pers. Sin. Suffix

4,

e.

Sin.

with P.

3rd. Pers. Plu. Fern.

c.

Dan.

in

Cf.

nrn^.

II

S. whilst B.

Miscellaneous words such as

x:;?'>r

P.

corresponding

punctuates with H.

x^sb^ ist

'I'nsrxi

agree

the two dialects.

Or.

2374 writes thus, although Merx's edition of Daniel [Leipzig,

1882) has the Ketib *pE3 but Q'rd npE:.

VOCALIZATION.

VI.
Before

1.

considering

changes

the

which

Sbl. punctuation^

do not show

that the

As

editions'.

Spl. to

the

Yemen MSS.

which

that superfluity of vowel-letters

Targum

our

may be remarked

it

pronun-

the

underwent on being transferred from the

ciation

in

i8

is

found

remarks "this redundancy

B.

of vowel-letters points back to a time when no vowels were

yet written and
these

letters

giving rise to

when

the vowel-signs were subsequently

have been

should

much

such words as

struck out,

As

confusion"^.

and

"'37

which

"'bli'n^J

added

their retention

instances

we may

notice

and

"'xVj'iS'

the

MSS.

B. writes iX3t

where the x merely points out the a sound.

In

2.

considering

the

differences

and the European-Babylonian

words

to

their

texts

it

shown by

will

be seen by tracing

etymologies that the former present a more

Now

accurate pronunciation.

as

it

is

extremely improbable

that the scribes were acquainted with the etymologies of the

words which they wrote,

been conscientious

shows

this

in preserving

the

they must have

that

correct original ortho-

graphy.
B.'s

3.

edition

of the Trg. has

with P. which appear in the

words and Particles: na (Syriac

2, 19.

bi5

(Syriac

Peal of the Verbs

to the Syriac

^)

n!

I'r.

Form.

from the Syriac

3, 8.

in

c.

the

b.

2, 3,

On

many words punctuated

MSS. with Q.
>a^')

2, 9.

nnT

6, 6.

'J

the

case

loi>-)

This corresponds

the other hand, the

Verba Mediae Geminatae^ e. g.

would here punctuate the
with Petaha.

3S.^d. In

(Syriac

3rd Person Singular Preterite

MSS.

differ

3rd Person Singular Preterite Peal

of the

2j

Monosyllabic

a.

nib'

b^i

Syriac

16, 4.

But

cf.

p'l

of the Present Participle the

Dan.

MSS.

Likewise in Christian Palestinian Aramaic the matres lectionis

Noldeke I.e. p. 447.)

2) Berliner 1. c. p. 133.
For the contrary process we may compare the Hebrew ta Zechar.
4, 10 (Pret. of T-a) as if it were from TT3 and nu (for ntj) Isaiah 44, 18.
are less used. (Cf.
3

19

again show agreement with the

e.g. 'ir^T

4, 20,

corresponding Syriac
17,

the 3rd Person Singular Feminine of.

K"b

difficult

is

The

f.

Spl.

explain \

to

System

n-ri

Cf.

20

3,

r~,--

undoubtedly more correct

is

form,

16. e. The Q, of
the Preterite of Verba

4, 21, 'puVbT

"^sn^T

ing the Suffix of the 2nd Pers. Sin. with Q.

25.

4,

punctuat-

in

Cf- ~\^i 45, 9,

~\m

17, 5,

Miscellaneous words, the majority of which agree with

g.

-j-BsJ

So also B. Aram.

19, 15.

the

corresponding Syriac forms.

n:^

8, 9

many

in

On

(Syriac IZIm).

quently
nian^

The vowel of

p.

just

i?

clearly

isn^i

29,

below,

has

write P.:

3,

corresponding

7.-0.

pause

the

This agrees

2nd radical of a verb

the

the

in

the Q.

Suffix of

a.

Dan.

Cf. fr^^s Daniel 4, 14, re-n-^

b.

as

6, 13.

(Syriac iJ^i),

11

i,

Singular Feminine M^'^n 4, 12.

with the B. Aram. form.

11^

iV^x

other hand B.

MSS.

instances in which the

the 3rd Person

2,

the

Dan.

cf. "(i^

Since,

has

as

words

in

be

seen

will

influence

little

is

more

the

in

fre-

Syriac

Spl.

punctuation herein showing the small influence of the Mas-

Hebrew

sorah of the

where

cases

s<:^5^5

13,

1,

26,

pausal

Q.

"in

4, 14.

e.

-"^i^sV

i, 5,

and

the suffixes x:

''ii'Siip^i

may account

situm

*: is

The absence

for such instances

as

i,

many
22.

MSS.
Compo-

P. in the

of Se.

m5

3^ 13,

xSnIx

8-

4.

We

given

of words

found

in

now

have

vowels H. and

has

B.

The vowel before

d.

our MSS. retain the P. in

text,

the

arrived at the second

pair of kindred

Only a

couple

of instances

which are

written

by B. with

S.

MSS. with H. and

But Biblical Aramaic likewise

vice

r-j^s

versa,

Dan.

7,

19

but

and

are

but

S.
it

here
are

may be

r""2 ib. 7, 22.

form was probably Qames in Biblical

autem n-^ pro rr quia, ut Masora Targumo On-

Philippi tells us that the original

Aramaic, ".Scribitur

kelosiani ostendit, sermo posterior a et a uti pronuntiatione sic etiam

Vocalem

scriptione comniiscere consuevit.

longum esse ex s~

ah successit".

Libri

p.

LVIII.)

(v.
3

So also

apparet,

Danielis,
in B.

luiius terminationis origine

quod targumice
Ezrae

Aram.

et

in

locum antiquioris

Nehemiae

ed. Baer,

Cf. v/?~5^. Daniel

B2

7,

16.

1.

c.


added

of examples which

that in the majority

may be

reading of the MSS.

the

20

have noted

by reference

verified

to

the etymologies of the, words or to their corresponding Syriac

words as

B. has S. with such

forms.

But H. with 3^6n

The 3rd

5.

x^ipi

3, 22,

in"'i<'i

C|Vn

2, ig,

13, 2.

22.

8,

and

pair of kindred vowels are Ho.

These

S.

interchanges appear to depend greatly upon the pronunciation

Thus

of these sounds.

more

sight,

correct,

but,

latter

words

the

B. writes

and the

with Sureq;

21

jf,

3, 20,

Ci'is

first

must be borne

it

and Ho. are represented by one sign only

The Nestorians pronounced

tiiw

punctuation seems, at

"^o-^oaj

as

mind

in

that S.

in Jacobite Syriac.
if

were written

it

with a Holem'; whilst, on the other hand, they pronounced

vq\

vowel-sign

distinct

For

Syriac

Jacobite

in

/Jj:v

Perhaps the Yemenite Jews

as the ordinary u sound".

fti

pronounced the words ms and

for

Ho. and MSS.

B.

as

which

pom and

Ho,,
S.

fiiTi)

they
Part

v.

are written with

som,

having

but

punctuated

II.

Before noticing the other numerous interchanges

6.

vowels

in the

two systems,

it

of the Imperfect seems to

May we

MSS.

not

that language the

might naturally

trace

must be noticed

vary between I
the

P. to Arabic

vowel of the Servile Prefix

expect

MSS.

that

Ho.

with

it

hailing

among

that the

and

vowel

P. in the

In

influence?

We

Fatha.

is

from Yemen

in

South Arabia would present some Arabic characteristics and

that this

also
p.

is

the case

r^N (Cnrx),

14, 23

Cf.

may be

but Cs.nx

Duval, Grammaire Syriaque, Paris

Noldeke

456 "The

in

his

article

\p (On) in

on

Christian

In these instances,

88 1, pp. 47

48.

Palestinian

Aramaic

So

2
1.

c.

>^qa451 "you laugh" disagrees with the pro-

nunciation in East Syriac.

(p. 63)

seen by the following examples

15, 8 rnit

We

should expect

remarks "The superlinear vocalization

vj (un)".

Dalman

of the Targums,

1.

c.

and

usually also the Tiberian, has in the form of the Masculine a long
as in

B';s

avj which

however becomes u

Tiberian vocalization clearly stands here

old Palestinian usage".

in the derived forms.

in

The

closer relation with the


we

see that

more

inclines

our Trg. editions,

a fact

21

to the forms

which we find

which may be often noticed

in

in the

instances which will be quoted later on.

Variations in punctuation:

7.

B.H.=MSS.
B.P.=MSS.

a)

b)

(but

9, 5

and

P. n'^Vin'

H.;

'iDrn).

rnni
I

d)
e)

20

4,

(but

justifiable in

B.S.=MSS. P. ^n\xn 4,
B.P.=MSS. S. sb'-E 15,
B.P.=MSS. Ho. -jiVi-^

c)

27, i^'crr 6, 20.

i,

rri5n),

"j'=-an

both instances ^

nbV-.nni 14^ 18.

3,

10.

np:-2n

3, 16,

Both

16, 4.

these are given by Levy.

f)

S.

is

B.Ho.==MSS.

reads

g)

On

S.

in p'lm^'^

qTr^ {A

S.

more correct since

C)ipr

other hand,

the

the

24 which

2,

is

is

Here again the

Noun; Levy also C)"')?~.
MSS. have Ho. where B.

^^-pt:) 4, 6.

as incorrect as B.'s

P?T3

the correct form being plir.

h)

has the modified

vulgarism and which,

lectically

vulgar

j)

k)

MSS.
MSS.

1)

B.

sounds which

is

For instance,

"pnx.

B.

found occasionally
in

word

the

dia-

in the

i"'i'i:='^i-=c

4, 21.

4, 25.

"-iniiii

{C and

n^b-^bp

certainly a

is

was heard

where the MSS. give xn;=

snisa

B.

rrh-^^p).

Old Arabic and

in

dialects'*.

i)

ii

according to Wright,

more

correctly

the

Pael

r-^yq^^.

Cf. S'lVsV

Dan.

Leipzig 1866.

Yemen MSS.

the

Finally,

2 v.

3, 15.

punctuate

Sureq

with

Levy, Chaldaisches Worterbuch,

Strangely enough the reverse process

is

s.

v.

mentioned

by Noldeke as taking place in Christian Palestinian Aramaic. "We

find u where we should expect i as in ^joxa* (^Hebrew S";;;^)" p. 456.

Dalman mentions

Franz Delitzsch asserted that

that

the Punctatores in Palestine u

4

Wright, "Comparative

bridge 1890,

Nominative
Arabic

p. 77.

Grammar

V.

also

ii

which is common
Duval
1. c.
p. 47.
,

in

the time of

(Dalman,

1.

c.

of the Semitic Languages",

Cf. also the writing of the

in Ina for iina

texts.

was pronounced

p. 63).

Cam-

Arabic sound Plural

in the

Yemenite Jewish-


where B. has

P.

in

n-.TU'^Js

Bevan says

instance

22
lo,

i,

SHinis 4,

change

the

due

is

In the latter

i.

For the two

labial^; bfjbru-a 4, 12, X:e6 14, 17, &<;730 41, 40.

examples Levy prefers

last

Patah.

following

the

to

can be

It

seen

at

glance that the MSS. readings are superior.

The Se.Mobile

8.

much more

is

system than

in the Spl.

employed

frequently

the case in the Sbl., since

is

is

it

also used with the Gutturals^ in which case the Sbl. system
It
must now be noticed
by Se.Compositum.
interchanges between Se. and the full vowels are fre-

replaces
that

it

quently met with: a) B. P.: MSS. Se. ^^t:xi

The

instance

first

Etpeel

is

whilst B.

3, 8, inS^b"

has

correctly.

Se.

b)

These being

5, I.

we

find

Syriac.

in

For the

3, 20.

when

treating

being Afel

shows

the

allows

either

nipT^nS
g.

2, 2,

B.

c)

rn=i

of inr

MSS.

Se.

Se.:

MSS.
in

of

CJS*

S.

Dan.

3, 15,

i<"3:x

10.

The

2,

Hebrew language
"iso

e)

5,

Levy,

i.

shown

most

clearly

good custom of

v.

Se.

4, I.

by

"They have

Lecteur".

in

s.

MSS.

B. H.:

correct traditional pronunciation

the

as

just

Se.

That the Yemenite Jews were most careful

serving

"laS"

3, 17,

of the Trg.,

edition

B.'s

this instance.

in

have

Se.; "'ids

the

MSS.

^aS
V

Verba,

Aram.

B.

exhibited

d) B.

form

S.

influence

of

Preterites

as

examples.

clearly

Q.

B.

latter cf.

Sbl. vocalization

these

The word

conjugations.

6.

"iSS'^b"

correctly Etpaal; this will be fully considered

of the

u,

perhaps more

reads,

Derenbourg

still

in

preserved the

pre-

in

of the Trg.

is

"Manuel du
old-fashioned and
his

translating each verse in public; a

little

boy

nine or ten years of age stands on the platform and recites

the

Targum

Hebrew".

each

of

verse

after

served a more exact tradition

know of

other

countries

already neglected in the

I

the

Reader has

cited the

"Further", says M. Derenbourg, they have pre-

Cf. Chr. Pal.

{kvzv), p. 455.

of the Targum,

iith century"

-5.

Aram, "u sometimes stands for a as

of Daniel. Cambridge 1892, p. 81.

Book

whereas we

where the Chaldean Version was

in

aqI
3

1.

c.

J-S-aiut

p-Sog.

23

Se. Mobile

for

The use of
Se.

this

we

than

the

semi-vowels shows that

must have had a much more distinct pronunciation

are accustomed to give it, and it is a fact that

Jews sound the Sewa just as the occidental Jews

pronounce Segol even at the present day\
oriental

Se.Compositum is represented in the MSS.

by Se.Quiescens we may assume that the pronunciation was
a more hurried one, whilst the full vowel would indicate a

When

the

In connection with the pro-

longer or fuller pronunciation.

Hebrew

nunciation of
is

among

in use

Yemen

of

the Jews

instructive to notice Derenbourg's

it

of the ac-

description

count given by Jacob Sappir^ of the present pronunciation

"\s regards their vowels
of Hebrew by the Yemenite Jews.
they pronounce Q. and P. like the Germans, contracting the
lips

the

and opening the mouth wide

former

the

for

latter,

Ho.

Spaniards and the

like the

distinguish

nounced

from

it

in

its

different

vowel which that

everywhere else

like a

S.

original P.

ways;

letter has,
it

before

before a

resembles

very short

guttural

Yod

weak

Yemen who speak

and

P.

and pronounce Se.Mobile with

their copies

In

the

segoleted

That

Cf.

less correctly,

make

these

it

P.

forms we

know

the

it

S.

so as to
is

pro-

takes the

has that of H.,

There

are

also

who confound
full

vowel and

errors current in

of the Pentateuch or the Prayers"

help-vowel and
the S.^

it

a.

at

ignorant or neglectful scribes

P.,

The Se.Mobile
a

people
S.

the

for

pronounce as the Polish Jews, the

they

2nd

j.

P.

is

only a

was probably pronounced as we pronounce

was sometimes read

The Codd. Gaster No.

146, a

as

14th

an e sound

may

century Karaite MS.

from Nisibis; Is'os. 155, 159, 160 Maliazor Byzant. Rite (XVII and
XVIII cent.) and Codd. Montefiore 444, 445 and 446 Mahazor Corfu,
which write e. where we would expect S. and vice versa; employing
S. and Se.
indiscriminately.
Thus we read n";-: "vv
~~""?3 "?.?? and -'p-j immediately followed by t;-:0.
2 In his "jss
4 So
511.
I'EC (Lyck 1866).
3 Manuel du Lecteur, 1. c, pp. 510
(II^a)
also in Christian Palestinian Aramaic in such words as Wjjl
"Year" >iif. {yi>>.) "with" (Noldeke 1. c. p. 4541
.'^.,

24

perhaps be seen from Proverbs 12, 28 where the Septuagint,

and Targura

Pesitta

expect

He

Dikduke

opinion

ha-te'amim

transcriptions of

made no

all

also

Cf.

may be

it

the

The ancient LXX

Solomon and Gomorrah

vocalization 3.

alteration

Hebrew and not of

undoubtedly incorrect,

is

tr^i^? as

Spl.

in

b)

noticed that the

vocalization

the

Even

fact.

pause
Cf.

occurs

The

Ezra

6,

6, 21,

12, ^aair

Dan.

our MSS.

to

We

notice only

there

Pasuq where
Berliner

says

rarity of

Bb. Aram,

in

in Bb. Aram, many

employed where no

is

and where we might consequently expect

Daniel

b2-i

Yemen
indicate

to

a characteristic of the

is

examples are to be found where H.

of

connection

In

Aramaic language.

a sufficient proof of this

remarks

the

any vocalic alteration under the pausal influence

is

almost

pronunciation of

Kimhi.

till

This pausal influence

Pause.

we should

the old grammarians from

conclusion^.

on the

with the pronunciation

the

of

nbPa and

similar

Margoliouth

scribes

were written

it

where

out that the

also points

according to the

to

if

Ti'iins*'^

heard at the present day

Se. usually

as

ri^^-'bx

to the Se. the full vowel-sign e or e

from Corfu give

point

render

Dr. Gaster has pointed out that Prayer-Books

T^'iTiisi.

invariably ^

the

all

Jeremiah 13, 21

also

Cf.

ri'2-bit.

is

4, 11.

lbr:3

7, 8,

We may

Ezra

4, 23,

compare

its

S.

"(SiU

use in

of the Bible t.

a few instances with Silluq and Sof

changed

his

in

Dan.

of the Aramaic portions

that

P.

b^i^a

into

Massorah^:

and

Q."Both

becomes H.

S.

schools

(/. e.

the

Babylonian

and Palestinian) have the use of the Pause

with Athnach and Sof-Pasuq, whilst with the Bureaus the
Pause

there

is

also used with Sakef.

seems no

schools reading
Berliner
I

refers

In the case of Genesis 18,30

difference between

pausal form at

to in this passage

is

V.

Kautzsch,

p. 39.

schools,

Sakef".

^"'^pt*';

both

The word

and yet

all

the

M. Gaster "Die Unterschiedlosigkeit zvvischen Pathah und Segol"

in Stade's Zeitschrift, Giessen 1894, p. 62.

4

two

the
this

p. 61.

c.

p. 47.

"Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen", Leipzig

Leipzig 1877, Introduction, p. XX.

1884,

1.


MSS. read here

four

b-^V^n

24, 33,

we

notice

4, 2.

at

8, 7,

bV^xi,

our MSS.

Similarly

So
2.
21, 7.
Athnah causing a change of vowel

lengthens

more

read bbr

But here and there

='"p"

44,

the

e. g. pr'i

frequently

bin

e. g.

-"sr"-

12, 5,

MSS. having S. A has -.^^7 at

remaining MSS. again showing a S. Berliner

a Sakef;

an Athnah, the
in his

25

other

the

Massorah says the form

when punctuated

n-^o

is

used

only

but our MSS. read n^c

with H.,

in

Pause

in

24,

i,

and 35, 29, where there is no pause. On the other

hand they have ^h^k 36, 11 at Athnah where B. has a P.
27,

We

41, 52

cases

where

extremely
the

of the Pause in

also notice the influence

c^^Bx

(but

we

rare,

Hebrew

A
a

find

and

n-^tiEX)

upon

see

nl'arb''

in

influence

the

that

according to the Spl. vocalization

is

the

our MSS. are

text of the Trg.

the

38, 13,

Yet

6.

46,

pausal influence

and hence we

original

'^.-"^

of

punctuated

comparatively

insignifi-

may be noted that most of the examples I have

quoted are Proper Names which were probably punctuated
in these cases exactly as they occur in the Hebrew text.
10. From all these examples it may be seen what great
cant.

It

differences

are noticeable

two systems.

the

in

In general,

the Spl. system approaches the Bb. Aram, and Syriac forms,
which we should naturally expect in an Aramaic language,

shows considerable Hebrew influences.

whilst the Sbl. system

Further,

the

forms

given

MSS.

the

in

more correct than those found

in

are

etymologically

our editions.

In a few

instances the surroundings influence the pronunciation.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

VII.

1.

The

ortliographical variations

numerous and important.

Lists will

be found

the readings of the

be regarded as due

in

shall

shown by the MSS. are

here only indicate a few.

Part II and also an attempt to justify

MSS.
to

a)

the

The

following variations

influence

exercised

by

may

dialect.


B. reads

iS; the rest have

"pifiit" 3,

N'-^S3.

B,

C,

45, 22,

and

26

B. has

vb"'-j:iN.

L. confirms^.

'piox'^.

XTj-^ci 6, 16.

and

B.

.'^'i-J'^p^.

A.

C-i-^'-jQ'n

^,

although noticing

the form given by B., gives that of

D as

the best Reading.

make

use

meanings

of

The MSS.

b)

occasionally

the

distinguish

'^VmOn,

different

=upon, l3y=he went

rx

thou,

Verba

a sign.

ending

s'b

up;

c)

of vowel-change to

has

Thus b
n5<=

word.

"i3==son,

"13

= besides;

3rd Person Plural

the

and not

''

in

L.

pointed out by Berliner in his Massorah

of

This peculiarity

in ix.

(p.

is

92) as a Syriasm.

occasionally found in B, but A and

never
As an instance we may take the word T'Ennx'i 7, 20.
Some variations are also found in Verba i"r. A, B and
read 1"'-ri?:i 19, 14, but B. and C "j^xri'ai.
Landauer^ very

It

also

is

show

it.

appropriately refers us here to the Present Participle of the

Verba

in Syriac

l":'

ka-yem.
written

which language

in

and

^^'^<^^xa

regarded

latter

may

reading

popular spelling of ~'xn^2 3.

as

this

pronounced

is

>>JL

would be pronounced

Similarly ""Nri'2-

as if

it

were

accordingly be

d)

We

some-

times find interchanges of letters consistently occurring; thus

used by the MSS.

is

latter is

is

Hebrew.

the

be read

to

and

has

viz.

9,

but

is

The

io.

imported from

13

and

X";&'^p

The Rest

42.

ip-i.

19, 17.

a and

All have

I'lS

:.

UJ

31, 27.

which the author of the Pathsegen'* has already pointed

more usual "fs,

MSS. read

out as standing for the

s. V.

cases where B. writes

letter at all,

incorrectly in two places where a

it

voj?

D have Dpi 31,

B. tis

in

not an Aramaic

in

his

Massorah.

All

as
"^n^

Landauer remarks
where B. and L.5

^ s. V.
2 "Massorah zum Onkelos nach neuen Quellen", Letterbode VII &c.
always with
3 In Biblical Aramaic the Ketib
is
s but the Qere with -.
Cf. j''-,s- (Qere "^"''^ Daniel 2,38; 3,31;

6,

26,

iQere

'-;vr^

(Qere

;-r'^)

Schreibungen wie
den,

dass k

^;;-^)

Ezra

7,

Daniel

r:''-5;>3

4, 23, "'os|?

Cf.

25.

fiir

also

rsV;'^, D'-p fiir

zwischen zwei Vokalen

gesprochen wurde".
S s. V.
L c.

(Qere

Dalman's
als

]"?".5)

Daniel

Grammar

3, 3,

-j-js-!

45 '*Aus
c-sp darf geschlossen werp.

stimmhafte Gaumenspirans

Published in Adler's edition of the Targum

xn-

give

nrhf\

The n

has

e)

it.

word

is

writes n^isbms

and

-n:

"i^aii'b

srbV 40, \^.

B. B and C
and
likewise
Aram,
although
Bb.
Hebraism,
a

12.

i6,

27

14,

and z^^rsr

3, 16
fj

give ^z-ii if-in^i

The MSS.

which B. writes

12, 13 in all of

divide the

time, was looked upon

at a later

this,

as the correct traditional writing ^

Cand

A,

i.

The Yemen MSS. do not know of

"'z'^-^nr^

&c.

the so-called EiJ-n

',r:::>

which gives us such forms as x;^^- and rrir-j-is but write

Hebrew

these words as they are found in the

niaini

Text.

The

stand in the Trg. just as they occur in the Hebrew.

MSS. however appear

*rix

read

not

(and

read ni^aSi

Hebrew Vin

ignore

^n-x)

34,

27,

x-s'-^

n-"'.

to

23,

"^V:^

read

have

14.

and

and

follow

the

on the margin but

have S'1^^ but ij" and

wS:nbs

and

and Z)

it

may

x^=-i

and Z>
be

n^'i

cni-i

39,

^nj-i

i.

15,

any

were only

rate,

and

and

18

9^

6.

once seen that the scribes

at

could not have recognised these rules of ciann x^p,

they

all

46.

27,

Tetragrammaton instead of n-n5X4

writes the

these examples

By

x-nl-i,

=--:i-2-

finally

A,

6.

riNrn

19,

Thus they

Rule.

this

but here

and

n^iir in the Text 3 26,

By

g)

xip the Massorah meant that several passages should

with

acquainted

slightly

or,

at

them.

h) Marginal Readings have already been pointed out occasion-

These glosses are important since they are all added

by a later hand and explain the origin of many words which
These
afterwards became incorporated with the Text itself.
ally.

marginal readings also constitute an argument for the greater

age and originality of the texts with Superlinear vocalization

which have been preserved

has

Cf.

Ezra

16

4,

where

IluUin 65a.
estenus

(v.

6,

13)
3

2,

by

the

the

Yemenite Jews. 3, 23
of which has been

text

stands for the

r;:r::s

Or. 2374 has s^;' si'c" (Dan.

Siyn (Dan.

to us

on the margin,

"^"^crXT

where Baer has r-yr.

The reading sinVe

Part II, Ch.

II,

J).

more usual s:r:s

so

47) where Baer reads n^j^ rryy\ and

is

cf.

Cf.

Talmud Babli

Tr.

quoted by Theodorus MopsuB.

1.

c.

p.

216.


corrected by a later hand to
is

given by Berliner

which means that

P"'5<1

we must

but as the word

"'Osnx'i;

Massorah^ under the heading of

it is

undoubtedly the correct reading,

'ODn^<'^.

when speaking of the Additions

word already inserted in the text.

see
this

on the margin
text,

its

27,

rectly in the text.

22

has

has

iTi'n5"'in

We

shall

have

'^nibs'.

that

and

has

8 Z)

25,

be read after "non.

to

and

"^"i

i6

7,

be placed between

to

'^'lair'iti

bis

correction

reject the

on the margin

in

in

28

on the margin but

"^nii^

'p^i'^

has the same word

cor-

"^"i^

This has been noticed above under niS'im x^p.

Many more examples of marginal readings will be noticed

when we shall treat of the Variant Readings. i) The Yemen
MSS. almost invariably follow the reading given in the

Massorah of Berliner under the head of

presents a School

Text and
B.

reads

the

and

n]5

and

in

>inn

To

and 27

26

Berliner^

i"i1:ni<.

column headed

under ixriinsb.

17,

the authenticity

for

MSS.

these

'^5<"nDb

''Perhaps"

which

favour of the original

in

great argument

found

is

Itpeel nisnx
in

is

which

text

in Babyl.

"^siSTnfisVi

whilst

of the

give one instance;

MSS. have

the

places

adds

re-

Plst.

the

the Peal

Etpeel

Berliner

is

the

reading

placed

"whether

we

should take the Peal or Itpeel form depends upon the old

grammatical question whether the root of the Hebrew word

is

He

5T0

or

^"23".

Baer3,

however,

says, speaking of certain

and which he

treats as Etpeel ''Praeteritum huius conjugationis

interdum syllabam praeformativam

Daniel

5,

abjicit

velut 0"]Q

= onQr!i<

28.

VIII.

GRAMMATICAL VARIATIONS.
I.

State.

a)

of a different opinion.

is

forms which occur in B. Aram,

THE NOUN.

There are a few changes

in the different states

of the Substantives.

1.

c.

p.

116.

Massorah

p.

62.

Daniel

etc.

p.

LIX.

these two states were

Mandaic

the

in

examples which

the

in

The

Yemen MSS.

text

y'xs;

is

ponding word

A, B,

snxa

II,

"'S'^bt'

"^xijp

as represented

and

16, B.

4,

MSS. x^r-^-i,
Hebrew Text is

in the

to-

be seen that

will

it

Targum

The

B. b=-p.

21,

6,

confused

entirely

i<ins5.

corres-

3=^?.

Absolute and Construct. 15, 19

P)

nymics

Part

in

noticeable in the

is

the

in

Noldeke

of Aramaic^, and from the

dialect

be given

will

a similar laxness

which

States,

used ahnost indiscriminately'.

to be

informs us that
gether

and Emphatic

the Absolute

a) In

MSS. appear

29

21,

in

Patro-

the

&c, B. believes we have either a shortened

form of the absolute Plural or the Construct State used

stead of the Absolute

The

3.

supported by Wright who says

away

fall

in

the Absolute

The same anomaly

mar, Paris 1881,

Nun

or

Dalman^ assumes

languages'*.

found in Syriac

also

is

Duval's Gram-

(cf.

249): "L'etat emphatique s'est alors generalise

p.

forme usuelle,

point de devenir la

que

absolu,

l'etat

et

I'on

k constater".

IMandaische Grammatik,

"We

the Christian Aramaic dialect of Palestine

Absolute".

He, however, explains these examples

corruption.

(Vide

p.

204.

remarks

Samaritan dialect

this

Targum

is

He

gives

as

s-^-STi r-zyr'r"

state

situtiones

Linguae

later

to

Berliner

1.

c.

apparent confusion in the

Nomen

sine articulo; quae diver-

ibi de re magis defiexample 25, 23 "I'yu -21;* a*, of which

sail and the Samaritan also writes the

with both words

viz.

^^tV^

Samaritanae" Uhlemann,

in the Biblical

Aramaic Text, the

British

disagrees with Baer's

Edition in reading sV

Baer has Vne.

page 205.

147.

due

as

also

Cf.

507).

"In haud paucis locis utitur Samaritanus

ubi Hebraeus habet

Emphatic

Even

p.

eo est querenda, quod Samaritanus forte

nita cogitaret".

the

XXII,

But Uhlemann when noticing

Nomine emph.,
sitas in

ZDMG.

in

frequently find in the

where we should expect the

lying before us the Emphatic State

text

diffi-

Also

300.

p.

au

ne ren-

contre plus que dans quelques tournures de phrase, est souvent

cile

is

are apt to

forms of the Absolute "Statt der

shortened

are

Mim

final

in-

Plural of nouns in the Assyrian,

Talmudic and Modern Syriac

that these

explanation

first-mentioned

1.

c.

p.

1.

c.

151.

Cf.

-""^-^nt
Leipzig

^S^

1837,

Museum MS.
"-z

Wright:

(Daniel
1.

c.

2,

("In-

p.

196).

Or. 2374

42)

where
and

pp. 67, 146

indeterm. Pluralendung in
e

In connection

(!)".

compare
"i6s

is

20

17,

more

Hebraism.

A,

B.,

Number.

ferences

we may also
The MSS. have "^"in

i.

";6 which

v.;

40, 16

C,

D,

correctly, 756,

be explained as due

The

some

whilst

4,

may

differences

very frequently

mere

rendering;

slavish

are due to an uncertainty whether a Collective

Noun should be
'ST

dif-

Number, it is at
both more numerous
in

the Targumist's desire to give rather

to

Hebrew than

of the

sense

the

probably a

is

consideration of the

observable

once noticeable that these variations are

and more important.

and which

Tir-a'^rr

original

s.

to those

corresponds

which, perhaps,

"p'^ri

Turning from the

States

in

14,

Hebrew

the

by L.

also given

b)

"^^^in

whilst B. lia?

closely with

die Verkiirzung

zuvveilen ein

tritt

with these Patronymics

and

lo

i,

"'d^

30

II.

treated as Singular or as Plural.

and

and

pears to be the best,

is

The

x^n.

B.

C may

and

appears, at

and

reading ap-

first

we expect

given by L.^, since

here the Plural Construct.

Aramaic idiom; but

n^-in,

be true to the
be incorrect.

to

first sight,

Nevertheless this reading cannot be condemned, since the

sense of the passage

The

iU5n"iKT I, 21.

Noun may
the

same

certainly singular.

is

Subject

is

N'^^,

possibly justify either reading.

MSS.

of the

as that

B.

MSS.

d"'n'^iX"i

which, being a Collective

C '^

however, gives

L.,

B.,

A,

and

^n^'

Luzz. in his Thiloxenos'^ asserts that the Plural

14, 22.

necessary here,

Targumist

the

since

refers

the

is

passage to

Prayer in which both hands are held up, whilst the Hebrew
text

refers

The

c)

to an

oath,

peculiar

use

for

which only one hand

of the Genders

is

raised.

the MSS.,

in

and

the apparent confusion which exists in the use of Masculine

for

Feminine presents us with a grammatical problem.

primitive

the

Masculine

Aramaic language have

distinct

Feminine Genders

was

and

merely the result of a

s.

V.

later

Vienna: 1830,

or

this

development and

p. 35.

Did

forms for the

distinction

differentiation

by the Massorites and Grammarians?

fixed

of the Aramaic of the

two

the

31

feminine

seems

liible

Genders;

when, however,

object

was

it

differently

sorites.

Bevan, referring to

remarks

that

written

the

written text

the

refers

suffix

to

punctuated by the Mas-

phenomenon

this

text

The

point to one form for

to

Bb. Aram,

in

grammatically inaccurate:

is

"Sometimes grammatical inaccuracies which probably were

found already in the primitive text have been corrected by
the later vocalizers

the

thus "pn

of the 3rd Person

suffix

Plural was used indifferently for the Masculine or Feminine,

been marked with the vowel

but has

Noun.

to a feminine

whenever

Similarly in the 3rd

of the Verb the termination

the Perfect

refers

it

Person Plural of
is

used for both

but has been treated as a by the vocalizers, when

genders,

the Subject

fn and

termination

So also the Yemen MSS. use the

Feminine" ^

is

and likewise the

both

"(ID

suffix

'fl

Masculine and Feminine

for

Common

used as

is

Suffix of the

3rd Person Plural of the Imperfect of Verbs where we should

expect Mas.
exceptions
In

these.

thinks

to

Gender^.

and Fem. '| ^.

'i

to

rule in

this

my

and

have only noticed a few

shall

later

on enumerate
as Bevan

opinion these examples are not due

grammatical inaccuracies but are really of Common

We may

Bevan:

1.

c.

p.

perhaps find analogous instances

39.

in

the

Although the regular fem. forms were

still we find examples in

mostly used in Christian Palestinian Aramaic

which the Masc. endings are used for the Fem. as in ^a-ta) (ZDMG.
3 The text of Daniel in the British Museum MS. Or.
XXII. p. 474).
2374; appeares to confirm this assumption. As I have already remarked

this

text.

MS. pays no attention

In

this

MS. then the

editions of the Bible say

although the z'n

is

to

we must

yr.z^.

the

sts

scribe writes

read

Xow had

have undoubtedly written the word

but

"i"":*?

it

scribe.

is

written

Dan.

the scribe read

thus.

and that the reading

the

in

its

2,

yr.z'i

he would

This proves that

time and place of the scribe this word was

as

inserts

33 when our
on account of the Gender,

y.r,n

i-rs*?

in

the

pronounced 'r:': just

was unknown to the


Hebrew language
both 'boy' and

which the word

in

But a much

same phenomenon

which in the Pentateuch

according

peculiarity of the

Yemen MSS.

of

characteristic

1 1

is

Hebrew

x^!i

and

tK'^n

X^iti

times in the whole Penta-

Massorites)

the

to

the

in

Whether then

^.

this

a vulgarism or a classical

language remains doubtful,

the

occurs

it

instance of

striking

the Ketib both for

is

form occurring but

(the latter

teuch,

more

be found

to

is

meant

originally

"ii"3 ^

being spelt without n when

'girl'

in the Pentateuch.

the

32

but

after

observing that a similar phenomenon existed in the primitive

Hebrew language,

there

assume

likewise

Aramaic
which

that

it

is

language.

in

of the

characteristic

now enumerate

have noticed

no reason why we should not

is

the

few

primitive

exceptions

This MS. reads "pniix 19;

C.

2il,

27, 29 l^ii-S 31, 5 (although in the

35 and -7^%
very same verse we find C giving 'iinb" and referring the
payn'O'ii

Suffix to the

same feminine Subject!) and

Gesenius points out

contains

some

this

peculiarities

peculiarity:

l^ipiiJ 41^ ^o.

"The Pentateuch

of language which have

certainly

the appearance

When these books were composed the words Nnn 'he'

"young man" were still of common Gender and used also for
and 'young woman'. Vide Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, Translated

of archaisms.

and

->:

'she'

by Conant. London 1839.

In Verse 47 the

word

is

2. 3.

sistency in Ezekiel 23, 45 where

a"Hs

written ^nn^s.

We

refers
3

find an apparent inconto

a Feminine Subject.

Samaritan

(as A,

and

D) jlBlp'^n. In the following pages some readings from the Samaritan

Targum which agree with one or another of the Variant Readings
consideration have been inserted.
.Since Samaritan has no
vowel signs these instances are only of value in confirming the ^ConUpon the much-vexed question whether the Samasonantal Text.

under

Targumist was influenced by the Targum of Onkelos

ment between the two is due to later interpolations into
of the Samaritan Targum I refrain to enter; but bearing
ritan

or agree-

the Text
in

mind

that the language of Onkelos and Samaritan are two kindred dialects

of Aramaic and that they both represent very ancient Translations of

the

Hebrew

Text, the examples given

ing to confirm a reading.

1879) has been, in

all

The

may be

of

some value

edition of Dr. Adolf

cases, the text of the Samaritan

Briill

Targum

in help-

(Frankfort:

referred

to.

33

These are evidently mere anomalies, and of no importIt is unnecessary to give examples here as they occur

ance.

throughout

Gender

be found

in

Landauer^ explains

2.

THE VERB.

He

Massorah.

different in

D^=1n.

the

is

correct

the

and

up a

Trh^t"^^.

in

mentioned,

The case

C33

example the Pael

and

B.

n-'^x-ii 37, 15.

may be observed

it

is

number of animals

language the Pael has the same

the Syriac

54.

is

large

L. gives no Pael of this root, but

0:21' 31,

reading in his

Conjugation.

22, 40 in which

C,

latter

xrw:

says that here only

Numbers

A,

j-'nin).

A,

B.

justifies

necessary, since Balaq offered

(',51

in

II.

Very numerous interchanges are

and

and hence the Peal

is

Part

the Conjugations.

Peal and Pael.

a)

Other variations

invariably.

in

The Conjugations.

a)

be observed

to

MSS.

the

all

will

that

signification

as the Peal.

Peal and Afel.

P)

and

B.

A,

xrx
B.

and

MSS. have

is

to avoid the confusion

of the Aramaic root

= to

there

The

14.
this

4, 3.

that

which might arise

riDUJ

to

find

Afel,

is

the

more

in the

and the

employment

Hebrew

root

forget.

B. arnn'n (Ettafal) 3,
finitive

'p^k^^

no doubt

form being preferred

Peal and Etpaal, Etpeel or Ettafal.

7)

is

really ist Per. Sin. Imperf. Peal.

i:1-'n5iy'^T 4,

convenient form, according to L.;

nrd

A, B,

"'nix',

have the only correct reading of the Afel of

Syriac -V'i- B.'s form

cf.

"'?rf7?^'!'7

Now,

Similarly throughout Genesis.

may be

The Hebrew

19.

either Active or Passive.

MSS. a'nf n

(Peal)

being an In-

-::Tr

Here

it

seems

to

bear an active signification, which would confirm the reading

of the MSS.

L.* also gives

segen^ supports

B.'s

Samaritan D33\

s.

V.

To

reading

the

Massorah

this verse.

Peal form here, but Path-

and explains

s.

v.

it

reflectively.

Samaritan

niNS"!.


B,C2ind

ing.

B, p'^bo^^

text being

and Z>

The Hebrew

and Z> p;"r&xi (Etpaal)

appears

Isy^i

confirm

to

B.

nn^b'^'i^

The

^h"^.

is

34

and

23

2 6,

The Hebrew

the first-mentioned read-

h-iB-inw (Etpeel) 46, 22.

first-mentioned reading,

giving the sense of the original,

less literal

is

although

than the passive

construction.

Pael and Afel.

6)

MSS.

B. in-^x

among

places the reading '^n^x

Both these

^li^x 34, 19.

forms have the same meaning, but Berliner,

the

in his

Massorah^,

of instances included

list

under the head of Qiaim xip and we have already seen that

MSS. appear

the

L. gives

"in'^x

to take

no notice of

very rarely whilst the Afel

MSS. appears

the

fairly

is

B.

the reading of

MSS.

r^^^yj-^.

we read

nNi'iS'i<i

"^NS'TniiD^ nxi'iSJ '^itniob

which the author of the Pathsegen adds "There

to

p.X''"isx

Massoretic rule.

common,

be preferable.

to

In Berliner's Massorah*

38, 14.

this

as Pael of irix, but as the Pael of "inx occurs

some difficulty in understanding what difference the Suraans

make between nxil^*"! when used as the Trg. of ^om and
when it is the Trg. of "ifini as in 4, i". This implies that

is

L.s also prefers

he preferred or expected the reading nx^irxi.

means

the Afel which

means

the Pael

Merx

in his

reading
Etpe.

"Editiones

est.

"i6i<n%

Etpeel

is

Itpaal

abscondit

B. and

ni'n^-jxi,

saepe

B.

praebent,

absconditus
s.

r^'^ri^'^x'i

at

3, 10.

observa

Etpa.

est;

syr.

vero

Similarly in 4, 14.

v."

loxn- 42, 19.

in-

A, B,

here gives the Etpaal,

L.*^

Syriacum9

the

the conjugation in use in the Syriac language.

By

Lexicon

Brockelmann's

to

examples given

the

se,

Payne-Smith

according

but

MSS.

"Chrestomathia Targumica"^ pleads for the Etpeel

esse

huraatus

conceive'.^

'to

Etpeel and Etpaal.

s)

'go away', 'take off', whilst

to Mepart*,

Part II

in

it

will

be found that

this

is

very frequently the case.

I

Samaritan pVc\

s.

V.

Samaritan

But Dalman

1.

c.

p.

both Pael and Afel "schwanger werden".

9

Berlin 1895, P- 21

a.

inn^'^n.

39

p. 58.

gives
7

p.

4 p. 63.

the

meaning of

207.

s.

v.

b)

The Tenses.

a)

Perfect and Imperfect.

-;rnb'uji,
31, 27; B.^ C and
'\vrHv^^ but Berliner ^ Landauer^ and Adler^ all

and

support the former reading.

The

49, 22.

reading

latter

is

says
B. 4

''so-t

More numerous

vari-

and

These differences are mainly

here noticeable.

are

A,

B.,

"^Jon,

correct.

Perfect and (Participle) Present.

p)

ations

due

35

Hebrew language has no

to the fact that the

Present Tense, whilst the Aramaic

has no Imperfect with

B and D
B. and C p-sr.
The
Hebrew is ksc.-': 8, 7. L.s supports the former reading which
may be taken as correct. MSS. t\TOipr' B. <'^r-':;n-. The
Hebrew is n"^?!!": 23, 11. The Hebrew is thus Perfect in
conversivum.

A,

pE3i,

form but Present

MSS. have a more

Imperfect and (Participle)

7)

D
it

"ipsa,

and

B.

V.bf^-'

that

D corresponds

lation of the

Hebrew

variations

(Passive), B.,

being

"^3^^%

and

translation of the

and

have

IX.

We

Hebrew

Massorah,
1.

Samaritan likewise

p.

but

Hebrew

the

latter

trans-

literal

and

The Hebrew

superior.
latter

and

read

n^'ab'

B.,
is

and

the literal

Similarly in 31,

r^"^3^?.

slight
,">->"'n''

this

i,

B.,

being a

"tax;.

OTHER VARIATIONS,

203.

is

The

16.

13^

whilst

find a large

p.

-fbiA

is

"rSn (Active) 34, 22.

Hebrew

words or prepositions

c.

'ps:,

There are one or two other

'D?3'2b'9

'p'^^ST

translation of the

i)

and

^ibrxi.

the passive construction

D"'5a2

and

be noticed with the Verb.

to

rendering.

ips^,

exactly to the

of Pathsegen^.

Other Differences.

c)

A,

B.,

43, 25,

Pathsegen"^ reads as

24, 13.

receiving the support

literal

Present.

ips::

may be observed

n\ssi\

hence, B.'s reading gives

signification;

in

the correct sense but the

98.
5

2
s.

number of additions, mostly of small

our MSS. Many of these additions

in

V.

Massorah
^

]"'i''75.

To

s.

v.

3 ~;';

this verse.
9

Samaritan

rrr:

to this verse.

Samaritan has

":"3:5.

"j-Vs-i

make

have Halachic reasons, whilst

the text clearer; others

We

a few are mistakes.

36

likewise find omissions, that

there are less words given in the

Some

in B.'s Edition.

MSS. than

omitted to

are

trouble of rewriting a string of Proper

is

to say

are to be found

save the scribe the

Names:

the verse, as

Berliner points out, being read thrice in Hebrew, instead of

being followed by

Targum and

its

then by

Arabic trans-

its

Occasionally these omissions are due to the scribe's

lation.

carelessness.
2) Additions.

Adler,

4, 22.

the MSS. insert nin t<in before "pra'n

commentary "isb iii'^na regards this as

All
his

in

an instance of Homoioteleuton, the preceding verse having

xin in

rr^n

~ib

to

this

adding

Some

verse.

after

rro-qh

6,

11

'nin

and Z> simplify

This

23.

4,

Vide Adler

in MJinD

verse by

this

tD'ip.

irregularity

construct

the

adds

a Halachic addition.

before

""a

the text.

may perhaps be

is

observable

and a

state

Generally, the construction

use of

in the

similar

without 1

is

to express

'i

occurs

laxity

Syriac.

in

more

the

classical

one and the use of i is the more popular construction. This

employment of being a much freer and looser construction
preferred by the Aramaic language and is much more
is
"1

frequently used than the other construction.

The MSS. add

naiyn^
1

the

since

is

18

word T^

t2D'^

incorrect
is

is

incorrectly.

it

n,

CiT^n

in

in verse

sometimes added by

text;

construction

A, B,

Massorah^

but necessary in verse 19;

msin

and

i<"ip.

C, mostly,

has ni before nibp 21, 17.

Passive

nnion)

to Berliner's

given as an instance of

from the rx of the Hebrew

employs a

18

(Hebrew

11

2,

According

18.

This n^

The

little

however,
is

copied

but inasmuch as the Trg.

ni

here,

is

evidently

in-

correct.
-

is

rejected

added by

in "i"'^^^'^

13, 10,

a reading which

by the author of the Pathsegen"*.

Samaritan

to this verse.

ava.

p. ^g.

is

is

added by the

Likewise Samaritan

"ij's^.

MSS.
in

is

reading

is

the correct one.

added by A,

and

this

The reading

rpr).

added

text

and

in

A and B add
by A and Z> in

and since the corresponding Hebrew word

42, 24

Bii'^bi;"?

Hebrew

original.

"

)inn5
is

the

asiainst

is

33, 13 which follows the

~r.'.
10, i not as Hebr. ~ is

pn^-i
it

which

N~"'r3i"

in

37

rp^* 42, 21

in

(B.

with 1 appears preferable, since

and

suits

it

the context so admirably.

Omissions.

3.

have noticed some scores of omissions,

but shall only mention a few which are not due to any oversight
in

on the part of the

particularly noticeable

and

18,

30

19,

there

vr-iTr

in

sin",

which again has no equivalent

x-i-i;

omits

omits

and

1"=

no occasion

is

1-23

to

in

text.

i:pn which does not correspond

Hebrew text but is explained by Adler

"!:"T"-i

Hebrew

the

is

22

10,

omits

in the

"^sb ns-^rj

his

For instance

in genealogies.

29.

19

any word

i--

27

23,
18,

Sometimes verses are omitted

scribe.

save space and the scribe's time; this

their entirety to

Pathsegen

for this

word

remarks

also

in the

Targum

that

text since

n:.

43, 15

and

--/

by no word

Hebrew

the

in

omit i-fn- which

as necessary, since,

in

but Rasi explains the word

text,

before

serts

they

appear

18,

6; n'^rnx3

the
the

in

19,

16;

b-J

~\prr.

23,

~"

and

19

3,

of men.

which

words

following

MSS.

in

use

and the seizure of human

things

being used of things

203

represented

again

Aramaic, different Verbs are

to indicate the seizure of

beings,

is

9;

7^n3

{A and

7,

B.

in-

write

as

22;

only);

xrVo
"ir-Ti-s

4I; 39-

An

initial

Also before

Samaritan

and rrrs

but,

is

bs'i 6,

omitted by

and

20 which corresponds

";r'!<3".

Samaritan

on the other hand,

-.'j-.

rpj-;.

before ir^rrNf
to the

3, 21.

Hebrew. The

Samaritan also -,

MSS. omit

38

H" before pn:i"

21, 8.

In several other passages

word

due

to the scribe's carelessness.

the omission of this

is

omitted before tTiOa 35, 27 by A,

connection with which we must notice that
h

is

occur in the Hebrew

it

The word xn

has

x:x

5<n

4,

-i"!--?

6,

and

9, 9.

24, 5

&c.

N3-3r-2,

and -prxni 47,

40, 7

5) Interchange

the fact that the

C,

A
A

and

and

cx^.

ni<n,

under

B and Z> xixri

B and C nx x^

C and

ni<

xn

All have

K3^3o 'p 31^ 39.

variations

we

other Particles.

In

struck with

are again

manuscript readings are usually superior.

9.

B.'s

"^xi'iD?.

reading

a Hebraism.

is

Massorah^
column ixfinnib whilst

Berliner

places the manuscript reading in the

is

A,

-p.

i.

B. xsio;^ 49,

XE^iOni.

-fr

and

xn5-i^ hv, B. xn5i^5 8, 20.

xsiDbi

certain

X"2.

of Prepositions and

noting these numerous

MSS.
MSS.

and by

in 48, 22

regularly contract

scribes

B,

II.

and

18, 24;

20, 3,
"p-ra

words which constantly recur, especially those in

combination with xn and

2;

does

of the Aramaic

the usage

omitted by

is

The

4) Contractions,

familiar

16,

where
it

both passages are however faulty in these MSS.

in 32, 18;

not

Pathsegen says we must insert the

both verses, according to

in

language.

"prisS 43, 27

in

does

likewise does not appear in the original^ although

in the following verse.

?

Also before

text.

and
it

in

his

Besides the examples already quoted of

interchanges which take place between different Prepositions,

I

have

add a number

to

Particles

or

completely

Prepositions
alter

the

sense

of instances
are

employed

in

which

which

of the passage,

different

sometimes
consider

necessary to give these somewhat dry details at length,

asmuch

as

it

is

my

object to demonstrate the superiority of

the Trg. text as exhibited by the AISS. which

use

of,

among
p.

it

in-

have made

over the editions which are in current circulation

us at the present day.

6z.


MSS. ni

B. n:
n""

= sign

and

of the accusative, and nx

etymology.

of different

Hebrew

29, 26,

')'^i5

is

B.,

l?.

may be

Hebrew

text

is

Nehardean

the

as

and

1?

T'"'

p
+

and hence

either

again the case in 30,

-ov,

but according to

2)Z

The

missing.

is

The Aramaic verb thd may be con-

"^n.

Massorah

distinct

'p,

this is

and A, B,

^;

strued either with a or

Berliner's

and

justified;

where B. reads

= with, as entirely
A
C and D

reads

L.

Bernstein-Kirsch's Chrestomathy^

reading

preferable since

is

of the accusative in Aramaic,

Gesenius' treats the two Hebrew words

and not otherwise.

nx

The reading cv

26, 8.

only used as the sign

is

39

MSS.

B. -rsDi

bi".

'irson is

In

p'^Eoi 49, 13.

given as the Suraan and "irsca

reads

L.

reading.

MSS. which

the

as

gives the better sense.

6)

We

suffix.

B.

liner,

in his

occasionally find variations in the addition of the

L.

xjnn

19,

ni<-jn,

and Z>

Massorah*, says the

MSS.

reads as the
point

and

forms.

The Hebrew

12.

-s-jn 4,

7.

Ber-

but L.

Likewise, in the variation of the vowel-

both

permits

-\k:n,

suffix is incorrect,

sorah,5 says the Targumist

is

B.

"jj^r!.

wished

A,

C,

Berliner,

irn.
to

make

this

xlrn,

Mas-

his

in

word agree

form with the following words "["^^^^ "J^l both of which

have the suffix of the 2nd Person. Pathsegen remarks the
in

But

same.

ior.

this

hardly appears

translation of the

literal

MSS.

to

EXEGETICAL VARIATIONS.

the variations which have been considered hither-

Most of

of importance, showing, as they do, the greater purity

to are

of the Aramaic language which the

Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon

2
v.
s. v.
^^

London: 1885
4

p.

be super-

has the word incorrectly punctuated.

X.

and the

be necessary

therefore seems to

74.

.<=.

p.

75.

Yemen

translated

Trg. Mss. exhibit.

by

(Leipzig 1836).

S.

P.

Tregelles
3

p.

i>l.

40

These Variations give an incentive to the study of these

MSS. if for no other reason than their more accurate retention of pure Aramaic forms and expressions.

The

exegetical

however,

variations,

are

of far greater

for

on the ground

They cannot be accounted

importance.

of difference of dialect, nor do they point to any linguistic

peculiarities, but give a clear reason for

assuming that they

The

chief characteristic

represent another distinct recension.

of these differences

is

the preference frequently

cording to traditional Hagadic translations.

pointed out

by the

has already been

It

recension

may perhaps be accounted

existence in Palestine of the other Trg. which

Hagadic character;
shalmij or
to

for a

shown

that the preference for literal translations

Plst.

shown

of passages which are in our texts rendered ac-

literal translation

may be accounted

it

is

for as the

certainly of

Targum

Jeru-

outcome of a

desire

of course, to the

refer,

by the

for

have a translation which should render the Hebrew

in the

most

tendency
severely

faithful

of

26,

22

and

i\.quilas

literal.

be found

will

and accurate manner, which

B.

all

old

the

translators,

few instances are given here,

text

also the

is

who

are

the

rest

in Part II.
5<;3''^a'^'i,

and

x"D2"imE3^%

and

la'isir.

The Hebrew is S3i"is>i of which A and B give a literal rendering "God will magnify us and we will multiply ourselves in
the land".

That

by the support

this is the

it

receives

of the Pathsegen, however,

of B. as the correct text

30, 15 B.,
in his ^5
pn6"'r^

and

valid

reading

gives a reading

"God

will

D 'pno'^rV, A

proved

The author
that

similar to

magnify and increase

^:iX?oh^,

Cis missing.

us".

Luzz.

anxj points out that those who corrected the original

to -6ri?i

made

a great mistake,

the spirit of the Trg. rendering. Onkelos

edly wrote

'|"^i6"rii

Chap. IV

S 4.

and did not

rinj^^"!

Samaritan

realise

says Luzz. undoubt-

but later revisers thought

incorrect since the Infinitive

further

is

from Rasi and L.

this

reading was

should require the Infinitive

i-acni.

p.

25.


Feminine

is

0. wished to amplify the brevity and

since

up the obscurity of the Hebrew passage and accord-

clear

ingly paraphrases

Vet

"fio-'r-.

1 cip

bn-T which

ns

C,

and B.

x:-=-t :ri

Hebrew

^i:r=5

manner

to

nT-n-^iS' isr^b'',

(text)

n^:5-r-n

the

into the Trg. text.

C,

and therefore appears

n-isr;!

39, 11

good instance of

A,

B.,

gives the literal translation of the

D^ribs

best rendering.

n-=i-,

'^

translation 26-:b-.

literal

evidently a Hagadic rendering (v. Rasi

is

to this verse).

text viz bn"!

bn- n^

reads

arguments,

spite of Luzz.'s

in

again inclined to favour the

is

30, 22

A,

2nd

This, however, Luzz. goes on to say,

Preterite.

not the case;

one

would be the Targum of Pn~y

pao-'ri

whilst

3DT2b'i

41

be the

(margin),

Here we have a

p^a:b'.

which marginal glosses crept

in

The Hebrew

original

translation.

42, 36.

ypcyivz nib^b of

is

verse

we

see another example of the retention of the original text

by

which

is

literal

The Hebrew is
and the other MSS.

which

give x= x^n

xb''

B.

the original but

15.^^

not

is

renders

this

which gives the sense of

also

B.'s translation is

literal.

whilst B.

''h-r.^b"

given

by L.

43, 2 B. and

p2C and

is

prefer

to

Hebrew

usually corresponds to the

reads

He

"'sc.

goes

on

reading since the root pso

to satisfaction

although some food

used for a

of food
pleads

is

for

employed

man

in

is

an incorrect

when one has eaten

still

be

left,

whilst

"X-ii-"

reading

ip'^EO

But Luzz.
saying

Aramaic when the

that

in

his

this

refers

text

to

Philoxenos*
is

the

Samaritan

r.-r-rzs -I5<:b.

finished".

p. 45.

s.

v.

Cf. also

verb

a 'finishing'

with eating, drinking or any other bodily requirement.

"And was

^:'J

remaining unsatisfied although his supply

already exhausted.
the

may

that

and Rasi likewise

'^'^'z'^

only used

is

authorities

remarks

L.

that ip'so

say

to

The

signification.

x-^:J-'i-,

Aramaic roots

the two

here.

and

(margin)

Now

lbs.

have the same

"^^Jr

which word

differ

ip^EO A,

Hebrew

erased.

(text)

is

In

Ezra

6, 15

The

-^-r.


fact that
to

iX'^^'^ir

42

given by j5 as a marginal reading seems

is

must be noticed, however,

support Luzz.'s

opinion.

It

marginal

readings

are

the

that

Thus

text.

A,

in

A,

"pD^rr

= be

B.,

and

(margin)

'd"}^.

11

45,

Qimhi both read

"po^Dnn

must read

for

'^:i"'ndn

one's possessions
as

this

"come

it

may

i^rTniJn

text

they

one's

how

cattle

Rasi and

'die'.

b.

all

&c. coming to poverty?

word which

rendered

correctly

is

to poverty" in the Revised Version, although

R. Samuel

we

can we speak of

the reading "ro^onn corresponds exactly

"r^ir,

of this word,

translation

is

has rather the sig-

be noted that some of the Jewish commentators

their

whilst

reading since

best

undone',

'be

"^^j^r-iiJn

The Hebrew
the

the

in

but Pathsegen and Luzz.^ say

say

e.

i.

Hebrew

with the

give

impoverished whilst

of 'be annihilated',

nification

But be

found

is

read

(text)

give |fD^rn.

and

(margin)

C,

and

sometimes preferable

appear to correct a faulty reading which

it

may

differ

in

Ibn Ezra "to perish",

thus

Meir "to be dispossessed", Mendelssohn "to

be ruined".
45,

1.7

Hebrew
it

quite

is

The

The reason

literal.

46,
fra-i

as

it

and thus render zaxa

(text)

Q-'niT

strange

reading

B.'s

and B. Wi^,.

preferable since

Pathsegen)

auvsjtv.

and

"pti

is

reason

20

B.

'^ii,

also quoted

is

5<;p'i

that

the

MSS.

others

the

(text)

nmii

that the Trg. of Q^raT

47,

of

(margin)

Although

ri2T*i.

other hand Landauer gives

Perhaps

xro^i 0:21,

Hebrew
is

(says

is

avoid the redundancy of the

ib'^mx is to

he gives here.
B.'s

'^:^.

nan,

correct
is

text
I

(margin), A, C,

mentioned reading

first

Targumic rendering

Hebrew

-nx^,

(text)

^ixs.

is

in 31,

xsp^i,

by Pathsegen.

in-

54

Hebrew

On

the

in his Massorah.3

in

this

verse

Joseph really

bought the land, whilst in verse 23 he acquired the people.

I

"5

sns.

P. 46.

Samaritan T-xi.

s.

v.

PART

II.

CHAPTER
Before commencing the

preceding

the

comment may
words

words

here be treated.

be found

will

MSS. than

of examples which illustrate

lists

certain

rules,

I.

which

some

for

most of these

be more correctly punctuated

to

As

our editions of the Trg.

in

call

believe that

in the

these words are

of constant recurrence their correct vocalization should be

we have

First

fixed.

punctuate

editions
writes

the

word

little

common

exceedingly

so

word with

this

This word, although

ni.

obscure

of

is

Our

etymology.

and

P.

B.

invariably

r\

L. also writes

word with

the

P.,

although he compares

= nature,

of which V; is construct state. The

the syriac
P. is also supported by Nestle ^ Bernstein-Kirsch and Ge-

f^

Merx in his "Bemerkungen

Targume" ^ mentions a curious

iiber

senius in their dictionaries.

der

Vocalisation

die

which Mercier wished

Trg.

when

text

has

Merx

rx.

assured that r^

Bevan
talist,

authority

W.

p.

Wright.

1881.

Grammar

p.
5

who

He

Grammar,

Syriac

38.

is

writes

also

handlungen des
lin

Hebrew

is nit,

but r^ when the

we

are

punctuation by Bar-Ali;

r:,

most decisively^

declares

the

is

on the other hand,

greatest

to establish.

the corresponding

correct

rule

Mercier wrote n^ in the

that

invariably incorrect.
n^"*,

also

Duval s.

supports the Q.,

"We

remarks :

Berlin:

18S9.

Undoubtedlj- the
is

the great Orien-

get in the

first

Contained

in the

place
"Ver-

fiinften internationalen Orientalisten-Congresses" Ber-

145.

p.

185.

Grammaire Syriaque

p.

277.

of the Semitic languages p.

Bevan: The Book of Daniel

6 Wright: Comparative

112.

44

which was doubtless pronounced

rT'X

the language lyath or lyath;

have been inserted

case in the

older

date, however,

nounced

yth.

in

as

writing,

would not

"^

almost invariably the

is

In the

inscriptions.

the earlier stages of

in

otherwise the

for

of later

inscriptions

we find rx and Plautus heard the word proThe Aramaic foim seems to be shortened from

the Phoenician viz Syriac K>, Chaldee

less correctly n^".

n;;',

After the opinion of such an authority the punctuation with

may

P.

which

be assumed to be incorrect, and that with Q.,

fairly

is

invariably used in the MSS., substituted

for

it.

According to Merx^ both the absolute and construct of

hj

Hebrew

original,

But

soretic schools.

may

which
this

is

have

rest

MSS.

bBi.

6, 2

fice

to

^Bia.

3,

17

br^ A, C,

53.

D and

read bb%

both

text

Hebrew

is

A,

Hebrew

2,

ba^,

2,

16

as

where

bsa,

the

Hebrew hb\
and the Hebrew bb.

19 B. and

2,

h'^i-o.

B.,

Mas-

MSS.

with our

not the case

is

text of

to be attributed to the

be seen from the following examples.

and the Hebrew

B.

depends upon the

hb or br, the use of which

is

the

C,

These instances sufshow that no rule can be fixed to indicate the employment of the two forms. I have, however, noticed that
C has Ho. throughout except in the following instances

^2"

35, 6 bS-T

20, 8

Vsp.

and 45, 8 and

and bss 47,

Our MSS. always punctuate Q^P and

this

17.

consider the

since the corresponding Syriac word is

Aram, also supports this reading, since it
Dip
and not Q^ip.
Berliner, in his Massorah^ has dip
as
t't:
t
r'r

correct punctuation

Jjo^ TP>.
is

The

Bib.

'

'

the reading of the Nehardeans

whilst the

Massorah

the language of the

But Schroder

to

and

Exodus

Targum but

justifies either

di|5

6,

that of the Suraans,

that of the

ijja

als zx2M\zl\%c\i jath, joth

not
In

''T^,.

punctuation "Sie wurde urspriinglich

mit lautbarem Jod njx gesprochen, spater wurde

arab.

is

"Chasdim".

says that

hervorgegangen

ijjath,

woraus sowohl

sind, wie iath, ieth ge-

sprochen und schliesslich mit Unterdriickung auch des a-Lautes, zu

yth.

Schroder "Die Phonizische Sprache".

2

Page

31,

Halle 1869

Note 3 of "Chrestomathia Targumica".

p.

ith,

213.
3

p. 64.

however, we may safely reject the reading with

spite of this,

vowel and read

full

MSS.

As

which

t:n~.

word

the

to

b"^ap

etymology.

and

B.

and

B.

b-^np^.

bp?3 21,

b^3)3;i,

and

The
^Ajb and ^^u^ which may
have

All

^T^z.'p'i

the readings of A,

how

Finally,

curs so

"'"'rn'^x,

Etpeel

of

and

Daniel

and

"'i'dpS

5"^ip b'^iip

2, 8.

with in the Trg. but

appear preferable.

word

'T'b"irr'i<

which oc-

Here

take 4, 26 as a type.

and

are the usual

whilst

ib"^

in

to read the

I'^b'^nx

to

B and D have
B b^ipH 33, 18,

explain the forms

We may

readings of A,

of the

the

in

of punctuation

forms are ^^J,

we meet

and

we

frequently?

B. reads

The

are

b-^npV

Aram, forms

are the usual forms

b"^2p

A,

16,

Syriac

41, 3.

Cf. also the Bib.

b'^ip^.

and

of course onp

is

difference

which can be best understood by tracing the word

exists
its

45

T'^n'^x.

Targumic forms

Syriasm.

is

and

T'b'=>rx

Cf.

tV^i-

invariably has this form.

CHAPTER
Examples of
i)

^ir^i

the rules contaified in the preceding Chapters.

Substitution
(a)

4).

of other vowels for

y^

P. bn 4, 2.

10, 2.

"i^ii

II.

baS

"i'^xn

10, 10.

(b)

(Cf.

S.

-rr^

19.

4,

'r^i

S.

6, 3,

23, 9.

Compositum (Cp. V,

2) Substituiions for Se.

Chapter
'ros-

16.

5,

S 5)-

a) Se. mobile.
a.
I,

7.
p.

For Hatef
x-n-,T

For

I;

P.

xBVoJn-

atef S.

8, 22.

[^

xrnS

(C

18, 8.

p^i'-ib"

-\^vrr\

31, 32.

i,

incorrectly xnnV]

'jirnb'nn-

12, I.

n^x'^ i, 6.

i, 4.

"i25"

24, 60.

'^^t\

b) Se. Quiescens:
xinb* 4, 5

xin-

i, 2.

28.

i^

9, 2.

-jl-^Tnxn)

19, 20.

nin"!

10, 10.

x^n5 13,

(C

xr-^inii

25.

(^i

11.

2,

^nri**

4, 9.

and

6, ^-inn 18, 3,

pn-^r-'ib').

49, 4.

ninn

x:rV

"^thx

alone

2,

x^^ni

n"'ni)

{D

21, 16.

has

nVsn^
8, 13.

23.

]3"'Tni<n

T'^n-).

ism

-pH^ 30, 36.

"P'^'^n'

24, 35.

and

In

have

xlnls

13,

19, 2

iC

ibn-iiNb'

mirypn 49^
V

and

r^^tr\ 45, 26.

i.

have 'Tnx 44, 34.

He

with Hatef P.

has "pnx 4, 25

{A,

more
has pin

'psri-i'xb')

B,

{A,

C,

write "pni<!),

consistently

xanlx)

op'r

48, 4.

43, 29,

12.
is

B and D

A^

examples.

28, 20.

n^an^^riij

retained in the following

have 'pnx

(^ and

36, 2

4, 25,

Z>

has

solitary
6, 16.

"1"^^?^

trc^-i^nit,

n^nisnx).

"pinnx 41, 3 and 19.

Vowel changes.
a) B. P.:
MSS. Q.^
Monosyllabic Words and Particles

X2S 36, 2 and

3)

42,

with latef S.

Compositum

d) Se.

Nnn"^

42, 27.

18, 18

"^"n^

Full vowel:

c)

has

d"'-p.

alone has

n^n-BriV

these instances B. punctuates

all

punctuates

24, 56.

'I'-nriNn

46

a.

^=

^"^1,-^1 (Syriac \^).

2, 4.

^). n=^n 15, 16

j^^nN).

-jnnn

(Hebrew

18, 9

U?^).

(Syr.

^5 13,

1^'5

(Syr. yji^).

17, 7

'In

-s).

19, 8

Cp. VI, 3a)

(Cf.

^n

3.

15, i6.

nxH" 17,

(Syr. 4=).

(Syriac

15,

n^^

17, 7 (Syriac
(Syr.

tD^^r:

\\\^).
8.

19,

|i<

x^p

19, 26.

Concerning those words to which the corresponding

Hebrew

or Syriac forms are not given

correct, according to L.

and

(time)
it

also written Nroi5>

is

with "1^;
the

Hebrew

frap

(Hebrew

tjn).

-;

Jv>Ns).

(Exodus
3, 21

'ipi-i

10,

27,
^'"'"''

TX^"P.-

42,

the correct reading

'what'

is

write the words

which

is

are in-

n5:n"a

and

form of

or,

5tr;s

')>

as

form may perhaps ac-

L. allows

Q. of x^p

by side

side

i;!

we may compare

22, 5).

(Syr.:

(Hebrew
13

and

1=

a contraction of 5

latter

MSS.

justify the

23 where,

'f:n"D

is

Miscellaneous words (VI, 3g) "^t

[i.

which

the

in

whilst to

v. "^"5

really a shortened

this '5 is

count for the Q.

s.

^isf).

'^0-

2, 18.

^^^''

'X'ir\

18,

'pn-JN'^

12

9;

(Syr.

3,

18

(Syr.:
yi.sj).

however, L. says we must punctuate

and 36 &c. where, according

"^riin^?,

but when

it is

as they appear in the

also written v**-

to

L.,

noticed that the

MSS.

Cf. Syriac

word

T\'h

merely a contraction of r^x x; may

is

b)

Vowel of

l^rsn-i-

rnrsi

'''^fn

4, 13.

Before

7.

x:tirinr

7.

2,

the

ns

3, 9.

x:

and

suffixes

^:

b=i^3'

3 c)

n,

3d) x:3

(VI,

20.

9,

njiip

7.

20.

18,

"'r-'JDN

=-;

2.

MSS.

with

15,

C'p5

16.

each

In

27.

18,

20 Chapters)

first

of the

punctuation

II,

'I'nb-j-'Tii

'r.'z-:

of these

have compared
which

of L. with

that

always agrees except nb'^np which L, prefers with a

^tnr^.

nl^bsrx

H.

d) B.
5, 22.

4.

r-ofx''

'ic'

9.

29.

i,

29.

5,

examples (taken from the

it

^~t: 8, 19.

11.

6,

Absence of Se. Compositum (VI, 3e) ili'^sb' 2, 3.

^rr-x 3, 13.
MSS. H. (VI, 4) rniV 3, 22.
c) B. S.:

0.

3, 12.

the

nVnrnx"

11

4,

15.

14,

p5uj73b?3

17,

P.

2nd Radical of a Verb (VI, 3b) unrzrn'-

Absence of Pausal Influence (VI,

p.

9,

MSS.

the

3, 8.

ly^'i^'-i

7.

3,

Q.

B.

not

this fact

which the MSS. read?

justify the Q.

a.

47

6,

10,

14.

15,

4.

18, 13

(y^

and

'ppi^T

'nr^ 19, 25.

S.

16,

T'i"!^"

8, 21.

c-'D-x

xr;-zV

25.

T^b'^nn

MSS.

u,

3.

6.

x:-r

here T'b^x).

ns-^zir'-i

19,

33.

'Tir-

n,

n^zr 18,

n^rp^r:

7.

"'iox

16, 7.

-;-Vn-

n1-Tnx= 9, 16.

13.

9,

-ssr:

S.

b-^nr 3, 14.

6.

2,

-iix
16,

12,

xr^-s^s

17.

13.

iVx

10.

19, 24.

19, 34.

All these agree with L., with the exception of ";ox ri"^=ai

and

rr^rpuj:

vowel with

which L. punctuates with H.

and

xns-'sb

correct as B.'s

I'^b'^x

xn'^nsia

He

admits either
ibx

but prefers H.

since the Imperfect Peal of

and the Imperfect Afel

is

^^5x which

and

is

"ib-

as inis

read.

some errors, punctuating the following words with S.

of H. xrrm 2, 21. Tr\^^ 6, 15. -^rr S, 11 and b-nn
B. S.
MSS. Ho. (VI, 5) b-r-^r 2, 16.
e)
19.

e.

g.

nn^'in 5,

i.

i-inp

8,

4.

xz--" 8,

Likewise Nestorian Syriac has the

vJai.

7.

rso'^'

'

has

instead
18, 19.

3,

t^'sx

2-nr
17.

8,

sound with \'erba

jt'i'ipT

22.

8,

3'nirii

x^''n"i

Of

19, 32.

of x^in rnbin

30.

"TSD^.

g) B.

H.

10,

",iBay

n'lxn'

5.

9,

siip but prefers S. with ii^p

MSS.

S. -nil:?

has

compare Syriac

17.

15,

>i:^

'pi^^?

For

13.

7,

= with.

Of

sirn.

miri'^'i

xri^T

7.

4,

Of these L. only punctua.tes

MSS. P. (VI, 7a) x^on 6,

15, 9.

i^-u;'''^'!

these L. admits either vowel in the case

xn-iiS"

Ho.

B.

f)

2 2.

8,

48

8,

n"J

22.

Ho.

"p^rJ with

n?5n

12.

the

8,

9.

we may

latter

the others L. justifies only

and x^bsa.

tiba-i

h) B. P.

B. S.

i)

MSS. H.

Aram. form.

the Bib.

MSS.

(VI, 7b)

(Dan.

4,

ns:^^

15.

is

13).

4,

(VI, 7c)

P.

x52U5b-

n^in

d5^5

7.

6,

9,

6.

nnp 19, 9 (Z> nnp) by"^i5 19, 31. s'-in 21, 6.

aip
these
Of
alone appears to be incorrect, since intransi-

nn^a 12,

6.

Verbs usually have S.^

tive

18, 19

"ih"!;)"!

has

S.

instead of

17

47^

of the examples

all

16,

and

"^^'n.

may

-jn^i'^sn

pronounce the Ho.

the

in

manner

same

is

tend to con-

about the Yemenite Jews

firm Derenbourg's statement^

they

has r?3

(VI, 7f.) inn^=5 25, 31, iVso^n 44, 23

''"iT

confirmed by L. ; and

that

(VI, 7d).

S.

= MSS.

I'lSO'-.n).

MSS.

both of which are wrong.

Ho.

k) B.

(C

B. P.

j)

viz.

as the

Polish Jews.
4)
iriax

16,

(B

The Vowel of
6,

r=rix

7.

(C

"^'inrx).

aitrirs).

for S.

(C

"nx).

-''n&'.

17,

those

In

the Imperfect (VI, 6) n^rn5u:^T 4,

23

14,

(C

examples with

nl^-rx 13,

alrirx

"^nnx^).
initial

15.

15.

--frx
19,

20

x the P. stands

which would be the Sbl. punctuation.

V

5) Interchange of Se. and

a)
rr^-in^^

b)
4, 10.

MSS.

Se.

14, 22.

MSS.
-pbi-i'^

'p^xar 19,
Se.

full

Vowel.

B. P. (VI, 8 a) in^ir^T 12, 5.

6, 20.

iTfi

7.

Q.

B.

I^nx 13, 8.

-iv5

9, 23.

4,

'xanis'

7.

-^rx

10, 13.

4,

9.

^:2np

"ixninx 10, 18.

however not always the case "Non solum intransitiva velut

5St Dan. 2, lo, uVip Dan. 3, 27 in Zere
2 Manuel du Lecteur p. 511.
terminari possunt" Baer: (I. c.) P. LIX.
I

3';p

This

is

sed etiam transitiva velut

n'^px

16.

wsn5

(Z>

C!Ti<).

14,

17, 21.

15,

49

17.

xrxb^ 16,

Of

t<p=r 16,

7.

iTn

and

Se. correctly.

In

these

n^pS

.s.

being Preterites

N"!2>

Peal of Verbs have

ttv

-^-anp soxb'a and

compositum with

T^nx the Se. mobile corresponds to the Se.

which these words may be punctuated

but the Afel

forms

and

2*inft<

the Sbl. system;

in

seem

Q'^px

be

to

incorrect

with Se.

= S.;MSS. =

B.

c)

20.

10,

-Jibs

are truer to

12, 3.

the

Se. (VI, 8 c)

Tniv,

15,

forms are Hebraisms.

ful,

but, according to

|-nli23^BV

16.

18,

All these

18, 31.

of the Aramaic language whilst

character

B.'s

"^x^'i^S

b-^irS

4.

alone appears rather doubt-

""^ribN

Merx^

the Se.

is

justified

by Buxtorf

in his Dictionary.

n)

final

MSS. seems
has

and

y^TT'

The

3'^n'^.

to

Chas

Orthographical Variations (VII, le)

6)

out

be

be

in

an unsettled

correct reading

doubt which

in

state.

same verse;

in the

3"^n^

is

is

2"^:^=.

in

Elsewhere,

correct

the

Thus

13, 12 -5

whilst > has ^''n'

and

appearing

punctuation

writes

L.* admits either vowel but prefers H.

)i3'>ba^!

The same MS. has Tr^ immediately followed by

30, 31, but the P.

system.

(with-

Occasionally the punctuation of the

19, 24.
to

n"iS'5

We

is

occasionally meet

J,

have xryin

Thus

Sbl. vocalization.

and

here correct since

"prrin in

stands for S. in the Sbl.

forms which remind us of the

has a^rxn 24, 50 and

-[Biiinx^

write

v/ith

it

28, 15

(but

bii'^N^

-jD'^ivx'i)

27, 25.

and

we may take as a Hebraism; the

others more correctly Nnrnn. The MSS. read xnVnT and xrlna
but xrbni and xrisn^ would be more correct forms since in Syriac
these words are written with JLil,^o^, MSS. read xs^S. 23, 15. B.
has "^rn. L. says that in this word and in xix the suffix of the
In 14, 10 the MSS. imitate
ist Person Singular is wanting^.

].

So

c.

s.

V.

19 which

1.

c.

s.

V.

also in Christian Palestinian

Person Singular
(cf.

3,

is

wanting

in the

Noldeke's Article in the

word

ZDMG.

1.

Aramaic the
\^\ which

suffix of the First

c.

p.

*ai

5i4\

"my

father'

Hebrew

the

original reading p"'i ^"'3 but Pathsegen reads

and

B. viz I'^T?

of

perhaps assume either the Masculine

xn'N as B,

has VXG,
says L.

and

and

V'-nx^.

18, 15

18, 21,

J^pnrj.

3i"ip.

(V. Pt.

L.

verse

has

Cand

B,

TO'-'Ti,

of the Pathsegen

is

which

is

B. and

have

likewise

the Arabic in which

19, 15 which

w*<a.
*

although L,

and

write

s.

v.

the

Likewise the P.

t*-*-

reading than B.'s

may compare

^Tnirix

1.

"tjV

mica".

c.

s.

p. 7.

naTs
v.

wa.

= to thmk.
is

more

the Syriac

In 42, 23 A,

We may

and B. give "^o.

word

aTrffix

20

19,

although L. gives

this

am

is

a better

form.

We

informed that

a word borrowed from the Assyrian which has

MSS.

ustizib or u.^tezib.

and
compare

reading with the Arabic verb

former
in the

"iinns'^ip

by the MSS.

mentions both forms.

19, 13.

We may

number and

the Syriac ojo^jtl although I

we have

3, 26.

having "linrb^np

when compared with

^ip'^nnii

whilst

^"^siiS

compare

= to

3^p, B. and

20 whilst A,

the reading given

is

correct than B.'s text

perhaps

50,

MSS. read

All the

I'-nn-'tcn

L. has the former reading.

I'raiin.

ippn'"

the better reading,

given by L.

read

A, B,

but Merx^ the former.

Aram. 3^p Dan.

Bib.

note).

B. gives

here.

here

19, g

the latter form,

gives

II, II, 3i,

In this

-pnNl, B.

corresponds to the Syriac form.

jxi;

C,

pre-

TT^^, B, A and Z>

Both forms T'nx and I'nx are allowed by L. but the latter

the Trg. of

is

whilst B. writes T'Xp which,

"1x6

A's reading, says the author

TQ^'f.

B,

reading

latter

In the same verse

have.

the correct form.

is

Nsos but

read

original.

Levy^^, Pathsegen'' but Adler^

yxD,

which

""Nnix

by Berliner', Landauer^,

ferred

Hebrew

closer to the

read xn'x 18, 6 but

A, B,

in its plural.

is

as

The word being

also L.'s reading.

is

ending

has ~ED3 which

prefers

this

common Gender may

or Feminine

D
D

so

a.

1.

^rsfiT:?'

Massorah
6 s.

v.

v.

s.
7

s.

which both Landauer

19, 21

3
v.

s.

v.

To

this verse.

"Chrestomathia Targu-

 Bland Berliner give as a Nehardean reading

and

which

and

to

L.

D
is

is

has

others A,
"jr"ip

reading

B.'s

xrnir which

x^
in

MSS.

the

B.

more
Cf.

in

On

appears

reads

B.

and

"^sirdx.

and

In

24, 60

is

superfluous.

A,

and

reading.

B.

has

B.

'x^n of which

is

the other

Cf. the Syriac

P'^a^,

form

and again

form

rsx

Syriac

other MSS.,

Daniel

A^'^**^.

Cf.

27, 32.

is<nn

P'^"^"'^-

arpif" 26, 3.

C invariably reads x^r-;i:^'. The

K-nm Cf, the Bib. Aram. X'RiJ^

corresponding Syriac forms

tracted

^-

^5' ^5

'4-<*-

c"^ps<1.

correctly,

"^Iri^

correct, although the x

again more correct in reading

is

^^n,

in

"'SS'ix

confirms the first-mentioned

L.

p'-'S'^D.

to

final

again preferable

is

fr^n'is'iJ

"^s^ri,

most

the

the

preferable

24, 14 and in "^rpiax 24, 43; B.'s readings being

''iii-ix

the

"r'V"

Of

form of which

^^.

Syriac

and

although L. also gives a

give,

and not as

24,

20, 4, B.

absurd.

is

classical

10

20,

A,

~r"''r

reading

v^.'s

But the reading of the MSS.

(s. v.).

n"'r"inn

read

n-i^r

A,

""'";?,

Perhaps the best reading

20, 7

retain the

Hebrew

22 B.

9,

x in his notes.

final

merely a contraction.

is

hand

Massorahs,

the

correct reading, according

'5t.

of course

i<b!

and

and

uJ) \

Syriac

"jn^

The

adds the

in their

imitate

to

B. reads "5(1*32-

Nr"i~S'.

B.

A,

"X=t,

Cf.

"^st.

and

stn^if:^

i!<r'^"]^',

B.

^XST.

intended

which has "r^^-

original

evidently

is

M^.

MSS.
more

10 and

5,

has the unconB.

27, 40.

"^nri

MSS. 'H^r which L. gives as the correct Imperfect of \ "'"'n.

The MSS. are again preferable in the same verse, giving
1*1135^

whilst B. has

by L.

The MSS.

And

justifiable

his

Biblical

also

Aramaic

of Biblical

I'.erliner

(1.

c;

p.

occasionally occurs where

word

n-p

have

according to Uib. .Aram.

Paradigms

that of

although the

"|l"'2i"'],

again

and

-2T
cf.

.\ramaic

XXII.

we

form

latter

more correct form

Ezra

2, 9.

Daniel
forms

5,

22 rs^-.

gives

Dalman

But the Q,
3 But Baer

form

a similar

asserts

that

in

is

in

to

short

\.
should expect Se. and he instances the
4

compares Hieronymus' transcription

of ="-s

62 of his Grammar). Cf. also C's readings of p"?"aV

and 8'% reading '"n 24, 60.
iVtrxn 12,
(p.

given

is

the

to

19,

biom

20 and


"'n-D-

30, 27 and not as B.

52

which

\n">D:

is

a Hebraism.

and

and C "Vpi-. The Hebrew

B. have xV?ii 30, 39 but A,
A,
and
have iVrrV; 31, 2 whilst B. and C
is /il"?F?:.

give

B,

The

"i^sn'i^.

C,

ioned

appears

word with H. and

ni'in 31, 27, C and
and B are correct
is

fault

reads.

in

to

the

n^^ri.

B.

the

Pathsegen

"(nXD

bVj, B.,

Pentateuch give his reading of

the

which

31, 49

Our Editions of

brji3.

the

and

L. writes n'^n^

form

12 A,

ment-

first

state.

(incorrectly) "i6i\

fuller

33,

xn"^.in.

"'ini?.

is

punctuates

L.

construct

although

L.,

and

'P^ 32, 14,

since

"O-i

reading

in

Cf. the Syriac rr'^J^-

Pathsegen also

in

is

it

The

B. x^^tts.

x'^^^ija,

preferable

supported by

also

which

rn25 31, 26,

reading

form, according to T.,

correct

reading

prefers

.^4

is

B
B.

]0"'

again at

being preferable.

and

bbij.

Commentary

Rasi's

passage as

this

V,::^

but according to Luz. "^Oheb Ger' and L. Rasi also gave the
correct reading

who

copyists
Rasi's

MSS.

interpretation
'^T-r-'zb .

remarked
is

bli:"i3

strove

bring

of the word

by ignorant

only altered

harmony

the Trg. into

!^^"C>:.

words are synonyms, and hence

C's reading

rendering of the

"^^it

Hebrew

'my grief 35, 18

"'lis*

than

is

with

14 B. xnnn'-s,

2)Z}

Pathbegen and L. read as B. but

that the

allowable.

which was
to

is

may be

it

either reading

that of B.

more
A,

literal

and

who write v'l %rief'. 35, 17. The MSS. reading "pBnin is
more correct than that of B. who has l"'^)j'!ifl. L. gives the
same form as that of the MSS. 37, 23 B. n'^rssin'^s, MSS.
rr^i'-ni.
The Hebrew text is "insna. B. seems to be a HebL. gives a similar reading to that of the MSS.
raism.
The latter reading is again
39, 23 B. "^^r;, MSS. "Tn.
preferable and is given by L. We may compare the Syriac
ivs.
form -U.
41, 25 A (incorrectly) T^n?, B, C and
I'n?
Hebraism.
which is a
Cf. Syriac J-.^^. 43,
MSS.
B.

nin'iin'na

which Berliner,

We may

also

in his

Massorah^, following Luz. Lan-

compare the form with final n which occasionally

Cf. nr-Trt Dan. 2, 41.
2 p. 117.

occurs in Biblical Aramaic.

53

nmnn nio^^ all

B, C li'.-ip, D

dauer and the

declare a false reading.

nvflans. 45, ^ A,

here

is

the

and

best,

Chrestomathies

Merx and Levy^

of

give the curious reading

46,

but since the

'^nis'^rin

who

the Singular form inss-;-? the reading of B.

appears preferable.

12

49,

A,

B.,

Grammatical Variations.

Absolute and Emphatic (VIII, la,

snx

and

12, 6;

3;

8,

2,

each case has y^xn.

Text

18.

15,

Hebrew
Hebrew
n3-2.

r-^xn.

28,

niini

nsi^.

17
B.,

B.,

B.

x-nrx,

B.

and

^i^S.

xn-^nn-i.

and Z) xnail

and

x-,^s^.

y^,

^1515,

and Z>

and Z>

17

P)

Absolute

and

and

II,

Z>

reads

and

in

x^nl'j

B. x:^^':.

The

s^a;.

B,

xr^fb'.

xnb^n.

Hebrew
Hebrew

Hebrew ='P"2n. 31, 39

Hebrew ns^J. n, 20 C
Hebrew natp. 34, 10 B.

A,

xnjn.

and

D xmino.

37, 31

Hebrew n^r:;.
Hebrew "^i^ss.

38,

(For

7J).

Construct

rV-x'i.

and B.

The Hebrew

D
D

and

"i^s^.

'^ar,

variant reading, see Part 11;

min-j.

in^ri,

Cand

npian,

and Cx-inp (Pathsegen Hkewise).

B.

is

^aa (ina), A,

B,

B.,

'("ini.

States.

C,

MSS. '^i.

14,

MSS.

and

rr^^'-'r:'

a).

xrix.

rest

and

|'2T5.

and

^, ZP and

A,

B.,

18,

20, 4 B.

21, 2

19, 26

"isia?,

B.,

'iriDia.

is

x>bb.

is

The

gives

"in"',

C.

Hebrew

vcz^.

6.

13,

A.

the

to

The MSS.
Hebrew has

The Nominal

7)
a)

t,

and

Both L. and Merx prefer the reading of

''St ^'^^n'b

29.

B.

reading

Z>'s

by reference

confirmed

is

B. nu-p.

ii"^-p,

and

(VIII,
B.

a,

3j.

"'b=XT (L.,

2,

and

likewise).

missing.

(B)

Number

(VIII,

able with the verb

and

upon

the

B,

mn.

give pn'^ns

reading

of

must be remarked

as

Several

b).

In
I'fln.

the

i,

14

variations

^'s reading

Hebrew

text

is

probably based

nrx-2

Luz. has already pointed

in Adler's Edition of the

Contained

Cf. also Daniel 3, 26

a-)!.

are notice-

has x-in: -n- whilst B.,

Targum.

'n-;

but

out

in

it

his


ia

nnx

that

in

the Plural,

In

the

Hebrew and Arabic languages

29;

is

justified

ing

,"in>

indeed

MSS.

given

is

is

whether

to use

describing

nxislai

1x3^35

"^.?'^2ti

given by

also

B,

"^T?"].

C,

^ir^

latter
'T!)?T'^.,

gular
Plural

B,

is

A,

in",iii

again

is

"^nin

(incorrectly)
27,

C,

and B. xrin.

in

as the other

xn'^D'i.

27

and

B.

"iTH

The

B, C,
MSS.

latter

is

read "p"- in

27,

12

the

B.

and

i6<^in

(text)

have

pi''"n:i

"i^Tr

13,

17,

Now, although

text

but

"'nt

is

'pin.

rt^-r^.

reading

xips-

we

12

21,

Sin-

is

require a

25, 26

The

S^'^n

the

confirms

by L.

(in-

original

26,

15

is

which

MSS. and B. give. 27, 15 A

and B. sn^^n which L. con-

'fn.

the author of the Pathsegen;

'XJytS)

justify a plural here,

given

Verb being

incorrect

A,

and

Singular

The Hebrew

B.,

(margin)

i^b=^.

might
being

Trg. since the Subject

in the

and

"par

likewise

')n^i5n\

the Subject of the

should be

firms.

C,

correctly)
i'l^'i.

which

reading,

exist

noun when
18 (B. and

confirmed by L.

and B.

form of the original

the

A^

and

other

to

and

A,

B.,

and

B.

10,

(B.

(^ nxbtS).

12.

16,

"ixS^IS

24, 3

'^.s::'l3:2).

In

riN^in).

Sing-

read-

Parva but the

nN::;l5

the sense of the whole passage

still

may perhaps

the Plural of a

or

24, 37

{B

the incorrect reading -''"i

is

Massorah

and

30

34,

{B

the

9;

Thus A, B,

and

A,

cases

only cor-

the

Some confusion appears

an adjective

A,

B.,

which

these
is

'I^Tn

15 ^^y be taken as
The Hebrew is ib. B.'s

i<^i

9, 26.

literal.

nations.

ni<:s1:).

30, 21

'n'^'':>'

in Berliner's

more

reading

of

reading

is

B.

"^n^

the other two examples, through the subjects

in

being collective;
B.

MSS.

but the reading given by the MSS.,

rect one,

ular.

each

In

24.

In 47, 24 B.'s

fi;^?!'?.

construction

this

employed.

frequently

is

and 47,

15

g,

Hebrew

is

even though the Verb precedes the Subject.

permissible and

be

custom of the Aramaic

the

place a verb in the Singular whose subject

language to

I,

contrary to

is

it

54

2-],

2>^

A,

"pnn,

C,

likewise given both by L.

still it is

strange

and

why we should

Hebrew of both passages being


nr-^^.

27, 39 B.

laniia

segen.

MSS. have

"(5ri^.

55

which

given by the

also

is

Hebrew

the Variant reading in his Massorah, but offers

upon

require the
31, 26,

Plur. Fern,

B.,

the

and

given

reading

first

MSS.

correct.

is

Hebrew

B.

34, 5.

34, 24

we should

^:x:;,

MSS.

"pn'^n-';.

but since

B.,

^nwa as the MSS.

e.xpect

which appears

"j^nrnp

(incorrectly)

31, 43

The Hebrew being

"^v.

preferable.

in:p::

is

We

iV?^',

more correct.
Hebrew T^;

is

"irTi.

by the MSS,

and

is

"p"'^"''

no comment

and

Pathsegen supports the reading given by

iri-nij,

the

^rJ.

hence

T^a,

B.

reading

A,

K^-^s^i.

here,

and 50.

43

hence the

and

30, 39 B.

it.

Path-

BerHner mentions

is TjaiT"*^.

the

refer

to

Sehem and Hamor. The other MSS. have

nTTip which corresponds to the Hebrew in'^r. 37, 4 ^ (incorrectly) "^niinx.
The other MSS. 'I'ln'iax which corresponds
to the Hebrew nn-^ns.
The correct Trg. of rs-z 39, 5 is
suffix

both

to

xr5ni which

which

is

n'^S'^r-^XT.

and

Landauer supports

B.,

and

also given

and

subject

and

is

ic).

and
has

text

A,

ipJo'i.

Hebrew

is

47,

^rsisx.

wrong.
30.

which

"^rnix

and

is

46, 20 B.

rrr^'n.

a-jvejiv.

"^iviy^

X'B?

reading in his Massorah.

Hebrew

(C) Gender (VIII,

The

The Hebrew

by L.

since

preferable.

correct xa-a

B.'s

(original reading)

26.

is

(plural)

XJ^s"!^

D and B.

A, C,

justified

(incorrectly) ^rnx.

reading) p^Vc^.

I,

be

T'^'^n-'xn.

are

reads

B.

'{^STT-'^y^,

Noun, but the Singular

collective

and

41, 36

may perhaps

Either reading

*Tb^ "iiyx.

MSS. have.

the

all

incorrect.

is

50, 9 B.,

(corrected

br:;.

is

Nrn-^

and

x6n-n B. and

which being of

common

J^nnn

gender,

perhaps admits of either form; but L. reads as B.

B. "pbrp,

ever refers

MSS. pzp
to

"'^n

4,

10.

whilst

the

Hebrew
Trg.

is

refers

="P?s which how-

Pathsegen notices

7.

variant reading and

is

more

seems

is

correct.

to expect

MSS. B. x^n, A, B, D x-ri, C (incorrectly) ir

The Hebrew is X"n which agrees with 7? but x^"^

that of the
14,

this

which

"rrm

to

feminine and hence the reading of the MSS.

56

masculine in Aramaic and hence

is

reading

B.'s

is

the cor-

L.

has the

rect one.

A,

and

nrh%

and

B.

nlsn

15,

9.

reading but points out that the Pesitta of this passage

latter

IJA,ol lii^o.

is

16,

and

135

(incorrectly)

rJ-^si^,

since

20, 13

incorrect

-[nia'^-j

is

T^Sn.

are

and

20,

feminine.

reading st^n

in

Rest have

A,

The

l^rin^.

of course a mistake.

is

the rest have 'p^s.

yh

the rest have n1^.

fT^Dp,

)i-v-fi,

B,

being

(incorrectly)

17i?3;

incorrect in having

and

19,

13

since K^nx

The Hebrew

in

each case

may perhaps account

19, 8 B.,

subject

for the error of ^,

read

is

masculine.

is
is

xn.

ni

and

B and D in

this

20, 13.

21, 30 B. and C Nnn, A, B and

"pSn.
Since x^^^iii is given
by L. as of common gender either reading may be justified;
but ^'s reading N^n in 24, 58 and ^'s stin in 25, 30 are
both evidently incorrect. The fact of t<^"'n being of common

gender may again

verse

reads

and

(incorrectly)

who

gives

shepherds.

rTiS5,

proper

the

30, 37

B,

whilst B.,

B.,

which L. also reads.

I'lpiu^'i^

B.

both readings in 26, 20

justify

rr^p^L

MSS.

subject

the

B,

and B.

'pio'in is

of

being
"p-'iin.

common

der we may take either reading as correct. 30, 40

MSS. have V'Dii^n^- which is the proper reading, B. has

which

is

"jxijo.

31, 10 B.,

^'s reading

and

Tl^'?']

the

Zl^ 7

and

feminine.

all

the

So
genthe

"p?"'j^

39, 5

30,

43

^^'^0, B.,

T^^^"'']?

B,

is

masculme.

is

B.

C and
more correct, "jsr being masculine.
"ppHon, A and B ipSo^ which is a mistake

certainly incorrect.

smce Ni^^n

42

Pathisegen also as

1P'>a6^.

')'ii-'6=i,

and Path.^egen, but since

also L.

which

and

gender,

and Z>

in

D give nm 27,
B and D n^n. 29, 3
C

is

again incorrect in reading

In both instances

4ij 3ninl,

B.,

A,

C,

nin\

we

require
is

the

correct reading; the other imitates the

and

the verse
is

read

'iirx

jirx.

B.,

correct since the

Hebrew Idiom. 41, 20

2nd time the word occurs in

but the

and

first

one

have both times

refers to xn^in

'j'^ii'iN

which

and the second


one

to

All

the

and both these words

i!<"3a'J

MSS. read

which reading
as

it

same
that

I'r^-^snx

defended

is

to

effect

in

13,

referring,

to the

it

'=

"'V'P'!'^^'^ x^"?"!

Massorah

,-?'''=''=r'K

may be remarked,
Cf. Targum Jonathan

But,

also sometimes masculine.

is

to Isaiah

48,

has

B.

Landauer writes

"^n'^'^'^r'

Massorah ^

liis

are feminine.

whilst

here,

in Berliner's

the feminine

does,

1;:

57

(D) The Conjugations of the Verb.

and Pael

Peal

a.

rnti

niaiii,

B.

4.

8,

B,

B.,

MSS.

-lT-f^

n^-J^

a Hebraism.

should be
B.

35,

and

rnti,

43, 4

rnJi,

B.

(incorrectly)

'nVr,

and

= we

i.

D
B.

31, 40-

and

here.
"pitl^

A, C,

B.,

n'^n:-

B.

and

50,

29, 13;

:Jir^",

Srh-t,

B,

B.,

27, 27;

20.

31,

nns^,

4.

p^\atn

perhaps

shall sell,

it

we shall buy, which is

MSS. ?"^x". B. bxir just like the Hebrew
has the same orthography as the MSS, but I think
given by A,

"^ir^

C,

43, 7

L.

text.

n-i^n-

2 a, a).

MSS.

Aramaic requires a Pael

inVu; 42, 16.

and

C,

A, B,

31, 34.

;i;"4t

(VlII,

p"^w::^,

would be a preferable punctuation, since L. gives no

B., B, C
Pael of this root.
45, 24 A (incorrectly) n^MJi.
Although L.
nri;=i.
and
50, 21 B. anr, MSS. n-in:\
b'^X'i;

mentions

both

forms

these

Pael of =~?

as

correct Aramaic form of the Pael

12,

and Afel (VIII,

Peal

p.

A,

\i,

and

supported by the

i^-ix

8,

13.

incorrect.

tainly

-in

and

Y.

Peal and Etpeel,

and

VII,

li).

1.

c.

B.

p.

25,

S.

V.

latter

B,

B. ""^rx,

form

is

"I'^'l'S.

is

is

A,

*i5x,

given

forms

other

ni:^^^

reading

Afel

the

readings

cer-

B.'s

is

nir", B.,

L. as B.

and i^nrx
23

by the MSS.

(incorrectly)

The

Etpaal or Ettafal

"Isnii

rRr-^n-

78.

23.

32,

n:'i<=^

MSS.

i-^ts.

correct

the

three
tw^o

.3).

rj-^:"!.

authority of L.

Of these
Of the

preferable, although

A,

2 a,

B.

n-J-'^n,

only

the

still

that given

is

(Peal)

17,

(VIII,

2 a, 7).

26 and 27.

whilst

the

MSS.

B.

(Vide
read

--

58

we may perhaps

Ciprrii (Etpaal).

In

reading,

both give good sense,

since

instance^

this

take either

having a

the Etpaal

reflective sense.

Pael and Afel (VIII, 2a,

6)

ri^sn

B.

''^'^xi^,

The

18.

3,

A,

C,

and Afel forms give sense

and

and

given by L.
Both the Pael

16.

Pael^I have made numan

B. has

numerous.

equally

MSS.

8,

7,11 A,

a, s).

itinnsnx,

L. also reads Etpaal, but in the Syriac

Ninnsnx.

language the Etpeel (and not Etpaal)

use\

B.,

also

is

13,

here.

made

have

Etpeel and Etpaal (VIII, 2

e)

I'iiiJNi

n^^n.

Aramaic form.

inferior

B.,

=I

Afel

erous,

reading

latter

'''m%

A,

0).

iirfONi, B.

but according to Bernstein-Kirsch,

the conjugation

is

in

L. again has Etpaal

ii^sripNi.

the Etpeel

the usual

is

and 27, 13 MSS. ^6i<n^, B. "raKr;i\

Although L. again has the Etpaal here, he gives Etpeel=
Syriac conjugation.

MSS. may again be

Etpaal, so that
a^sp.iO,

and

10, 9

^i-'Bsnsii,

s^snxi,

but again notices Etpeel= Etpaal.

possible form.

29, 26 B.,

The Hebrew is ^b^'\

the Hebrew Imperfect

and

Berliner,

in his

has an im-

29 and 42, 24.

A,

and

has

form.

34,

!iK-'C:r.ix'i.

when

same reading

as

and

form

(E)

is

latter

given by L.

V.

45,

i,

MSS. reading of Etpeel

The Tenses of

a) Perfect

the

Verb

and Imperfect

Bernstein-Kirsch

that

and

1.

c.

B.

s.

v.

D which

31, 24

and

n^'jox.

L.

nx''D3n-i5<-.

B.

and B.

reading will be considered

the Variae Lectiones will be treated

firms the

A,

The

^DiCDn-ixi.

n^'JDx.

two readings, the Etpaal appears

this

T'isn^

Massorah^ says

thus appear to give the most correct reading.

Etpaal

and

here to be rendered by the Aramaic

is

Participle, but L. gives the

the

reads as

L. here

T^isn-a,

A,

14, 15

justified.

B. assnxi..

of.

Of

the other

be more correct, since

to

On

the other

hand

L. con-

B. has ST^T^^,

here.

MSS.

(VIII, 2 b, a).

''p-'rn^Ty^'i 4,

1.

c.

p.

14,

25.

B,

and


'irrcu.^n,

Hebrew

Of

has ^ppns'r'^.

other forms given L. prefers

B,

incorrect since the

is

T\'^\^

the Afel

9, 14.

"'n'^i

and Present

Perfect

p)

C,

'

xss''^,

these

could not be translated by a Perfect.

''N^fb

n^ni, B.,

59

4, 9.

MSS.
word
corresponding
no

There

but the

text,

is

seems

sense

Landauer

perhaps preferable.
27,

14 MSS.

be

to

B.

a"^n^n,

D"'rinn.

Text

and

B.

agrees

and Landauer

nnr, B. T'ljur-rx
in

Hebrew

the

B.

is

reading.

variant

this

and therefore the

::-x

is

and hence

present

notices

which

to

give xssT' as the correct form here.

23, 13.

A,

[^).

^rnrn-^

is

form; but the Massorahs of both Berliner

in

the

3j.

here incorrect.

is

(VIII, 2 b,

The Hebrew

Of

VIII, 2a,

(Cf.

MSS. give the better text. 29, 5 B. -w^s-^r!, MSS. rn^n-n

The Hebrew is EPsn"n which is again Perfect in form but
Pathsegen reads Participle which he

meaning.

Present in

says the Aramaic

idiom

So L. although he also

requires.

mentions the reading of the MSS. similarly

above

see

and

under

x-n-nx-,

B. has the

41

and

correct

between

here

Etpaal

again Perfect.

.S

D x-an-n^i.

reading although

the Perfect

31,

in

and

and Etpeel.

the

is

"'ic^ B.,

A,

i<"3n;ri<-,

The Hebrew is
some confusion
In

Participle.

Participle

30, 41

and

29, 26

in 44, 27.

30, 39 B.

but

used;
C,

30, 3
in

''^^'\

^^r;-:.

exists

and

10

31,

L.

reads

according to the Aramaic idiom, although looking at

iiiy^i

we might perhaps have expected the PreDic)'^rs, B.

MSS.
31,
iT^?"!: Merx, in the
tionary to his Chrestomathia Targumica regards the manuscript reading as a vulgarism, and Luz. in his Oheb Ger

the

Hebrew

also

gives

MSS.
D-^5r,

Dt"i

terite.

the

p-^?-'".

B.,

participial

in-'T^-j,

niH.

to

A,

as

The Hebrew is
and C =5n. The Hebrew

Perfect.
text

also supported

is

41,
n>ii

A,

but L. has

by Pathsegen, ac-

Aramaic language. 41, 45 ^

and Z? "p^j-an, C (just as the Hebrew) ntcs

the

is

31, S B. "d'"',

correct.

again

the reading D^*n which

cording

form

L. reads

use

as

of the

B.

''a

man who

best reading appears to be that of C,

reveals

who

secrets".

The

does not attempt

name.

to give a rendering of the

certain

uage ^

has

nrs^'i']

reading of A,

and

44, 15 B.

Hebrew

and

by no means

it is

C)^V\'^"T,,

and

Here the

'\^ryS^.

and hence the

47, 22 A ^l3?N^, B,, B,
is ^ib^xi and the sense
T T

better.

is

The Hebrew

'

A,

of a Perfect

sense

the

and

V^rx^.

Gesenius* explains the

PeSitta).

of the age" in the Egyptian lang-

"saviour

signify

to

title

Trg. and

(as the

secrets"

Besides

two Egyptian words mean "revealer of

these

that

6o

text

of the passage appears to require a Past Tense and therefore the reading of

preferable.

is

Imperfect and Present (VIII,

T)

reading

and

B.

Vi^

(Present)

represents

words

the

inserts

11

^'i5G';i

^a^i''.

who wish

interpret the

to

denote generally that the

figuratively, to

Divine protection encompassed and preserved him.

has bi before
preceding.

by

B.

riijisp

18,

2t^

probably confusing

A, B,

have

as an incorrect reading

before

ti'^a

which

avoids

1.

c.

and Stade
(Leipzig,

ing to

s.

in

irreverent

V.

their

'p^^n

and

this

which

this

LXX

is

pointed out

so also the insertion of

Adler and

when speaking of

has

'Lov9oiJ.cpavrj/,

Worterbuch zum

the

Siegfried

Testamente
"Egyptian title of Joseph. Accorde
f.
agypt. Sprache u. Altertumskunde

"Ilebraisches

1893) give njye nsE".:

G. Steindcrff, Zeitschr.

reading since the Targumist

language

The

14, 12

verse with the

has in the same verse.

Pathsegen also both object to

always

1=13^

latter

opinion of those

the

p^;2

48,
is

The

10.

text.

and

read rr^n^-^rji before "^fi^^s

2). A and
same word on the margin. This version

(F) Additions (IX,

7, 16.

Hebrew

^j

2 b, y)

The Hebrew

perhaps better.

is

noticed that

us the sense of the

text literally, but B. gives

(Imperfect),

may be

It

quoted above the MSS. follow the Hebrew

in the instances

alten

XXVII, 41 f.
es spricht der Gott und er lebt". Jerome renders "salvator mundi" but according to Rosellini the name means sustentator
vitae,

support or sustainer of

the popular Jewish

life.

interpretation.

The Targum
Cf.

version seems to be

Josephus Ant.

and Delitzsch, Commentary to the Pentateuch, Vol. I,

lated by Martin. (Edinburgh 1874).
3 1. c, p. 221.

II,

p.

6.

35.

V. Keil

Trans-


But, since

Deity.

Hebrew
L.

seems

Massorah

and

know

to

of the

standing

and follows the

xirn thus

first

mm

word.

best
suffix

23, 8.

which improves the sense

24, 67

original.

giving the

has ni^-^x n-,6n before

translation before proceeding

literal

Hag. rendering which follows and which may perhaps

to the

with advantage be deleted.

affixed to this

is

- of

The

of time.

do not know why the

his

in

and also explains the

Xii"3"a.

n^x before

insert

r.x.

is

but Landauer

"'^^"1

34

19,

The Hebrew

accusative

an

for

of the original

preferable.

"vi^nS.

readings

Person Singular

St

"^Tr-an,

reading would then be

The MSS.

literal translation

of no reading

both

gives

as

'U;'2"i2

A,

mi-o^,

more

manuscript reading seems

the

B.

is

it

6i

25, 8

has

has the same word on the margin,

this

word

as

26,

26 B.,

gloss which

and

''Hrarn,

the latter reading which

We

idiom.

is

after rD'.

Since

we may perhaps

take

has crept into the text of B.

and

Tiirinn-s.

L. rejects

against the spirit of the

must then read,

have exactly the same

T^'i''

Aramaic

either "riirnn or "^rii^nn^

significations, the

"c

which

being part of the

word and not a preposition. 31,13 MSS. r\'^iz.. B. r.i?. Hebrew

The sense justifies the reading of the MSS. and although
Pathsegen also reads n"'3 he seemed to have expected the reading n^an and hence we may take the reading of the MSS. as

TTO..

correct.

31,

48

has

at

the preceding

39, 6
fore

C!iE2

before

and

"^rTirs.

C
It

incorrectly inserts

before

n-"?

"p"'".

42, 28

but the scribe was probably looking

"'Jsrj

verse.

14

before

5=.

34,

insert

Tr^

may be

noticed

has

thas

n"i

43, 29

these

before

has

S'sar'^B.
n-'

be-

insertions, the

majority of which appear to be incorrect are confined to

and

C.

Finally, I

have

to

mention a few Prepositions which

are here and there added.

added by C in nsV 17, 5 and il^s' 17, 10, A, C

have TcnV 29, 3. A has X2sb and -p^-^ 45, 8 which
bxr-iV 49, 8
and
reading is rejected by Pathsegen. A,
h is

and

1.

c.


Merx

which
9,

reads.

also

lo which

which follows the Hebrew

26, 26 by

and

original.

before

it'ON

in

edition of

D'^^ii's-'

MSS. read

the

have

Q^-^a-inT

give

word

b^'n

n^iin

24, 22.
xsb^'i

By

Xi"

i.

read.

has

20,

'^tr^

of

20,
is

2
bs*

to

A,

hv

MSS. before Qx

and other

C,

B.

-pnsiu^bb

B.,

A,

1 1.

44,

and B>
which

ii'w'f,

corresponds

Or 2374 sometimes omits

and
in

where

B.

iT=,\

Aramaic.

1.

Trt'J'.

Daniel

4,

The Scribe however

which case

it

is

9 in

all

by

3.

22,

bs.

Hebrew
12 MSS.

inserted in Baer's Edition

it is

Daniel

of which the

21,

37 where
we should

3,

(Babylonii)

orientales^

A,

and

instance

this

(Palaestinenses)

the

to

Particles.

and

In connection with

occidentales

the

to

hardly seems necessary.

Daniel

in

the

remarkable Hag.

all

Cf.

initial

and

in

this

By

of the Aramaic portions of the Bible.

3,

of the passage.

makes

xrix

and according

br

omitted^ by

is

and the following we may compare Nehemiah

read

i.

All

and Z>

sense

Prepositions

n:jnx.
T

the

-(-n'ra^Bn

(incorrectly)

Hebrew

initial

smoothly.

initial

(incorrectly)

Z> x^iKP".

An
alters

13 which

much more

according

42, 6.

c:"'V>^l

has nnNn 20, 5

MSS. read "^fiinKn 46,

added by A, B and

this

Interchange

20.

and

is

44, 27 where again an

10,

given

initial

(incorrectly) 'rrr^i'incn 35, 5.

(IX, 3).

but

21

8,

before

(H)

this is

is

All

13.

and

45^ 8

iTn'iii

31, 13.

passage run

(IX, 5)

iii'ionn^a

in

40,

45, 13.

50,

(G) Omissions
before

the Trg.

18 which

15,

and again inTi

added

is

The same reading

The MSS. add an

really the sense of the passage.

in Adler's

'2

but this has already been noticed as a

D add

A,

faulty reading.

added by the MSS, X^WSa*!

text and in "nni'or 33, 13

is

Hebrew

against the

is

62

'};_

inserted this

omitted in Baer's Edition.

'.

in

2, 43,

-prirVa-jS^

MS. omits the

"r.'izV'.

Daniel
2

4,

13

Vide Baer,

3 "There is a tendency in Hebr. esp.

p. 125.
K, Je, Ez, to use Vs in the sense of hv (and vice versa) sometimes !;s being used quite exceptionally in a phrase or construction
which regularly and in ace. with analogy has h'j, sometimes the 2 preps.

(].

c),

in S,

B.

t<a"'V'i3;5,

L. allows either reading here,

wS-ai's^'yV'.

which the MSS. have

''S5''ob"

who has

given by B.

which simply gives

the other.

"lian

A,

'b

though

and B.

gives

sense.

Pathsegen

4,

in

"iJb

and

"^3.

is

The

3,

12

inferior,

al-

=r;;b.

is

3,

bn5,

cor-

xrnxa,

reading

j9's

^'s

expect

to

and

more

rest,

23 B., A, C,

reading of

the

text

nT2nsn nx I prefer

seems

Hebrew

xiip".

and B. xrnV \c which

17 u5 xn.

also

justifies

give

B.

^'s reading

^oi'.

3,

and B. bnf,

nJ'^na

B, give

again allowable in 37, 22 where

The Hebrew is
n\ The text being

the

D and

A, B,

The Hebrew

correct.

C,

it

xr-ix

and

is

C,

'Sx.

rectly

A,

whilst

more

appears

Hebrew

has xn^aa, one reading being as correct as

41, 55 ^, Z> K^nsb'; B,

-JN,

be a Hebraism,

to

the Aramaic language requires a

"ir?,

Either reading

has Nrii

22, 18

than that

3^, 21. Unlike the

""Vp?-

Preposition to point out the direction.

k-'ijV whilst

reading

a better

is

which appears

"^I'aipa

corresponding to the Hebrew

text

63

reading.

bn r-i

Adler

and C; he says we

never find the Verb np construed with bx but with 3 or

and

B.

reading would

j9's

reading

is

inferior,

ment than

C,

that

D--,

reading

'1^.

"from

is

shown by
Hebrew

reading

incorrect;

is

Pt. II, II, 7C).

is

nan.

the

B.

15,

x^in,

A,

1^,

16 B., A, B,
are correct;

is

both

O. Test, by Brown, Briggs

Jeremiah

27,

19.

are

idea

is
is

C's

X'^ri.

Hebrew
composed of

x=n.

Cf,

liquid b inserted.

in the

same or

prob. that this interchange, at least in

not original but due to

-ff's

reading

this

B and D

D x=bn,

interchanging apparently without discrimination

is

A,

B.,

regards the difference of Gender,

(as

Both readings

It

13

6,

The sense of

of the earth" but

words xn and X3 but nsbn has a

sentences.

text.

= with.

Hebrew nx and hence ^'s

14, 7

V.

Hebrew

rx

move-

indicates a slower

it

the
is

off the face

not contained in the

again incorrect.

then be a Hebraism;

inasmuch as

br.

whilst Z>'s

parallel

many

cases,

transcribers" i^Heb. and Eng. Lexicon

&

Driver,

Oxford 1S92.

s.

v.

Vk)

cf.

of

also

Syriac

i8,

liioi.

19

(incorrectly)

MSS. and

to that of the remaining

Hebrew

Perhaps

I'^^N.

is

anthropomorphism

''in

19, 34 A
nx == with.

rr,

24, 7

be

B's reading appears to

and B.

"J^i'.

text being

the

justifies

notice

~x,

preferable

is

A,

C,

D and

Hebrew nx

C,

that

and

'^.

B.

Since

here indicated by

is

it

j5's

s<"isx,

ip^p.

may perhaps be

Although Landauer

'p.

rather

is

usually

is

and

still

here merely the

is

is

"h.

the correct one, the

Accusative, which would justify ^'s reading.

A,

Hebrew
Hebrew

Dp

since

the

Him".

''with

^3.

Massorah,

reading in his

latter

that the

B.

avoid

to

dsj.

20, 40 A,

reading

latter

C,

although the other reading

B n^,

27, 6

justified.

This

used

and B.

C, Z>

with ^r in Aramaic.

construed

was

B,

B.,

A,

The

B. viz ^'^^x:^p 18, 29.

%Ti^"ip

'^'^3,

and Z>

preferable

is

His presence" and not

(incorrectly)

A,

B.,

ii^hi',

on the other hand, 's reading Hi^r

but,

"^ri'br

64

we must

sign of the

27, 37

N=n

place

time than

reading seems faulty.

The Hebrew is "im n!!< and

A gives the sense of this relative more clearly. B (incorrectly) xni 31, 5, B., A, C, D -IN. Hebrew is ''S. B (incorrectly) '$z.
Rest s<=n 31, 37. The latter reading corresponds to the Hebrew Ks
here.
B is again wrong in
"i?
where
he
reads
Hebrew text, but
exactly
the
as
31, 43
B,

xa,

C,

and B. rh

28, 15.

Aramaic idiom here requires a

the

of B., A,
in 35,

with

other

'^-\

less

"i^*

and K^J

usually construed

is

C,

emphatic Particles are the correct ones

(and not as

not "^!^ as

A,

and hence the reading

B is again wrong

corresponding to the Hebrew

"]^S"

MSS. have

correct,

is

b.

The
viz

viz "iBin

where he has

The

^"5N.

and

n-b'.

which would
tainly

more

and

B
C

linii)

have).

Hebrew
justify

literal.

is

and

in 35, 17

37, 35
bx.

(text) br.

12 B.

V. Note to 20, 2 above.

has nib;

all

(margin),

but n^V
the

38

(and

T^-i

Rasi says that here bx

^'s original reading,

38,

in 19,

and 20

= b?^

is

cer-

MSS. read

The unknown author of

hi.

mb

is

usually

Trg.

the

the Pathsegen also reads as B.

3X whilst

for

Hence

identical in both languages.

superior here.

39,

n-V.
The Hebrew
may be defended still

qoi"^

So also Pathsegen.
to Deut.

the

tp^'^z,

of B. and

that

Preposition

the text of the

is
is

and

here the best.

is

usually construed with

cipt is

~;0"i"'3',

by

MSS.

Although the MSS. readings

bx.

is

42, 28

32,4.

and

B.

6s

has

X'.n

which

spit

Cf. Trg.

2.

not such a

is

good rendering of the Hebrew nsn 051 as the other MSS.

and B. have, these give xn qx". I do not know why B. has
jnib as the Trg. of ~\> in 43, 9.
All four MSS. read ~^.
have xin whilst A and B
43, II B., i^ (te.xt), C and
(margin) read N=n. The Hebrew text is xisx to which word

xSn usually corresponds, but

being

emphatic

an

merely

of

that

to

MSS.

The Hebrew

^^.

we have another
sense of which

is

MSS.

special

again

is

On

use

of

"^sx.

For a similar use of rx

(Exodus

29)

where,

Hebrew
(I)

the

9,

text

A,

most instances.

MS. does not

all

the

MSS.

and

B.

C,

rx

B.

"'rxs:

have

aip

the

r.^.

The

i-i.

"^^sb-:.

is

Hebraisms (VII,

the other

however,

(incorrectly) n-b^,

and

"^r^b

"r^rn

cf.

be

In this verse

the

n;^.

to

other hand

the

44, 4.

(incorrectly)

47, 10

appears

is

text

Hebrew word nx,

MSS. render "li.

tlie

and hence

'from'

"niV

"^5.

45, 10 where he reads

B.'s reading is preferable in

the

The Hebrew

23.

which has

B.

particular verse X'EX

this

43,

of the

reading

the

"^bx

superior

in

particle.

differ

MSS.

Of

ig).

actual Hebraisms

so greatly from

do.

presents

have previously remarked that

Yet

this

the Trg. text of B. as

reads 3?r^ 1"= 27,

17.

whilst

has

reads

11, 29;
3
27, 34 and 38 and
same word in 41, 45. B has p (for -^S) 21, 9. All
the MSS. read ^"'^; 27, 9, when we should expect 'is as B.
A has ^T^"^"^ 4I; 55 and 47, 15. C and Z> "pb" 4, 15. The
21.

QuJ

'rinn

the

rest read "li.

has

2-p"^

37, iS.

It

should be s-'T.

itSTr 26, nhave nxbn^ 35, 21 &c. B and

raism ir 38, I and that of all the MSS. "i-rn 43,

All

B's Heb6

have

when speaking of

already been noticed above,

the variations

use of the Particles.

in the

Variant readings (X).

(J)

II.

1,

66

As a mere

p"'En.

and

niiinn

(so

also B.)

Hebrew words

translation of the

'O^'^ ^^1*^ ^^^ version of JS would suffice "Let the

But as the Trg., in most cases^
earth bring forth green".

^^^.

not only

way

translate the original but actually goes out

to

tries

obtain an

of

its

and B. seems superior.

2,

to

"^W^

A's reading

jects to

form,

identical

and B>

B.

"inrx^f.

the

reading of A,

"^yii^).

Pathsegen ob-

xpI DJin i-i^xi" Nevertheless

"'^itt;'!

gives

more literal rendering of the Hebrew diu;;'! than does the

which means "And he made to dwell". 2, 14
word "'iiUNi
and B. n^an. A is probably a Hebraism,
B,
A ^i^'^^,
of the Tigris being rts'i.
name
Syriac i^;.
the Aramaic
a

Sl^J.

Arabic

Assyrian Tiglat^

24 B.,

2,

tri-cx

literal

iax

n^i

and

Akiba4.

rendered

is

to the

Pathsegen

jAaai.

is

The

rest

n">aKi

have

vSamaritan

LXX. TiYpu.

rts^n

^'^1iN

from bs3.

"^SaTiJa

reading

latter

has

version

but

trri

being

The Hebrew

former.

quite

text

reference

to

is

of these words by the Rabbis Eliezer

To understand
MSS. n-'iti.
we may compare 27, 35 where

d^n^,

B.

MSS.,

irasTinS

t]''2n

is

in

the

i<^'^n.

xnnnpn,

niiBi.

Heb.

C
2

Trg.;

but

only applied to men.

also used for cunning.

xr^si^pr,

3,

of the

na"!^::

The

The other

traditional translation

the reading

here

the

to

mx.

T^ax

have
n-3.

"iri-nx

superior

is

nx'i

and

Hebrew form

L. says the

of the word has a prosthetic n just as

^,

B.
is

4,

Syriac

(incorrectly) xnDX

Which

n^":nri.

xrnD?D.

22

according

The

and Z>

i<3a-inp,

correct?

Or Dignat, Tignat, Diqlat

(?).

Cf.

The

also

4 V. Ber. MasSo Samaritan nax rl n-as rr.

S According to
sorah p. 117 and Adler "-h nrrj to this verse.
Dalman Jewish Aramaic does not emply the root d3n in the simple

signification of "to

know",

this

use being confined to Galilean Aramaic.

The corresponding Jewish Aramaic

root

is

:>T'

(1.

c.

p. 38).

Hebrew is f^C?^'the word nni^a

C-J

^- ^"^ Pathsegen

both give

means 'offering'
But it must be borne

here

if

correct translation.

this

^ = to

snmipn is bad, as
when speaking of persons making

Luz. says the reading

God

other and never in connection with

133^1,

)1'a^,

lt"cn,

As

ll^n-i.

that the

-* *

word can also mean a present (Arabic

this would justify both A and Cs reading.
used

this

4,

The Hebrew

that the reading "p^^i

D,

in B.,

B or

ben.

is
is

word
2

justifies

original

can find no sense

/^'s

had

cf.

Berliner p. 128

this

word

the text, but

in

afterwards erased and ps^i placed on the margin in

Probably the whole phrase xbns ois br

text as superfluous.

lations cf. 3, 21; 4,

49, 8 in the latter

n-i?

5, 3 B.

Hebrew is
Of course

tr^n^,

It is

n-^ox sb

great

a treble rendering.

n-^s

-^-iDnn,

is

the

s.

A,

C,

D.

whilst

B,

C.

z.%

difference

5,

probably

The

n-^^s-B.

most

literal.

Hebrew

24 B. has
insert x?

has

its

n^Tax

on the

origin

in

Luz. in Philoxenos^ remarks "he (Enoch)

point.

living for

one tradition

C,

and hence ^'s reading

n'<n'^

This

some Hag.
moth 166

similar double trans-

the other readings give the sense of the

has

margin.

is still

A,

Path^egen reads

passage.

place.

should be deleted

'iSs^t

For

was

it

its

21; 24, 21; 30, 8; 40, 10; 49, 4 and

we have even

f^"'r"7'!,

'i'abss

or

say

to

reading seems to be the

Yet

his reading).

from the Trg.

al-

"'SSjia'i

readings of the two last-mentioned MSS.

C, the

one since

only

each

B. IJ'Mn,

goes on

Pathsegen

not being even correct Aramaic forms (but

who

is

to

we have not

if

a mistake, and

wrong.

is

presents

and

give)

ready sufficient variations, Path^egen wishes to read

|">D53t)'i.

only

the

mind

in

and

5<33i"'p,
is

God

did not

kill

him".

In Tosafoth to Yeba-

we read of a difference among Hagadoth

being that Enoch died whilst another recorils that

V.

piDB

noteworthy that a similar variant reading occurs in the

Samaritan Targum, the Editions of Briill and

different Editions of the

Uhlemann both giving rr'Vs

2

Philoxenos

p.

31.

whilst
p.

32.

that

of Petermann reads

nr:2.


he entered Paradise whilst

quoted without

notice

is

out

how

it

g,

but

sense

30

lo,
is

of place

incorrect since

''ninSb''.

11, 3

i^nnn-itj,

A,

B.,

C,

Tin-iia

C,

ni^!

rvh'^n'ii,

Hebrew

iO'i-'"ip^3i.

rsnx* that

^p"^

11,

Pathsegen also

justifies

lii-ifln.

'ix^nujT

A, B,

B.,

has simply confused the end of the verse with the

iK-'-im.

31 B., j9 and

II,

mentioned reading

A,

"il"i%

is

Similarly

only used for entirely

is

merely drying.

for

B.

iiE'^ip:';.

(according to L.) Intransitive.

the reading Tirs-iasi.

Hebrew,

readings are here equally good.

"i5

consuming and not

which gives

of the

reading

ip"^ is

Luz. says in his

beasts'

translation

of course the

C,

11, 3

A,

B.,

is

A\

B,

The

in?"!.

Nsnx which

means Vild

correct

the

an absurdity ^

C,

y^^iji^.

not

is

j\T^t''i'i'',

there

is

but we can understand and

here,

B,

B.,

of

B. Tin^ni^,

Hebrew

text

crept into the text.

>t^3,

Trg.

correct

The Trg.

alive

still

and without troubling ourselves about the

we can see by the original Hebrew text

sbi

different traditions,

that i(^

68

The

3">63i.

first

first-

more correct 5. There are two Aramaic

Hebrew root npb (i) "la'i when

is

Verbs corresponding

to the

speaking of to lead from one place to another (2) 303 simply

nn*!

14,

in

21

Again

"nm.

but
in

all

it

means

n3"'63"^,

D
i)

13,

the

MSS. here

67

24,

Here

and

But some confusion

marry.

Aramaic

the use of these two

30, 9

incorrect,

= to

ttnrx

to take, or with

noticeable

to
B.,

9 B.

hence

marry,

A,

C,

and

Hebrew

-Iscix".

has

36^.

D
C

L. here again reads

A,

"ilin,

C,

and

wrong.

is

j<3i3"^:iV

A, B,

xrx,

The

Cf. Bezold's "Schatzhohle" Leipzig 1888,

B.

n-^DsV.

Finally

nnnin in which case

nb'^N^sm'i.

is

B. has

roots.

is

in

again

(margin)

Trg. here renders

II,

p. VI, also

Qoran,

57 and 58 where Edris is identified by Abulfeda with Enoch

(Cf. Abulfedae Historia Anteisiamica: Ed. Fleischer, Leipzig 1831, p. 13).

Sura

19,

be

But i^n"3nm (in one word)

"their seats" and would therefore
3 Likewise the Samaritan has ""snV.
4 1. c. p. 33.

correct.
5

Although the Samaritan has

rosi,

Samaritan

2D3'..

ao.

Samaritan

also

cf.

Singer

1.

c.

Samaritan raor.

p.

21.

Hebrew

the

69

ad sensuni. The manuscript reading comes

Hebrew in form, whilst B. and C (text) make
run more smoothly in Aramaic. L. appears to read
text

nearer to the
the verse

no verbal

as B. since he gives
15, II

The

B.,

(text),

difference

above.

L.

away".

On

in

reads

Z?

n^rii',

")E3S

in

has already

vocalization
as

root

avi<^. A,

and

been treated of
"he

(margin)

other hand Luz.

the

takes

Dictionary.

his

(margin) nnoii^.

drove

them

reading n-iexi

the

as a marginal gloss, which, although incorrect, subsequently

crept into the

and

a^'nxi

Pathsegen^ says the traditional Trg.

text.

an authority as L. reads otherwise.

A, B^

Hebrew

T^PN.

the sense of the passage

"'nrj.
is

roots

us

only parts of

Future and

Hebrew

used, L. solves

"irn.
is

and Cn''in''3

B.
is

preferable, but

in

"iPJ

use

As regards

justified.

our

by

difficulty

in

telling

Aramaic are

the

x^n^.

Path>egen supports the former version.

This

Infinitive.

expression

15, 18

reading

Future, and therefore the manuscript

the different
the

B.'s

may perhaps be

reading, though inferior,

that

is

reading appears preferable, although so great

this

17, 2 B.,

another instance

A,

C,

''"a"'^

'p^,

of the Targumist's constant

endeavour to avoid anthropomorphic expressions; whilst

translates literally.

this

in

SJ^EPX,

snsnx

The Hebrew

xs".

text

commentators have remarks

passage.

ficult

Text "I

of the ist Person Singular

suffix

word and in xnx according to

''ra.
18, 21 B. and C (text) have xV
A, B, C (margin) and
read T^i^n cx^

wanting

xra

The

will

c.

1.

maritan

p.

'J-a.

suffix in

his

is

to

L.

T^i^n csi

T^i-n

simply nrnx xb cx\

make on

this

is

Hence

ox-

xb"*

nx

All the

peculiarly dif-

Luz., Pathsegen and Adler all justify B.'s

(make an end with you, come to terms with

2 To this verse.
4 Sa3 Samam.iu rzr'.
Dalman likewise mentions the avoidance of this
grammar p. 162 "Die Form des .SiifT. der
Pers. Sing.

35.

nach vokal. Auslaut soUte wohl T sein. Sie wird aber geflissentlich
vermieden und bei as (und ns) durch die det. P'orm ersctzt". But he
places

k:"3

weakened

under those words in which the diphthong

to a.

Thus Nra

= Ta

of.

also 'i-ys

>3"""'y.i

ai
Sec.

became


you) forgive you,

you repent but

if

end with you) destroy you,

repent,

is

is

33

19,

s<br);i.

if

and

and

it

B.,

punish

shall

"I shall (make an

you do not

repent, but

Both readings,

not punish you."

shall

correct.

Pinpi

B,

very obscure

ever,

text

if not,

The corrected (MS.) reading runs

you".

is

70

you

if

how-

are,

very doubtful whether either

is

and

n^P,

The

and Z> n^pi.

are both wrong, they probably wrote

through confusion with verse 35 of which the Hebrew

B., A^
19, 33 and 35 C (margin) n^^pa'i nnDiiS ^

cpw.

(text)

D n^-pan'i

and

marginal (corrected?)

n^Siurin, C's

readings merely appear to be Hebraisms.

21,

original

33
is

^"sV-^N,

b^x.

A,

B.,

and

reading k'jVix

bably a marginal note which crept into the

MSS. supplanted
hand has already

A,

and not

means.

which we
5>1a'i3.

distinctly.

According

in

the

6 B.

and

QiJ"ini K-ip.

later

12

un-

is

hast for-

Hebrew

"jli

h-ny which

"^Vs^

"^V:^,

and

is

the

A,

D
is

a form exactly like that of

punctuation

The Hebrew

their

some

again incorrect in this verse in

(as usual) has

system more

stance of

is

23,

preserves

and Landauer

a.

22,

= "Thou

noticeable difference between

B. whilst

which the

withheld"

written instead of

^^")!=i.

The only

the fact that

in

xryl^^ which

so L. xnpsuj

hast

18

"jBi-in

find

correct Trg. of

text;

"thou

22,

(margin), C,

pro-

is

and

inserted xsb-x

doubtedly the proper

Pisiyn

text,

more correct reading. In

on the margin.

the

(text) xnpnir, B.,

saken"

The Hebrew

xa^^j.

The

L. reads as B.

is

Massorahs give

of the

nV=\
this

Superlinear

Both Berliner

word

as an in-

Similarly, the author of the Pathsegen.

to these authorities, the first-mentioned reading is

the correct one.

But

it

has already

been noticed that our

MSS. do not follow these Massoretic rules of Qijnn xnp. At

the same time i^:^"^ conveys the sense of the original and
both Rasi4 and Ibn Ezra explain nbD^

Likewise the Samaritan has

Samaritan

jvo'^.

4 a.

1.

rr^^pa'.

nas'ija.

~2n\

24,

10

Samaritan rsva.

A,

B.,

lEiy.

19

24,

'ipuj^b"'.

and

Hebrew

given in the

21

Pathsegen accepts the

A,

"^P^a^b',

A,

B.,

is the same word as that

and hence, perhaps, a Hebraism.

avj which

text,

(incorrectly)

24,

71

(margin),

na ^^6,

The Hebrew

Massorah places nn

in his

nm

"irnu

(text)

bx'

nii-T.

"^ax n-ia

""i-ixb'

is

mentioned give us a
V^^x

vrx,

(text)

n 'rr.

was already pointed

n? nxn-r^.

a Suraan

Berliner

reading whilst

(margin) and the remaining

bs the last-mentioned text

44 B.

24,

is

"'b-s-'X,

D "'Vrx.

"'b-x,

Hebrew

more

is

literal

and

The Hebrew

Although none of the readings here

"I shall draw".

ax'iiJx

C
is

the corresponding

Since

and hence, perhaps, preferable'.

(margin) ^b^x,

head of the Nehardean readings.

the

"'r^ns^b'i

xrx

texts "^n'^iilVn
inrB'::^

under

falls

24, 38

text

as

"^rx^

J) and B.

6',

-rri,

but L. writes as B- ami

latter reading,

as early as Rami's time the reading of

out as incorrect.

ni-

literal

translation of the

Hebrew

still

undoubtedly incorrect, (for the differences of vocal-

is

ization see above).

appears

to

and

24, 59 B.

^^''-la:,

have taken

'warriors' but there

the

Hebrew

nothing

is

and

^ri^ai,

sense

the

in

"^aisc

"^n-l-iaj.

in the context

.-/

of

which admits

The vowel-changes have already

The Hebrew text runs xizti X2 F^^"
?r pnr>^
Targum is according to B

of such an interpretation.

been noticed.

24,

1X3 of which the

62.

'v.^'i'i-ii

Knin ns whilst the other versions give

We

and

has x^3^o

xrx which

inir.i-6^

have xn:n^

is

rnx'i' x-^in-ipV,

snxb" xoiT^pV.

i':5

more

'2t;

literal.

25, 6 B.,

r:xb x-sm-^p whilst

The Hebrew

text

is

no-ip

and most literal translation and

25, 25
supported by the authority of L. and Pathsegen.

fi'np 7"^!!<"^^.

is

"^nT-^i br prs"<i.

can reject both these versions and follow that given by

Nachmanides^

xn-^i-2

B.,

B,

I
T'Jjv

Cf.

<p'jXt^v

1^23,

L. explains

all

LXX
ij.O'j.

is

the best

"pba^,

yizz.

The Hebrew

text

is

r-^x2.

these words to be of similar signification and

'AX).*

ei

Tov oixov toO zaxpo;

To

this verse q. v.

(jlo-j

TtopeiiaiQ

xai

v.;


mean

all

'cloak' or 'mantle'.

/.oxXa^ sc.

of

from the Greek

and explains

word

that of

iff&Tji

72
B.'s

reading being derived from

from the Persian

/XaTva.

Pathsegen

that a s comparationis

is

t^inbs,

Hebrew.

This

instance

Massorah under

rri'iny

mentioned

also

is

DiJini xnp.

in

he uses

centuryj

5 th

the

Berliner's
It

verse

this

lived at the beginning of

word

the

as

nTins',

however, remarkable that in the quotation of

the

14

26^

just

Pathsegen also gives

by Theodorus Mopsuestenus % who

"jBiD

omitted because the

and remainder

(text)

that

reads

used adjectively and not substantively.

is

(margin)

is,

and

f^

also

although the

JjUkA-oso,

which he usually quotes has here H^slXo. Mopsuestenus

however, by no means exact in his quotations from the

Pesitta
is,

PeSitta, his rendering

both from Trg. and

A, B,

and B.

of Biblical passages
26, 18

Pesitta.

'-Hp

Hebrew

ninn.

might expect the Trg. to be K'ipX

]nU;p in

27, 31 B. bi^JX^

h'<^^^,

is

and

only that of

readings

is

C (margin),

"npn.

for

s*'^;^

which we

27, 3 -5 after

omitting

gives the incorrect marginal reading

text,

its

frequently differs

C (text)

V^^^\

^n^xi..

"^n^i'^T.

Of

these

Although the Targumic form usually corresponding with the Hiphil of S413 in
Hebrew is the Aphel of hh'S, still we also occasionally find
the Aphel of inx thus employed.
(Cf. 27, 7).
27, 34 ^

The

kIx^

rest

have

incorrect.

Hebrew is "^sx.
B imitates
T
Hebrew original; but
is
remarks "Those who would read

the

"^b.

peculiar construction of the

Luz.

correct Trg.
forget that
the
B.

it

Hebrew
and

l^^^l^S A,

Z> as a "Gafel" form of

5.

b^nj$

Cjx^

a prosthetic
has ^n-b^

Edit. Sachau,

1.

c.

p.

41.

xlis

not the object of the Targumist to retain

is

obscurities,

but rather to clear them up".

^^^Sstr,

i^-inat^^.

n^ij.

^nis5b

is

and

Rasi also reads the word with

has a mistake in the Gender.

"-"^

29, 8

The Hebrew

L. permits either reading, taking the reading of

sibb;-],

the

"^p

b^ip.

B.,

Leipzig 1879 (page ).

A,

and

30, 6

jff

simply

Samaritan nss.


read

'^n'lVa b-^ip

>l?'ip?

s^u; Da^.

73

which corresponds

p.v

The

literally to the

part of ^'s rendering

first

Pebrew

perhaps a

is

marginal gloss which was afterwards inserted in the text by

an ignorant scribe.
and
(margin) ns, A
30, 15 B.,

and

reads

(text)

niib'.

the reading r>^ although

<^b,

passage appears to be incorrect,

C (margin),

'^xfr>->\

is

But

worthless.

ead xnn

i^r-iS

UJ'i'iBx^

and not

text

31, 2 B.,

and

(text)

The Hebrew
incorrect.
As

Z>"orr^;.

and

to

pb

are

Cs

marginal correction

would be a more correct Aramaic

'^dp'^V

(incorrectly)

nVx. The
Hebrew

-i^nn

which corresponds

to the

other

MSS.

r5<.:n

y~t<n.

In this verse ^'s reading n'^r^in appears to be pre-

16.

31,

ferable

13

31,

"^sx

Hebrew

the

giving the sense of the

-(^s-^rVJ,

The forms given by

13.3"'S.

form.

^rhr-^i ,

the suffix refers to

is

Since

missing.

is

the

to

"who

by

given

text

A,

B.,

The Hebrew

separated".

which give

is b'liin

nm. 31,21

and

text

The rest have nni Tr-. Neither are literal

Hebrew is simply ^^'^t.^. Pathsegen similar to B.,
A, C and D. It is difficult to say which reading is preferable, but perhaps B is, since it preserves the word of the
Hebrew text "ina. 31, 29 C (text) b->prr xiSs'i, C (margin)
and the others i<5l3':ba3. The Hebrew being "i=f^ the latter
nns'i i^^nl

since the

reading
but

is

literal.

34,

the

B.

correct

gives the sense of the original

ix-'pjrw,

sense

A, B,

the former reading

which

is

also

is

On

which gives no sense here.

tried"

hand the reading of

us

(text)

The meaning of

iCo'dpni.

men were

correct.

is

not

i<''6:n"'X%

"And

the

the other

given by L.

gives

"And the men were grieved" which

Hebrew wssT'^^ In this verse then

exactly corresponds to the

I

think

we should
by

the rest

Hebrew

'ibs*.

In verse 27

LXX

C.

of this

also Aeia.

Samaritan

'*5y.

given by B. in favour

reject the reading

of that shown

34,

1x2.

chapter

(text)

Which
all

is

render

Samaritan pr-V.

'nx,

the
ix::

(margin) and

better

by

reading?
so

that

Samaritan

V't'si.

"br


perhaps

But there

be preferred.

should

reading

this

74

are

many passages in the Trg. in which the Aramaic Verbal

Root which corresponds to the Hebrew K12 is xhn. We
may perhaps then accept either of the above-mentioned
The rest have ''npsn x^^iS ^
readings.
35, 5 B ""npS 'pii.
which is the correct Trg. of the Hebrew '^ri'^s 'aV'ri. It is
true that

gives us the exact sense of the original, but yet

reading

the

Hebrew

35, 8

faulty.

is

Rest have

n'lnni.

'S^h'o^.

As an instance of the close connection between these two Aramaic words compare XSJip'nb 31^73 i, 7
and again i^'^^m mnn^ i, 9. The words are really synonyms
inriF'a.

but Pathsegen

tries

make

to

a distinction between them by

saying that one refers to a greater depth than the other and
that a fine distinction does exist in the use of the

may

be

has h

I, 7

being h
here

The

other

seems

for

B.

nxais.

B axo

used
psn.

is

is

the correct Trg.

and Z> ax^ "^^pf^^, A

The original has ^Na trim of which

;^6,

s'^n^.

The

which

read ps^ii

also

(incorrectly)

the

35, 18

35

B.,

gives the most literal Aramaic.

As

9 ninrra.

i,

preferable.

MSS. and

Hebrew

Dxa'i xbpria,

and

S"i^b

i^i^^

of the

two words

by comparing the Heb. of i, 7 and i, 9.

nnna whilst i, 9 has only nnn?3, the Trg. for i, 7

seen

is

decidedly incorrect.

MSS. and B. read linniD. AuthorBerities differ which of these readings we should prefer.
liner in his Massorah"* remarks "Many copies have the incorrect reading "pnyi which imitates the word given in the
Hebrew text; the Aramaic word a"^!: first bore the meaning
of calumniating when joined with XTli'^a". Similarly Luz.s after
the Araciting many passages in which the Hebrew na'^i
maic a^'u adds that the reading ini'i is nothing more nor
2,T, 2

linai.

other

less than a mistake.

our root

(ai;::)

On

the other

hand L.^ remarks; "Since

hardly ever occurs in the Babylonian Trg. in this

therefore the reading

signification (viz. that of calumniation)

Samaritan

p.

78.

^npy
5

nra.

Philoxenos

p.

Samaritan
43.

s-hti.
s.

v.

To

this verse.


We may

superior."

I'lnai is

Hebrew X3

B. xrx.

"P'^in ^2,

and

L. although

therefore accept A's reading as

37, 23 jB (margin) bs

the correct one.

and

Nlb-^is i:,

mentioning the

to

the Jewish

is,

of course, an interpolation.

bnx.

Hebresv has
reading as

reading

we

xb-rx nS.

But how

The Hebrew

"tsn,

able

are

is

the version

original

xnan,

is

simply

The

":?:=.

an

give

to

which

opinion

necessary to be quite clear about

is

it

Hebrew

Samuel

Rasi, R.

differ.

37,35
and

although L. also mentions the other render-

''x;?^??

the signification of the

ities

L. and Pathsegen both give the correct

"'??;?=.

preferable,

is

C,

i9 (text)

appears to be an allusion

It

A,

^?3;:^^

But before

ing.

.-^,

of the Immortality of the soul, but

doctrine

B.

37,

be explained?

to

B.,

B (margin).

and

j).

reading gives as correct

latter

of

^ (text),

',

above 34,

(see

(margin)

the text given by

(text)

75

original

and here the author-

Meir,

Nachmanides, Gerso-

b.

nides and Mendelssohn render "merchant" whilst the Revised

Adler aptly remarks

"Canaanite".

rendering "merchant"

But

lation.

and

and

B.

nnirx,

merely a
is

think

all

given by L. which

that

by

after

is

17 B.

1%,

literal.

The

little

to

L.

who quotes

Levita

the root "nir only occurs in 1%, 20 and 23

to the author of the Pathsegen,

merely,

repayment

/.

c.

and

fp-^

not

as a loan.

have p"'62 which

although

,/,

is

the

as

it

here
41, 5

has

^^?.

correct reading,

to

of r.br

Samaritan

Vio'.

Samaritan

rr^BK.

Samaritan

-!:;:r.

is

i^rx

prove that

signification

of

idea

ot

with

the

The

other

according

has precisely the same meaning as

where, according

the

giving

is

readings given

Afel

the

since

nV:i-<x,

stronger than the Peal, but the reading

wrong according

'giving'

trans-

this

most correct reading

the

equally good,

are

translate

nrn3 3 that the

support of

in

Hebrew nbox.

nVinx'*.

Pe'sitta

spare Judah's honour, he

given to

is

and

his -5?

in

Talmud and Midras

quotes

also

LXX

Ibn Ezra, the

English Version,

;"i"''JE.

To

MSS.
to

L.,

41,

30

this verse.

(text)

"^S^^

fitsiK

njins

"isb

a.

vh

and B.

VoA.

i<r-ii<T

but as Adler points out in

root nba

the

1.

(margin), A^ C,

One would only expect xr^x

his

7^

more applicable

is

the

to

ruin of the inhabitants of a country than to the ruin of the

country

We

itself.

must therefore

versions are faulty or

that both

ini<.

(incorrectly) iin, B.
1X3.

is

I'is;;^.

The
X5?'

C,

(incorrectly)

one

is

to

hence

Benjamin.

Hebrew
t:ni.3S

B,

'jia'^bd

VS)

14

44,

ii;;i7".

N^^^rn

of

the poetical

and

44, 29.

is

correct.

(margin) and

the
cf.

rest
v.

3.

Hebrew

l^^i^"!, rest xn'^rn.

the verse refers

have

rest

'I'lpS':

'^n'i^^j5,

n-^ii? s<-7:ic?3

^'^^D3^.

So

The Hebrew

B.

The

X"^^?- V^"^^-

who employs

original

Both renderings are equally

hardly satisfactory, although

some of

T^iisizj "(in'^

'piHr.

in

which

(which would be the Trg. of

a mistake. 48, 19 ^^

D give

incorrect in

is

others have arnxn which

"j^nisx bs,

and hence

is

instead

wrong although, of course,

is

i'':slp

D'Ssn-xb^

42, 10

an inferior reading.

of homoiteleuton.

The

bi^rx'i.

is

and

xsi'inn.
is

xnttJ'^in

iinoix,

that both

The Hebrew
The Hebrew

ihS.

Hebrew n^na

the

for

the correct Trg. of ndn. 44, 2

'(VJisin

other hand

the

x3!3'

^'s mistake

B,

and

B. here give

n^-'ap'

(text)

"iS.

43, 18
is

On

XJiiia.

MSS. and

other

43, 5

xriiJiM.

sri^i as the Trg.

giving

B,

assume

equally good.

gives the correct sense but

has

also

L.

42, 38

is

either

are

we must bear

free
in

isnn,

is

and hence

mind

that in

prophetical passages of the Pen-

tateuch, O. doubtless allowed himself great freedom in giving

sense

the

of the original, besides which our texts of the

Trg. are frequently hopelessly corrupt.

here given A'^
kings

who

of Judah

is

ruled

Of

the two renderings

historically inaccurate, as the great

Hebrew

over other nations sprang from the tribe

and not

from

that

of Ephraim.

But the

tribe

of Ephraim was the most powerful of the kingdom of Israel

and hence the other rendering

The Hebrew
I

text

is

is

at least historically true.

very obscure,

As the Samaritan Trg.

gives.

but

whatever

it

does

mean
here

not represented by either of the Targumic versions

is

quoted.

C (margin), A, B

D "^rban'

and

strives

cob's language.

to

48, 22 B. and

soften

quite

is

is

njT3 on

apparent

the

B.'s reading

"la^

"'rrps'

(text)

which

^^V?:i

V. Rasi and Adler in his

Targumist

means "ex-

"fullness of nations" j^robably

ceedingly numerous".

ing.

71

a Hag. render-

49, 27 B., B,

literal.

is

amplified in this verse to such an extent that

renderings

the

here

Although the Hebrew original

xjn-i^p.

but unrecognisable in

Aramaic

the

given

of Ja-

harshness

wxla-iip,

all

The

verse.

this

x;|\a-:p,

"'inni,

the

mentioned

first

becomes

it

translation,

still

of

the only

is

one that gives the correct Aramaic word and therefore the
only reading we can here adopt.

This

a complete

IS

may be

changes and grammatical

how

noticed

Undoubtedly

provement upon the

seen

how

irregularities

very often

texts
it

edition

B.'s

which preceded

may be improved

his,

but we have

upon.

much

for us to expect the Trg. text to

accurate

since

many

is

text to

Hebrew

cognise

the

lation.

But what we

improvement
as

scribes

later

such an extent that

critical

as

original

may

in

at

am

afraid

be perfectly

have tampered with the

many
all

critical

a vast im-

is

too

it

it

whjch we have already

very far Ave are from having a correct

of the Trg.

text

of the Variae lectiones and

list

seen by a perusal of these toget'ner with the vowel

in

places
the

we cannot

Targumic

reasonably hope for

is

re-

trans-

a gradual

we shall have obtained a text which is

we can possibly expect under the many dis-

until

advantageous conditions which surround the editing of such

a text.

As a

first

step

in

this

direction

now

give a few

specimen chapters of the Trg. of O. with Superlinear vocalizationj

which, besides showing an improvement in language

probably represents the original Palestinian Version.

78

III.

In the

chapters

following

which has already been noticed

text.

Occasionally

to be

more

so

give

I also

have inserted a reading which appears

from

the

the text of which varies very con-

of B.'s

text

Edition.

this

may

although the reading

B.,

reasons for doing

readings which are given by the Editio

the

every word in regard to which

of

My

explained in the body of this work.

(Venice, 15 17)

siderably

give the best and clearest

to

correct in the foot-notes.

may be found

Bomberg

have followed the MS.

have inserted

Edition differs from that

coincide with that of the

invariably write the TetragramMSS. The MSS. C and

whilst the Editio Bomberg writes '"'\
A ""'I
maton thus
and B 'V* \ The dot over the Sin is not written, Sin is
written thus 45 but is usually replaced by D. The word Q^p
*>"'''

is

usually

abbreviated in the MSS., which simply write

'p.

In such cases the missing letters have been added in brackets.

Numerous emendations appear

sonantal

text,

until

be necessary

which should be purged from

we have

in the

con-

numerous

its

such corrections should be post-

superfluous elements, but

poned

to

attained a

more accurate vocalization ^

Merx in his "Chresto-

Different chapters to those given by

mathia Targumica" have purposely been chosen.

Cf. Part

I,

Cp.

II,

text,

but

it

2.

both systems of vocalization

Merx considers

it

necessary to apply

and critical vocalized

possible by means of the

to arrive at a correct

has been shown that this

Superlinear vocalization alone

(cf.

is

Merx "Bemerkungen",

p.

188).

CHAPTER
DnnxS

''V ib";.ns*=

^-^zt

yfrn

I'a'ir^

^72^7 S'JD
I'is

Dnnns

I'^d's^i

^-I'iDsn

i^nn

nSt

rr.rr:

V~kt (2)

nnns

""iD^rnsn

"^npn-^ k'^t

xinS sin5 v.^

^i^'^^

fz'^ni

n^ niy

]^5

^'o^p

'c^iix^

n^ ^a'^psi

"inni iiab'^ 'nSs5 15 ^^'inr': c^ji?yns bS

Tnna

n"^

innnnin yns n^ ^-rn

^:ni r,K

f25 ]iai

ni:ri i^-^p it'

jiD^i'^ii

T;ib=i ^b^

nsi onnns':

"inri^ i^S

'pntirT

a^^p

nsb

''''in'^i

"^V

'^r^p

xniDT bS
I'^n

bi:\

^^rinn ^-cr ^'li^^p '^ir: i<n n:s

i^

pDnbn:?! snoa rr

(i)

s:n rf^ irxi

'^^c bit

niiir b^5-ci "^niBK bj

-flr

2s':

innn i:n p5i

13 z-ns

'inti''^^''ii ^c-p

'irc "^nH onns

"^icd5'5

'^"^^zr

''^ip

D''-5Tr ''im*

Kin's '^xinb" "in^

XVII.

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

o^-'p':

"j-n-'SiS

Y"^^^ (S)
"-irsi

^'^^i

^isb'

(9)

(10)

'''"ib'c

T^ri

f^nnni (11)

inBom. 'nit'!, C ',rf^'- ^ ^

"^^p.
omits.
xnnV.
Bora,
C

^
/
I'^n.
"JO, B ^it.
"g.
/ Bom. and
^ Bom. "^nr^ // Bom. and
\.-'h^v^'.
Bom.
T^'r^s.
'vy^EX%

w
C
Bom.
k Bom. innn^ /

a Edit. Bom.

stead of

''.'in?.

<'-''=

-^

'^n-Q-'-o

<?

.-/

.-1

"The best form would be

S-5X5,
s Bom.
.5 nHx?.
Bom.
r
q Bom.
""^"^^
^om.
cbr.
Bom. ri^*?"*
C "prx-. t Bom.
'iD>?',
"!>-'?,
W.
",iiar
Bom.
,/a
Bom.
^?^^
y Bom. xn.
Bom. T^^ C" "^nn-.
C "in-is.

Bom.

Tr^'^r"!.

c:"pi<\

/ Bom.

tT^'-

'^:n';5.

^"

:r


^"Si

xniDi bS

i^D'^nnB

xin
^"oy

'^inii

'Wiu^i

f]^'5

isn'a xSi

"isoS ''iinn

''nin'5-iyT

xnoi

So

I'^^i'' x^'^D'an

^ai

xsdd

b3T3

(12)

i^Si iiiiDi bnyn

inr '"n'c n^ inpri xS inri< in onnnK^

''V'

-in

)Srv

na5n

rr^nia

""'Tbr
'^''

nla

K^i'a^yn

'''im

"I'asi

'j^iw 'jiywri

"bxy^tj^n

D^'-ipn^i

nn^ "T^nxi

iS "^ns^ ^)^r qx=i

^'^ti'jiri "I'^Db'a^

'inisi^

b^

annix

nan nnr dxi

'"'"'"ib

^Tr

"iSi

(14)

n-asi (15)
rraTiJ

'nsDnnxT

nnw

bsan
^'^ri^

(d^)p oninsc nrixi

i^prii

''m^na
nifi^

iT'S'^na

"inni

(17)

nx^

I'^iw

(18)
< <

l^ip

Tbn ^nni? nnr xnwpa

^Srxi (19)
rri^y
"nSy a^b
''''^'a^p tv ^^o^piji pns^ n^a

n5 i3

*innDn5

"^nx

(16)

')-wi5^

(>p
'^^

n'^

xnia

"i-inTi

^tS^ nn^ ^b)2 (13)

in-in

n"'>

^n

'j^'atiy

iX"^

xn ^nibi

n-iS^ap

bxyiaTB^

bri

(20)

^ T3'!^ c B, C XSDD, y^ i<E03. ^ Bom. "^nr^

A '^T^'?.
Bom. f^Tonn, B Vi^^'r^i
/ Bom. n^"P>.
g Bom. obs.
n^nW"!.
nb;x.
/^ B '^u^p.
/ Bom. ^:m.
/; Bom.
i Bom.
; Bom. t^a.
Bom. Tin^?".
o Bom. P^n^
/ Bom. Pix,
^ "prsi and omits rS^, q Bom. w^a. The 3rd Sin. Fem.
(^

<f

Suffix

is

always punctuated with Q.

in

this

Edition,

so this

Bom. M'^3"inN\
-'nn.
s Bom.
u Bom. T^Vh- x Bom. "i-fn"!.
/ Bom. T^t'isV
ilH" is a more
"'n%
"ibi.
s Bom.
a^z ^ T>^n.
y Bom.
correct form, cc A, B bj<3)5au3\ ^a^Bom. ^'''!PT'..
Bom. I^'^p..
//^ Bom. -172X^
zV Bom. D^s.
hh C "'i'p.
_^^ Bom. Q^ps".
^-^ Bom. ^'CX'i. // Bom. ""ipxi. ?;// B's reading 'p"iri appears preferable when compared with the Hebrew t-^rr. nn Bom. fi^ins*;'.
variation

will

riot

be

noticed

again.

<5(^

<f.f


n^c

k:'ot'3

K^p

^^nii'^j-c 'Vi

p';rcx^ niv;?

'rfr-

r:c

-;:

i"t5

'i^p r*'^

(21)

"^s^r^

''22)

^x'';"';r'5r

pDi

n^-ar ''b^5'si xtq5 I'l^n x^i'>

fJr

x*^,ci

pns^ 27 "'cpx

^S'irri

"^S

8i

nn

r^'i^r

'iinn'!;^r- x-^ci

nn^^x?

(24)
n,

X'^ci r^ nr:

..

XEcS

112

<-<

xr^ii

'';"ir

'nx^^p

>^"'b^

""'^n xr*"' '"^rn

(26)

rr^r-^n "^ir-x bSi

(27)

^i-i'Tr-rx x'-c-^r

XXVI.

xibz-c ""in xr->xn x:rr rrn'

nn.Vr "^xrrb'E-i xzb-i ib'c''2X

"c^ns^y

xb 'i^x^

r^n"*:"

r-b pns^

/^

Bom.

xr:-nx,

'-\.

.-J

and

also

nx-cnp.
""ttj.

'-t:-

j-

Bom.

The

x-n,

xr:-r-x.

Bom. ^r";r-:.
Bom. vnr;nr-i.

nir-D-^rn.

^ -

?.-prx.

c-px.

^
e

Bom.

3*x".

-r"'Nj(!)

better

Bom.

xf-'xi

/B

"'a-'r'.

Bom.

xr:-r-x,

'crxn,
"".

<?

Bom.

"rrx.

punctuation.

"-x".

//

=~:i":5.

xrri;':,
-i':x:.

,/

Bom.

on the other hand has

for ^"Tjrx in verse 27).

(2)

^'-i-c-'X'^

Bom.

k Bom. 5"5r

"^I^rx (B.

would be

,/

Bom.
//

cn^nx

form would be n-px.

best

x^xr.

7:r5->-n,

V'tT^.

xf:-nx,

Ber. xVr-:5.
/

n^x,

T'lr

(0

'b'Txi

'br.rx^

rpb'

"^V

ii
a B,

-A

CHAPTER

"'^'c

'

bxr^r^i (25)

nirj

'^ah'^i rrf\-,

'"n'^rb-i'yn

<

rr^^n

-in

bxy^r^- cn-^nx "itj-x

n-inn

^5

'^cj nbr

"rr i^iir

/>

r
.v

"j:

Bom.
Bom.
Bom.


"TDnnsi ''11^65

ins

n^

bS

^iz^i

-ii::i

xin xns5

s-^r ^55iD5

"iiT

roxi

""iin ty^

(3)

(4)

b5 i:n b^in )i3^in^i i^bxn 'xrins

'""^rsTGy

in^i^ mt:^

in^a^ia ''^nii

'i^rxi

N^^s

82

^n^^'ab

nnnax "biip

^ibn

(5)

'^n^nixi ''^a^p ^^iips

nnsn pnsj^

'"ir;s

^::ibt:p^

sicb-i

^nnsi

xiri

T^i^iJ "^^rcxi

^^y

n^n^i

(6)

n-^nnx "pcir by xnnx 'iuj-n ibixtDi

''nns n^si

sinx

'

x^'aT' 'Tcn

pnsji

'^^-j^'^n^

xni

n^5

XTm

nr'^'ab ^b'^rin

(7)
s-in

"inx

infi nnisir ^ni? ''''npni by

'^"ii?\-D

iiSnn

mm

-o

(8)

liipirbB-i

)^

xSb-a

nirni? npn-i

x^n

stn

-fnrii

nna

^^-i^xi

pn2iV5

Y-^^ix

nby
-iiyT5

jns

xnin N:by
a Bom.

s<:b

""'m5y "in^

I'rti'iiN

frns f^m

'^'^smr^i?T

5<"^pT

(9)

s^bi

^''b-'Dpns

"tcsi (10)

''x^y5

irnai

""n^iir

Bom. "ins-s::.
Bom. -;i"^='ii2Si. d Bom.
/ Bom. ni-jirxi (correctly). ^ C '^i^p.
--Z.
/^ Bom.
/ Bom. "iRX".
/^ Bom,
l"in3.
/ Bom. xrr-x.
;;/
Bom. "i^^^;.
Bom. b^np
?i
Bom. "'i-j-c.
^ Bom.
i-iiip-'S.
r Bom. "r^l'ix':, B 'ri^n^xi.
j Bom. S'^n'^l.
q B lii-p.
/ Bom. 'r:x.
po'^".
/^ Bom.
t Bom. "rnx.
y Bom. ^Ti.
Bom. 'd;s.
aa Bom. np::n (and not npsn as B.).
Bom.
^xi;d.
^(T "^iroNwould be a better reading, dd Bom. T'^'^^j
C -"'xn-s. ee Bom. c:^' (B. has r,;:).
Bom. "ipxi.. gg Bom.
r!-;-:x, ^ r^i^x.
T'lnisx.
"rriN.
hh Bom.
zV Bom.
j5<?w. ^"'Jpr>{<
correctly; also C b-^ipnx. //Bom.xn n-?. ;w Bom.n-ins;. ii7i Bom.
"nx.

'1-1-,.

<;

Bom. n~>~n.

>-[.

<^/^

/'/f'

-'=::,

=:.

C 3':"i\
^^ Bom.

00 Cf.

LXX

xr-^r-^x-.

which has ix tou ylvou;

The

[jioo.

^^ Bom.

best reading would be xr^r-ix-.

''x^ni's

^^^^'i

''p-^ri'^^t

83

xrr

bz r^

XTiri

bt-

xrf5 nzcs"

xin5 ''xSi- nr
x:nbET

''io

'^iini

"i^nn

^r^^ix nips^

xrjpnx

''bi'jprp

X"^nn s~"ix5

"^

(i i)

n-rrxb'

pni- 7^t- (12)

'>r;inx

'i:ci^5

x:y '"\^^3 n^5' 'inni (14)

'^eht

^'^nr

x^E^
^ns'ipn 'lie

x'l^i'TC ^'b'^rx

"|-':V5^i

pris^b

bri

''^n-^ii

ixrrtE

'7"''c''2X

'S'^:p=i

(15)

'n-zx

']'<:iT2i;

"n-^xi

(16)

""^xini

pr

"a-^rr

''Tcrn

nnr^-r

xSn:3 x^ir^ pns^ ^^'ir-c

ir^-> ^'^^^'^2

"insni

inpi cn-inx r^r^ "ir5

"Tninx

"V3

]rri

Bom.

'^

'':c '"t'tx 5tki x-^n: xnii (13)

''r'5=i

'"XPtr-E rr^d

annnx

-<-.7\

'''jinb

rp

"ixrrbi
'''''np

lEm

b^rx'

x^ri-i

(i;)

pnr^ 2ri (18)

^^j'^iT'c-^T

^^^r.^nx

"n^nT pTici "nrr

znnsx
'''''i'nb'

"""nnzrxT xbn;n pr:i' ^^nr "-nsn- (19;

^ Bom. x~-;2.
r Bom. r.-rrsr".
Bom. "i-. / Bom. "^ninrr?
^ Bom. 2js:.
//
B has this word added on the margin. B. omits it.
/:
Bom. xr ^n. / Bom. I'rr C --'. / Bom.
/ Bom. '^;o.
"r-';i.
r^?Bom.
Bom. xrrrns?.. A has this word

fl!

d C

p"'T:-n.

b-^zjpn^.

t>

erased in the text but added on the margin; whilst B has

it
in the text and nn'^r* on the margin.
/ L' ^sr-'iz.
-.
^"^-''
""En
Bom. t-is.
s
Bom.
Bom. "r-'rj ^
": ';-.
Bom.
//
/ Bom. "r-v and Ra^i quotes the word thus.
(J

z Bom. N~S"pr, C ri'-f.

Bom. ":s".
y Bom. '"t-s.
Bom. ::"r-- r/*/ Bom. n z,
aa Bom. sir;. M Bom. 'r-'^^Bom.
^ xn-^a. ^^ Bom. ^I'Er'-^n. // Bom. ttizx.
The best reading would be 7:" :::;. /th Bom. ,n3 (B. "n-).
// Bom. r^\kk C has "^pi instead of ^~p rirrr,. // Bom.
^^sn\
//////
C 'nzrx-, .-i ?r=rs*. //// Bom. N-sr. co Bom.
.V

<-'c

,'i:'!':::5.

jf^'-

":?"!

;.

PP Bom.

r^a-i:.

^x:':"'! n^'>"i'5 pn'sr-*

^n:i:ir
snpT

n^

84

xr^iJn ay nnr^i

^xriji

xnpi nSy qs iSDi ^^nns

is;i

insm

^"T^i

(21)

nri? ix: xSi *'''ini? ^n^^n "lEni "i^rna p-roi^i (22)

ynr
n^n':x x:s "rasn

xinn

]^n)2 '"p^noxi

njini

x^-'b-^bS

'V'

lir rp6ni

xrri

'Iri

^^ni^nn

''ny^ci

nn:\)3

onnnx b^i5

^bsi 'xn5"!-c "irn

sn-ti

pn2^

n^r.nb

ssni

'>ri5

''^jin^rx

x^r'i'G '^nin

""^j"'!^

^ni?

"xrx

pns^ linb

x:">Tn

f]5 rn

(25)

'iny ]"an tidt 'n^DDTC'cb

jS^'^aNT
n'^b'-'n

(insi

(23)

"iS:nxi (24)

n-ib'

1-in^

flri

(20)

^'xmia

"f^^

(26)

nn biD^si

'n-cxi

(27)

'^'^in'axi

(28)

n^p nn:i

"|d^5t

x:r5

xn':-'-.
^ Bom. xrb-in.
Bom. xis'a. d Bom.
~
T
Bom. x"-";;. / A, B, C '-rh^, Bom. "^"^nix. The
Sewa compositum given by
is irregular in the Spl. vocal"-r.'N
would be the best reading.
ization;
g Bom. n^"'^.
n'a">nn.
""^nix.
k Bom. ipx:.
/ C
h A, B, C --n'x, Bom.
riE-;ais-'b'i.
and
m Bom. p''^^
i A, B (more correctly)
^ Bom. !!<"';n.
j5 ^'^:r5<-.
^, C (more correctly) p-bo'i.
/ Bom. -nzx. ^ Bom. "7"?:. r Bom. -:""i-:is:. j Bom.
^ix, ^4 irs.
wxns^n.
.r A r"-c\
?/ Bom.
/ Bom. n^Dsd^.
y Bom. "^n'.^an-^p, A, B '"'rhz'rrco, and the word is thus quoted in
Gen. Rabb. c 64 9 (in Wilna Edition), z Bom. ~rX.". aa Bom.
nr.
//^Z Bom. ^"i^x.^
^^ Bom. '\^rrr^.
cc Bom. 7=r'b'3.
irn.
Bom.
hh Bom.
Bom. x^nr.
Bom.
""J^'c?.
^^
ff
rt!

Bom.

sippiTN.

<;

T T

-;

-|-.n

^'<f

c'Prr-

Bom.

xrrn^x.

K)2y\ ^iip'^iiii

i<^b

if.'i'>

85
NTD^3

^-^arr ex (29)

K:"ci'

^ns-^rtn ^ibSxi ^s^^ncia ^in'5 '^inrn

'prnin ''ninxS

n^'5"

is-^in^

y5c

-IS2

-13^

pns^ ^^27 'inxT snnn

xn-ipi ''n^r

n-'inn^ n^

xnsin

nis^^pi

xrrx

by

)^5

n^-'-^p^i

(30)
(31)

nnnn (32)

XT2i-'5

Pnymr nr^ xnpn

(33)

n^o:i riir "ivnix nn nry nini

ns<rn
'npn-ii pn:^

na r'aon

"jibx

-i^-i:!:

by

'friinTaT

r'-'i

(34)
nicrn iis5 P2

pncia nx^rn (35)

CHAPTER XXXI.
TV npy^ "n^5:

rbxn
T^'^'Hv

'jirr-'b"

']''n^s<i
x^-'od:

bS

sni pb"

pb

'"^-z

^a:rs

r.^^

yrci

:p ^'NsiaNbiiai ""x'lnsbi bS

n"-*

^iis

nao

n"-'

^pr^

XTm

"^riiia^pTii

a Bom. ni^-p.

(i)

(2)

"'brrxrr

Bom. "iip-iTrx. c Bom. x:-'::""'!, j5 x:irn.

Bom. x^rr-c, C x^rrii.
/ Bom. VjIwX'.
j5 n^5 instead of "^n-nS-r -1I5,
Bom. "'ronss.
/ Bom. -i^rribri, B vrnbr-.
i?tx'.
k Bom.
/ Bom. "rs".
VI Bom. pD^r.
!nsn">n.
n-ixi.
n Bom.
^ Bom.
p Bom. nri'i:

d Bom. ^iv.
g C "vc'i. //

(and not as B. nrri).

This

is

likewise the Bib.

Aram. form.

Bom. "i;?"'';''.
s Bom.
nprnn-i (and not as B. np^-;').
So also B
t A Bom. i^'^'ca.
i-a-'-ab'
(which is better than D).
.v Bom.
u Bom. =d;.
N2!i:xb-^"!.
z Bom. Tiri:rV?, C (text)
y Bom. N:i::i<^ ^-yv^.
'i'":r-'5.
On the margin ^"^^^;"'. <7<z Bom. ^?'::rs-;:=, C "V-cr.v;:
Cf.

Daniel

(which

is

4,

13.

q Bom.

better than D).

N"2'r.

/-


"irnSi?

'^innS-bi

''^^niiS

86

nin

:ipy^^

^nrsi

"^X^

(3)

1ij'c5 in^''^ ^^ri^i

^n^'ir nib' ^sSpn5

bnn5 s^pi

ns^'bi

'i^x '')i3inx ^EN nno n^ s:x

'^"iirinx

sn

r,'^

"nci? inr^s

-j^i^T

53

^'p'l'i^i

bS

p'l'i^i

"jn^x
^n.'^s

V5

'^''n^mi

N-.xn

Pn^ii'^E ^'jifi

^ro

vp

"i'ln^tt:

(5)

pnyi^

"]''rxT

(6)

^i 'npiij '']iDTn^T

(7)

iSi?

n^i ''iirsi

-j^bir^n

(4)

-"n^xi

'''n'cx

'ri"

n'^Epn

N^^Tr^r,

i?:^

''''

npS-"^

nin

nin

Tci?

inii ^'"(iDiniJi Kn^i?5

"nrxi 3pyi

^^pbcT

b55

nSiri

''-jin^

'"^in

"j^iS

'j^id

est

jia

"^X"^

ns

"ffi^nssi

"i?^n'^ni<i iii-n nini

'^''i{r5nn

''X'^-

xrsbr

^b

(8)

"ji-ii^:

x:y

(9)

(10)

"nrxi (11)

bS ""^im """'[ir ]r5 qipT ''tgsi (12)

^ Bom. "irnix.
d Bom.
Bom. x"iN^.
T;-;
ITTT^ Bom. "'n-'V
/ Bom. x^^pn. ^^ Bom. 'rry^. h Bom.
""''""r-t''"1"^ (B. -pn?).
z Bom. "^"r.
k Bom. -rsi^x, fpinnx. / B xni.
lirxi.
w Bom.
which is the best reading.
}i Bom.
Bom. "r^ti"- / Bom. "irts. ^ Bom. -z^sx (B. 'i'^='ax). r Bom.
=!ax:i (B. "r=x').
s Bom. ^irir,
/ Bom. '^JTrxi,
u B "yt's.
(the best reading would be
X Bom. T^x.
j; Bom.
of t<'J^"2 "-s, Bom. reads
art: Instead
z Bom. C"'-SN\
'P?"!).
Ni" n-^.
^/5 Bom. irnxi.
Bom. r^tri\
a B. x-snTxi.
x^TiJ"".
ee Bom. X"^'^nr,
Bom.
^ "P'6^.
^
1i^?'?1j
^^
yT"
///^ Bom. ""^lis^
Bom. X's'rna. // Bom.
a Bom, i^axi.
J^''^"!'^?*".
mm A, C ":" and yTV. tin Bom. "^Tni. ^t? Bom.
<z

Bom.

"T2N1.
--:-

"I'l:"'''",

<?

l"]''^"^'!

afaf'

"pSn bS

"irnp ^'^y "^ns ""i^niiti loin's: -j^Sijn x:r br

n"i

'pns Dip

'snbs x:x (13)

-|br ^ ^r.-'br.rsT

^xrn'^-i bs "n-^ia
Ni-^.s ]-c

S7

"1^5

D^^-'p

irn '^^p

x^p

'"xr^c^'^pi

irr

'irnnb^ yiNb n^ri ''s^n

x:d ]y5 ^iTn r^b' "snrxi nsb'i bnn "'rn%^xi

^s

'b5i<T

xb-zl

"^^s n-'b'

'xin^rrnx

'-jsn^-:

(14)

(15)

ifiir\

n;edd n^
'x;b'i

^srnx

ir

"r^nDST

-^V

-r2y lb

^nin'^i s<:pi

n^rrp bS

bnn

vs

^^rn^cDT

n^=i

mb'

pr\2^

si^nxb' ^rnni?

'^n-'-y

rpb ^^lin sbi b^

^is (16)

bS

^^n^si bS pT\

b^ ^nhnf: ^S^ ^nn:3 n^

s^-'b^a:

ri^

-^"o

"s^^.ny

bi;:i

"^nin-'ij bS

^-^'cb

'''^s-ix

"n-cb'

rp

nsrnx pb

bS^-a

^^x:;i-i=i

=p

2plr

xin

(17)

nnT. (18)

Tr<

ps^

alp-i

pb=i

b'ri?

"

)^ np-j=^

n^r:pi

(19)

(20)

-^dSi

sin bvx

Bom. 1:^'; '". c Bom. 5<~';i<. ^/ Bom.

/ Bom. s<r;rr^ "-. ^^ B inserts "-inp
C reads
/ Bom. pis.
nP"2"'"P "'!.
before x-cp.
Bom.
h
"in N-rx instead of s-in x-x.
m Bom.
/ Bom. ~r"n"-:.
r='rx\ The correct form is rsTx:,
n Bom. Ni";r5<", A
srcnx".
"i-irn.
Bom. j<:^=s.
s:-*:x\
^/
^ Bom.
p Bom.
/xrrrrr-s.
t Bom.
s Bom.
Bom. "r^"^:, B 7x^2:2.
<?

Bom.

rrb^rrii-}.

"rn-:!?!!.

r^i:.

/C-

b=x\

7/

Bom.

x~r5.

.v

-^V-t which

is

preferable,

Bom.
aa Bom. x::-;\
/;^
Bom. n:^-"-.
"?^
</</ Bom. =-x.
ee Bom. w^sr.
cc Bom. rr^rv..
^" Bom. n:;:r. ^a Bom. rvp"- /'^' Bom. x:"X2 17. // Bom.
"5:\
-^n.
y^>^ Bom.
y

xi'nx^.

"'"!

tv

'^nns

""i^i

""-layi

88

Dpi

bSi

^r^'^ii

sin

(21)

'""stsi

npy^ bis ^ns nsn-ibn s^ii5 pS'i ^ninnsi (22)

^symrT^n^
's^cbnn

ni:^

ns^ns pi nib

n^:5TS^

(ni)p

il"!

ons npy-i

n"-'

'^sr^oSi

'rriin sbi

pb "i^si

npy^b

^snx5i

\'^:nbi

''lib

^^fzz

'iSniijD

br-ab

s'-ibibi

(25)

'i-im pbi sni-jn

Psriny

'i^Einn '^'^jrinTUnni

p5

^^snb^sDS

'"piiisi

n"^

"liTi

^^p"i:ini

n-asi

n'^b'

";yb5i snitjn ""^ninx

"sti

(23)

snsi (24)

"raiic

p5

n^

npy"^

"inn
lb

]Ta

=y b^brn s^bi ^b ''nrnox

npi?"^

^i^

iriinnS qini n^'ay ^riins tv nn'ii

''srn'a-j

" siinn

(26)

'^211

n'^

s^b (27)

^^)\^ '"''^nnbEi

sp':b' ^^^inpiTi: sbi

(28)

^^inyrb"

"snbsi ^''.wi
a Bom.
r-isn

1:1X1.

which

Bom.

1-rx.

better

N^ls-ina.
T

mar.

/>

"iiy^b" ^i^i sb^^ n^s (29)

rr^^ ^1.
Bom.
Bom. x^aa, C

Bom.

(^

better.

is

would be a
?

"jiDry

^r

<?

reading.

The

/^

correct text should be "i^nox.

Bom.

^ Bom.

xr-'ori.

n Bom.

"i^x\

r Bom.

5<n-ni!i,

Bom.

xnni r^

Bom.

'^ninx.

xnVoi.

B. xrad.

n?^;^,.

rrr.

m^^^,

I'lnrxp"'?"iJ<".

Bom.
/ Bom.
/

ninn\

(B. TJ^), j5 "^nja.

Bom.
/ Bom. !n:]2ds, ^ ^""^^rThe best reading would be ivi3Ti;5. u Bom. N^nr. x Bom.
xm^-j, v4 xm^c-jN. y Bom. Nr,"^o:i, 2 ^,'i? n-iin. The best reading would perhaps be xp-'in.
Bom. "^^1^1^^ A, B "]>nb6K\
Bom. adds *|is before Niina.
C has the same word here
"irja

i-

<7(3:

/^Z"

and

ZDMG. XXX,

p.

whilst

ee

Bom.

'i-'"r=^%

hh Bom.

"i?<':l?.

xnbxi (B.

x^J^xi),

insert

it

on the margin.

Vide Barth

in

dd Bom. ina^ra.
^ 'r"!r==''""'i^T-^"^gg Bom, Xv^?cx.
ff
/^/& Bom. 'J"3.
// Bom.
?V Bom. "i?"?^.
190.

^; B,

cc

Bom.

sri?x\

x^nnz.

89

en
113X

xiian

rr^i^ ''sni-'^n

'nin-as ins 'n-'^ini 'nx

^xrblx bra

"^nx

'li'i

^nrxT npj^
^i^i

XDns D-p

-rs:

(30)

'n\^x-,

(31)

ir:5 n^ ''oirr srbi

^

np5?''iT

nsb'i j<:5ti;^^ ps:i

by=i

2-jt: np?-'

S5 ""inim n^ 'noirr^ irs (32)

nsbi xzzirrni

s-rir-ani

x:5Trrn

Qi^pn^

17

xlrrrn pS bii (33)

nzrx xbi sr^nb )^rnr->
brill

sra'rn S'j^ii'n

nzTTs

'

sn

iirns^ir^

nHib^

s;5Tr^ b5 n^

pb

r^ "nn^c: bnni
"t"'c^i

(34)

i^n^by 'na^n'^^

S5 ins '^ibi iri?5 '^pn^ N5

bni

sSi

-^b

^^r:

^sn^asb "n^iiri (^^)

nnis ins i^ip --6 ^^uf.^i "^biD-'s
s^^:^b2 ni

"irsi npyi

'^^

n^rsi

pba

si-:t

npr-^r

^'''nrn snsin ins ^^linno

flf

i^ has X"-:-z 13

Text

-.-^n

in

"qipm

sr

linn

nscs

(36)
^^s-2

pbb

the text, but margin as above.

as above.
c Bom. nbix.
"^p"'""^.
or
Bom.
-"^rx:.
e
Bom. "^rX:.
/ Bom.
/>
"--ex.
/^ Bom. n-'b^nn.
/ Bom.
Bom. o^:r.
/ Bom. 't
rrcn.
-;-;nn.
?//
Bom.
n Bom. c^pr-^.
Bom. nr.
Bom. n^ic?.
/ Bom. i'H": (B. v-fi)q Bom. "iirrir-c:.
J Bom. "'iST'^'ip':, B ,'"'3''r"'Tr^.
Bom. ri^ir"i-.
u B "!:.
.V Bom. rTzx".
(?</ Bom.
y Bom. xn^^xb. z Bom. ~'ipr\
b!i:"^x,
^ b':x. ^^^ Bom. =p^-2b, rf Bom. adds xt;?,-! after
ri-^pr!!.
dd Bom. -T^".
^v Bom. n^wXX
ff Bom. n-.
^^ Bom. ^:r:~io (B. ':n-^o). /;// C "i^r^z.

^ Bom.

h-oir.

x-^b-i.

Margin

xrn-:~.

t?

;-

/*

b^nx

s9 frin ^I'^nn f^y

"'i^ "'iiih^'a

s-'b^'in

''Sy ''ninj

''V.^ri^i? s<S

'':'::2^

rnnx ''nrnSs

zrnnxT

n^ri'rx

"ir-iSn

S3xi

Bom.

B^^'p.
is

'i^n^Dni

(39)

'"''n^n'is

Bom.

'"5

preferable here.

""^-iTS

(B. Vr).
e

nS ^y5 rx

''nzTr 'ni:i

"-i^ncy

i-^iir

"^:a ii^:m ''"^nrn sn:n npy^i "ni2XT

"r which

(38)

i/i-am iri'in (40)

i-'ii?^

^^ci"

fiT

n^n6:i si^r^i "n^ni::

''5ni"6

xi-^Srii

iincr

"j^b

s:i<

n^ni ^S

'i^'^-^r^Tr

90

pb

<:

"E'r.

^5

x-'b'i^i'i

f-i

(41)

xSib^^x

(42)

'"''n'^rsi

(43)

Bom.

Bom.
Bom. "n^N

n^.

<y

i Bom. x-i-r, ^ niinn,

Bom. -'::'^r-^.
h Bom. r-b=x.
/&
Bom. "niri^x.
The best punctuation would be ^r^n^ix.
/ The correct punctuation is x^Jir.
w Bom. n:^:'?^ (B. -p
x":^), A xs-'S-a 70, ^ ss^D'b 'co. ji Bom. n-m-j:. ^ Bom. ^:b:x.
p Bom. N^ni:;: (but xa-^-:: better), q Bom. nin: (B. ht::). ^,
/ Bom. T3ir.
s Bom. m:!i.
r Bom, "^v.
^, C rr: rn:.
Born. 7"D^' (B. ?"?&").
.v Bom. "r'r'-?.
//
7 Bom. TP'iJ].
aa Bom. -('E-bib-x. Z'^ Bom. M"^DbN.
Bom.
z Bom. xr-ri'Ni.
5-r;-i-%
rt"^ Bom. Ir:'??.
^<? ^4 'ir"^"^,
C ip-^. _;^ Bom. "?~riVr,
C "^rrn^-i; which is better, gg Bom. njfb (B. r:x^b). //// Bom.
-T?" but -TXT would lie a better punctuation than that

<:<:

given by the Mss.

//

Bom.

"-ra.

ii

Bom.

"'CN^

kk Bom. "ri2

(B. TJ^).

s:s '2^p

nsi

''in^i

-;^nc'5

91

''sr^x

"Tn:

"iJDi

(44)

iriJT

s^p ""HEpn s:ns 2pzn

in^cn "i^ins rjip5 ^riinsS

j-'-nx

''snn:\T
ni'5

snp

N'ci''

"ir5i

srn^iniij

npi?"^T

Trie

"y:"*!:

by irn

nr

j'^^n

fi'^iii

in:3

by

sri

^3131

sjiii
'p->r\

T^nc
'sni.-;T

sS

s:sc

'irsi (48)
n^"c snp i"'5 by

sn

"^Ti-,

-^tr.

^/

Bom. "''Jr,
Bom. ^s"'-!, B
<^

"jit

^'sniDoi (49)
ninnnti na: ^''^bBc:

"''yn

n"-'

ss (50)

sn'ci'a lin si'ay ''^iris

npy'^b

3s "snrp sinoi

a Bom. X3r\

(47)

pS

)2^ 'tcst

T-'iT
'"''nays

Pinsn

"n^si

'^''inDn
""Iri

snpi

n^5

*sni:\T

snr'^r: ^"^c^i

ncn csi

1^;

"sr^p sni

'^'^t

(45)

''sni^i

""ibSsi

)S

Sri

"nrsi (46)

np^'^

""Ti'b?
'nis*

'n^c:i

sri

(51)

^^r,'i'j2"'psT

;''^n 'sni:\i i^rio

yi
^"i.

"^rr,

<?

"^.t:

Bom.

rr^b'

(52)

Bom. "^n
/ Bom.

"":::'-";.

/i x^^^; is a better vocalg Bom. "i^i"':^? (B. pn'^s::!?).

/ Bom. c'^p.
Bom, "^ni'i. / Bom. n^D:i. ; Bom.
nsjrn.
;/
Bom. "irs-..
B "p^x. / Bom. ^^3r^ ^ Bom.
X"!t5"i.
r Bom. ibrxi.
j Bom. I'sx', B has r.i? before ",;.
^' xt'^n.
t Bom. x-nsn.
/^
x Bom. "lyb:, ^ nrs:. y Bom.
Nr!i33";.
s Bom. t?x
^/a Bom. "C"; (B. "C"^ which is perhaps the best vocalization), C "p"''', B ~D1^ bb Bom. "rtr"-The best punctuation is 'crn->:.
cc B "'iyr.
^V Bom. "r:3
""
-:"'X.
(B. T^s).
Bom.
ff Bom. x~^i^. gg Bom. n^'iT?
The vocalization should be r'^-pxn.
hh Bom. ~"::'X,

rrz.

ization.

/C'

"^"i.

<-,f

-:J-x.

92

sin "sniBp

^tiiib"

trn

I'^in

^N:r5 ^]iri- Sth-t "n^inSsi onnnsi '^n^nSs (53)

^riinsS

b5"'^5

s^npT

snrjn i^roD:

""T^ai n^rrnbi ^niDnS "^p^irDT snsrn

CHAPTER
"nin

s?ni

^'D^iip

ii'j^i\

i^iir

npi?"^

pS

"oddt

n^i-piii

(54)

(55)

XLI.

"i^rnn

qio'a

nini (i)
Sinn:

piE"ir

Jinn"]

^^iin^nnS "sp^bo

by

"i^a

]inbnpb

s^niini

"s^^pi

f^sins

i65

pin

sni

(2)

ynir 5(ni

(3)

""^pin ^^yar "ipbo sin!

'""'"inrb

^"in^om

I'tmab

by

-jir^n

a Bom. NiJiJ-i.
C "i3i-n. ^ Bom. xnrp.
d Bom. n%ib!<.
"
T
T
Bom. ""^n^x';, C 'n^rii^^. f Bom. "lin:"! (B. ^"in:), A VT^T'..'
y4 x:3i:.
y^
i Bom. linnsx-.
i Bom. ^n?N.
g Bom. 7Dn\

O
T/ Bom. b-n-i-is.
tn Bom. "^n-ax.
Bom. 0"^=?^ B D'^ir.
Bom. 'n'f^x?. / Bom. ^^N^ q Bom. p"'^23?% ^ Bom. ""'"iri.
-r".
/ Bom. b.Txi.
J Bom. 'itir^
ic Bom.
.r Bom. c-'lsr,
Bom. cix;?.
aa Bom. rrr.
^ Bom. (P^o.
^, C cpn,
(-^ Bom.
"^'.ripb.
Z-^ Bom. -p-jir.
<f^ Bom,
^^ Bom. xinxa.
|-:nr:''x, A "p^'^tjX, -5 -pr^nN, C-r:'nn:x.
The punctuation should
be i-:'nr;i<. ff Bom. ip^G which is correct, gg Bom. "pni^ns
U It should
/;/? Bom. l^-'tpn.' (B. ""^cni),
(B. has -fn^i-rs).
^J-

T'T

V.

..

'

<?

jj;

be x^pn.

v:

^s^2p5 ^p'56

']-'';mr

'"in^s

n^"ip

Nr^-^UD

s^^Smr

93

raw sn^ n^r:P

rpS

'lE^pOT

yao

]V:53c

xn^pS

n^

"3""3m

i^qt

(5)

xni

(6)

^^t^

xySni (7)

s-53Tij

Pxiabn xni ni^iE n'TN- sr^b^T

b3 n^

r^

xnpi

n^iiji

-lin'"?

n^ri^n '^sn6i2T

''jrncsT

ni?-iE

s:x ':n"iD n^

"ra'^r^

b5

^xr.'a''in

nirns

d7

n-ini

x-^Ei-n

'pis

D^st: ''iTin

n^i

in

^b-'bri

(^1
r-^a

'"'n-ii:T23

tp

nn-i

miny by

(8)

(9)

1216

KriT""

nyns (10)

^^T':in

"''cirn: n^ n^T

'p.^

s^'';ii:p

nn

;ncs5 nn? xini n:x in x^^v^^ p^Tsbn '^'^x-iabm (11)

N-^Sn
s^ti'jp

nCD

nnb Nin^" "iini" "'b'ly

Pn^TcbriD

x-^r

""jfrT

^""N^^bn n^ s:5 tost

laii

n^b' ^^

Pn-iTcbn

(12)

sryrirsi

a Bom. Nb:x-,

^ Bom. vr^s-n (B. V-"'-"^).

^ Bom. ari'-sz^
y" Bom. x's^iy.
Bom. obnv
g Bom.
lirbD.
>^
Bom. N^:;^2.
z
Bom. nr.
A i-bts.
/ Bom.
E^pii^si (B. jET"'^'^).
/ Bom. in-:^ (B. |n-::j).
n B. rn^-ra.
C -.yrx\
/ Bom. wX^^n and usually S. C xrbn and

d A

lynxn.

<r

/C'

always
r

Bom.

H.

""J~n.

would

NE-ii^
sr^^in

is

be

better

vocalization.

the correct punctuation.

Bom

x Bom. nrsn ^ -irsn.

y Bom. b-5-:n
^ Bom. -:n-i!iD (B. 'rn-TC).
,7,7
Bom. n-.
Bom. r-jr:r.
^f Bom. 'TPns (B. "'^Wp?).
xj'^'bn^
^Vz' Bom.
ee Bom. ^ri.
(B. "irr").
Bom. Nrrr^x*.
/f Bom. ns-r:*, ^ "x-ns;.
/^/^ Bom. i<;":bn but is very inconsistent; thus in verse
X":bT
and i^^'>?^f^ and in verse 12 n'^pbns.
yrrs-.

iT^ibn.

/^(^


br ^n\-S

n^5

]-Q

n^'i"

n'lb"

^TCEi

iizi

']'>'i

'^^ninr.nsi

^ri^Dn

"'"i^nbic

nin

'n^

^nt^DT

s?^5

nini

(13)

xnpi

nyns

nSioi

(14)

n^

cioi^

'^n'''a';n

94

x^bn

nins

t\cS^'5

n^ici

xb 'i^i'ab nyns n^ poi^ ^n'lnxi (16)

)-q

ni^nsi ""N^b^ 'inr,^

Qij^p

by

x:sn

oy

jicr

^'abna

pin

jn^Eri nc5 "i^^DE

"b^bri

ni?ns

xnn:

:>3Ty "ipbc

pin

"^spbo ''pnni?

iyns bSn ]inniDT ^n^'tn

(Di)p

"iX"^

I'tnrb

fiJni

srn (19)

s^aia

non pioni sinb 'im^b

i?b

(17)

xni (18)

'jii

sinsn
"S^cn "i^n^nnd

(15)

'i"iii

iTC^nb D^nsiai

snnnn

5>5r

"pn^i-)2b

i?by

a Bom,

would be
^"rs>i
/^

/C'

(B.

n^ snw^ii

^is-ii.

of

words

v.

<B.
T

verse 3.

.T

B.

nin;^.

niri<i.

<?

this

Bom.

:'-

"lasn'i.

should expect
/ Bom. "i'9''^b.
The best vocalization would be 'pn'sx.
For an
m Bom. x-^b^-n:;. ;^ Bom. b'^b-cii.

'sbyn (21)

The best vocalization

^ Bom. rraibn. e Bom.

"nrB'2!i,

We

-(-n'-rb).

^~^r~R.

word

"Aruh.

cf.

^ For the correct

"J.

s. V.

Bom.
/ Bom.

n^rN.
^

"inrjnnxi.

<:

n'is!i).

Bom. -T5<%
Bom. "r'"'^.
Bom. 2n"in\

"^jin^y^b

sbi

Bom.

<5

a'^PN.

explanation

yi^ni?

"ini?

snnin sbDsi (20)

^smsius 'sn'^'aip

sn5''6n

"ri^ns,

Nr-i-i-jB.

Bom.

B
f

p^'Hrti

of Nalan
of

vocalization
'f^i^n^,

Bom.
(B.

b.

-fDnnix.

5<55!_\

'iin'^m^!)).

z/

Jehiel".

these

two

Bom.

Bom. )\]'^".'c))
Bom. n?
_>/


'nn

''x"-':p5

"ipc

'']"^'t:3i:"

95

vzz snn ^rbnn 'nnrn (22)

< -

^)rim Dinp

'si^at:

'iD-'pr

rr

vr'i2'c:

''fp':

^li-:

xr^p's

]'^'i2'C

n^ s^n in niriDi STcbn

''X'^T

n'^b'-,

x^'':3'ir

yncT

'-i-iis

s-iir

11

Di-p

xr^pb

jE-'piri

'I'^is

yniri

x^'bmrj

(24)
""

r'5r

ySiCT
I'^ix

'Tri' iVi

^nins

xinx

b55

xni

xrzc

b5

'TTinr

ai'

"xy-ixi xry n^ x:23

"iiTr

'^i:'>ii'^

(26)

(27)

"^it

xn

(29)

)i)2ip"'i

(30)

yniij

y^c

'''"

c^'^s^'O'^

xynx5 "xirno

"jii

(25)

rnc

y5r

xr^ri xin (28)

x^tr

f-rx

x:sr

jirT'^rn

xinn x:e5 Dip

''n^b^b^T

r'^nTzsi

'x^^-c

x:s5

iny^b

s^:r rr sr5-3

'spbo-^ srir^DT xr^-'cn xrnin

"iin-i^nn

n ''-inra ^T^rp

yr xnni: xnnin

xin in s6bn

"pni

sr'raT

"x-'Trnnb

ni7"iEb qci'' n:csi

ni-nsb

7r sni (23)

ar'i^ij

^b ''in'o':

yi=^ni

x^-ixn

xbn

'^"^xi:3c

(31)

ir in^i
xinb xin ^^B^pn
:ppn ^ix
11 X rS
]

Bom. r'^tn".
^ Bom.
Bom. I"'^'^.
c Bom. );r^o.
",:":":.
Bom.
e Bom. n".
Bom.
/i
/
"rrp?.
^ Bom. y.*?.
/' Bom.
,S"'~w\
z Bom.
ir-iu (B. "i""?^).
' Bom.
/ .^ !^~~'-? Bom. N^r-r?.
Bom. -r:s"i. / .-^ -,'^rv. q Bom.
^''"t?-'''
Bom. y:"^N so i? and C p^-iss"2'tJ See verse 3.
Bom. r'^V'"^
/ Bom. V?"^" Bom. 'r.T>'.}' ^ inserts n^ before ^y-.
aa Bom. rrx. ^i!^ A ni?-S3
z B n^rr.
(omitting n;i).
dd Bom.
a- Bom. *,n':!ipi'; (]^. T^ip"'"), C '{z-^'-'.
<7

/;

N-:p?3.

-'^

Nvrr.

ff Bom.

dv

(text)

NV2-r.

^^r

sr-x

Bom.

"^-'t

"^"i-

but margin as above n:-nt

r-ipr,

(B.

ciT^i')-

s-:r.

^rpn

^rnn

T'i^T

'^.N

'<;i

r^ "^nri xrnx b^ i^zr^nr

iVsT snn6

s:e5

''ir

N:sf5

nins

^:"c^i

n"^

jibi

''jiTC'iD^i

(35)

r^b^L

n^3

^Ni b5 n^ ^^^ '>

:s>nTni

in

'^'^n^i

D^'^i)2'i

Ti^^nyb

"nfir-n

'j'^iS

cici'^b

siaSns

(34)

^rii^n^ b5 ^ryai ni-nc ''i^ya xiaBnD

'^mni nn:

(32)
its

^-r^ar'^

T:: sniny

x'ci'b

xti^" '^iiric^

x>-ni?i

(nn)p

'>

'ini'ai

'niny b5

x^-ir

xirisi

yfcb'

si^bn ^''niJT byi

ni""iE5

Vp'^ny^i

'"'bs

96

iVi

(36)

xi?nsn '-^iin-^
lEffii

(37)

n^ci^i

(38)

(d"i)p

irj

ni-ns nicsT

nxin:

(39)

Tni5 wifi^ ^"nbDo

bS

iirp

bS

br

"nr3

b^i

T^Tc^-a

iri

nr.1T

ir^D^i

n^^i

bt-iz

^ Bom. "r^xn,
'|ipri,

f ^n'^n

ini5

"lin

b^

'^^s:?:^

cici^b

"niripri' n-

'insn.

It

nine

nins

nrxi (41)

"^'^^iysi

should be

the correct punctuation.

is

n"'b'

inn rs (40)

:nx=i.

d Bom.

(42)

Bom.

.T'nsy'sVi.

/; Bom.
Bom. "i^':^,
^ Bom. n-:-;ri-.
(i^w-wi-;.
/& Bom.
/ C -^iz-i:
/ Bom. N:^-2r.
"(raa-^i.
;^ Bom.
fn Bom. 'pVsn.
o Bom. xn".
/ Bom.
----.
nir--j.
r A t":.
j Bom. t'C!, ""I, <^ ')""n-a
^ Bom.
/ -I'li-fc-.
Bom. i-:=-r:-, A r=r:-.
;c Bom. nn-i-i.
",-7.
"'^=^0
irtsiion)
Bom.
2
Bom.
B, C fiz^ti'^.
(B.
y
aa A X:"2"^dd A I'l"^!.
bb Bom. "nx.
^^ Bom. !:.
Bom. n-r;rTr. A rT.-T-pvj, B r-rT^":: (?). ff Bom. .--;.

Bom.

"^.'n;:.

n:;: (B. t??!').

<?<?

^^^2X1

''n-^b^i

n-nrr^

srnis'

sb 11^''^^

'^xri'-ijn

sf^rnn

b3 br rr^r^

S31

7^^^'^

*'"':^i

n'^b'r^n

n^i

'"n^r-isi

NSbrb s5n

nr-i2 k;x qc-'^b

br aSnrb

'x^'^DiD

97

ny-iD

nrsi

^rii'a-^p

(44)

r^ nn5

"in'^rb n'^i^'

'']it

(43)

^^t

"^Di-i^

D^nstti Viink b55

xnni

"n-'b" '"I'-'bS '"iny-jri

rc^"" pE:i

tp\'^ ''Di nj^iD

inxb fixi xnn yns

nn

'^tf-c

nlci* n^

n^"^2r^

K5b nrns

Dp nS

(D'i)p

z-^S^rri i5nx

b55 nnrn ni-iD (Di)p

s-^7n5"

'xrnc

'z^^,^'cr^

xynsi nsTni x^:r

xyns

rSirn

^'ic

in

r^^bn

"j^:

Kipi (45)
rr^b"

nn*!!

xynx ^by

j-'bc

pDi''n

^Idi

'^^n^^T

{46)

psr

poi^

"j^

a^-^s^^

(47)
^"i-iir-iXb

n'^35

:?nr nini" bS

nn^ ^s{n:^ncn'^ "xrnp bpn i^ay

pcE-T

"ly

Ninb

s^^^ xbnr

^36

n"^

s^^^sr rci'^ ir^sT

''\^bj

ny

xb

j^Mi

xnn

ii:5

""^i^-ib-nN

i^nr

y'^.E ""tiis

n-ib'

n5

(48)

xn^nr nn^i

i<"-'^np5

fvc.

snw

'cdsi

">ns5

qDi-ibi

(49)
'"^b^srbii

50)

rTics n^b' "n'^'^b'i-:

s<:r'='

Bom. x:-:-c.
Bom. ^"'x\
c Bom. N:":r.
d Bom.
">"
"3^!!.
vocalization.
f Bom.
would be a better
/
? A
n'^"i\
// Bom. "p-^T.
,^
Should it be c''iJ?
i Bom. s-OJit).
/ Bom, l'^^:?'?" (B. j-^'cii'T). Cf. Winer: De Onkeloso eiusque
Paraphrasi Chaldaica: Leipzig 1S20. p. 28.
i Bom. "3?.
<7

/;

tT5

//

TT

'"i.

Instead of

rr^b

'{h'j,

-f-^-j-si

s-::5,

simply has rirs rlss

Bom. ir:sb.
p A has b:^
instead of br.
r/
Bom. "''"T / Bom. srsr. s Bom. r-:i^5<b.
/ C -rl:-.
u Bom. xr-p 'i.
.v Bom. xn:nro2 "^n.
v Bom.
pes "in.
/^^ Bom. rov.
<7a C 'n-b-^rx.
s Bom. "':'3":b.
cc Bom. rri-'b "i.
which

is

perhaps preferable.

lip

^i:^r:N

^ynxn

"^V

""nx

nic:^

98

xnoi di

'iTTEx 'Sic '^d^^bs*

xnp

n^ni^i Njnxa nsini xrao

qoii ^-i-asi 55^5 ^n^^S

xrnS nin n^ns^n

ni?iE (ai)p

s^y

tr>

t\bi^

syisn

jTD

qoi''

'^XD'^sn

'';iij

^:t

^5y^i?

bSni

qi

n'^-'i

yniij x^''5TrT

y^w

iiztiD

x^pi (51)

^nx^-iiai

(52)

(s^,)

(54)

xn^ns bin k;bd ninn

'nnsi n^na^i iyns bS ^rc^sDi

(55)
nib ib^rs 'isna^ bSb nyns -irsn ''s^nbb

"ntt'i^n qoi''

bS

rr^

nnsi x^ns

ids bS by nin s:&di (56)

q^^pni 'a^nsrib

s':s5

xniiy p-jinsi "s^^nsix

'^'j-inn

sSiny pT^b D^na^b 'ins K^ns

'^n'^^'i

bSi

(57)

s^ns? bSn 5c:b5 "ci^n "^^x :|6ii

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Page 50,

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