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50
June I.977
i3 8.
POWER TR~N~F~R~~~~
PART
11 TEMPERATURE-RISE
( First Revision )
Transformers
Sectional Committee,
ETDC
I6
Chnirrnan
U. K. I'ATWARDI~AN
Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay
Smr
Refiresenting
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (R&D Unit)
SIIRI S. AMMEERJAN
lamil Nadu Wxtricity Board, Madras
SXIRI N. s. s. (IROKIASWAMY
SIJRI M. K. SWDARARAJAN (&tcrtx&)
Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore
SIUU B. G. BIIAKEY
DR B. X. JAYARAM (,Werwte)
Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara
SI~RIA. V. BIIEEMARAU
SHRIJ. S. I-PER (/16fcmn2c)
Bombay Electric Supply and Transport UnderSrm~ S. 1). CHOTRANEY
taking, Bombay
SHRI Y. K. PALVAKKAR (Ahtmle)
Centrnl Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR(TRn~swsSON) (Alternate)
Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI T. K. Gr.iose
SIXRI I?. K. BIIATTACIIARJEE (kter~m&)
Research, Designs and Standards Organization,
JOINT DIRECTOR (SW-STATION)
Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
Metnbers
(k:LECTRICAL) (&?U2ate)
SHRI J. K. KIIANE~A
Rural Electrification
Indian Electrical
Bombay
Mnnufacturcrs
Tata
I-Iydro-l:Icctric
Bornhay
(,'&Ynatc)
0 Capyri&
Iowcr
Association,
Supply
Co
Ltd,
(Cor~filmedon j/qqe 2)
1977
I$ : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
Deputy Director(Elec
tech), IS1
of IS : 2026 Specification
ETDC 3 6 : P6
SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART
11.~ TEMPERATUREIRISE
(First
Revision)
0. FOREWORII
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Elcctrotechnical
Division Council.
0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026-l 962* has been undcrtakcn with a view to
bring it in line xvith the revision of IEC Pub 76 (1967) Power transformers.
0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers
in four parts as follows :
Part I General
Part II Temperature-rise
Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests
Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connections
are covered
0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on 1% Pub 76-2 (1976) Power
issued by the Inlernational
Electrotransformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise,
technical Commission.
0.5 This part shall bc read in conjunction \j-ith IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977?,
IS : 2026 (Part III)-1977:
and IS : 2026 (Part W)-1977$.
0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rcquircment
of this
standard is complied lvith, the final value, observed or ca~lcrl!alcd, esprcssing
rhe result of a test, shall bc rounded offin accordance >virli IS : 2-196011.
The number of si.gnificant places retained in 111~rounded ofl value should
1)~ the same as that of the spcciflcd value in tilis standard.
IS : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
1. SCOPE
1.1 This
sranclarcl
recluircments
of power
rransiormcrs.
.J,. ~~~NTI~~CATI~N
ACCORDIN:
TO
COOLING
METHOD
Symbols
- Translbrmers shall be identified according
Letter svmbols for use in connection
to the cooling method employed.
vsith each cooling method shall be as given in Table 1.
2.1 Identification
1 LETTER SYMBOLS
(CZam 2.1)
Symbol
0
k
W
A
N,
F
D
1s : 2026 (Pzirt
AXAlS
TABLE
2 ORDER
OF SYMBOLS
(Clause2.2.2)
2ndLAer
1st Letter
3rd r,e11cr
4tir Lefter
3. LIMITS
OF TEMPERAeTURE-RISE
not exceeding those given in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977 and with cooling
medium temperatures as descrihcd in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977 shall not
exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4 when tested in accordance with 4.
For multi-winding
transformers, the temperature-riseof
the top oil refers
to the specified loading combination for which the total losses arc highest.
Individual winding temperature-rises shall be considered relative to that
specified loading combination which is the most severe for the particular
winding under consideration.
3.1.1 The method of verification of the forced directed oil flow shall lx
subject to ag.reement between rhc manufacturer and the purchaser, normal 11
at the time of tender.
3.1.2 The temperature-rise< of transformers immersed in non-fiammahi~~
synthetic insulating liquids and using insulating materials whose tempera turnclasses are different from A ma) bc raised by an amount to bc agrcctl i,)
manufacturer and purchaser.
3.1.3 In certain types of uxnsformcrs Gth concenWic windings anii
vertical axes of core and xvinding=5 t\vo or more windings can Ix: arrangcci
*Specificationfor pow-r
trnnsformcl-s:Part I General.
5
IS : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
one above the other. If these windings are identical, the arithmetic mean
value of their temperature-rises shal I not exceed the permissible temperaturerises given in Tables 3 and 4. If \lle windings are not identical, their temperature-rises shall be subject to agixement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser.
In this case, the asial dimensions of each winding are to
be considered.
TABLE
3 TEMPERATURE-RISE
LIMITS
TRANSFORMERS
(Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3,
PART
EJ.
FOR DRY-TYPE
cooLIsc
METHOD
TEMPERATURE-RISE
hSULATIOX*
ii)
(3)
(2)
(1)
Air;e~atural
or
(4)
(5)
w
A
E
B
50
65
k
C
ii:
115
1w
All
ings
b) sot adjacent to
windings
All
TABLE
4 TEii%PE&STURERISELIMITS
F@R OIIXHMERSED
TYPE TRANSFORMERS
EST&R~AL
--Air
(1)
(2)
(3)
C
COOLING
A
:Mkky
Water
(4)
Oi=
i) Windings (temperature-rise
measured by resktancc
method)
class of insula-
ii) Teyraturc
NOTE
-The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method)
are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperature-rise with different types of oil circulation. The hot-spot tempcraturc-rise cannot normally be measured directly. Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and the
average temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in transformers with
natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the windings of transformers
with forced directed oil flow can have temperature-&z limits (measured by resistance
method) which arc 5C higher than in other transformers.
IS : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
WEST
OF TEMPERATURE-RISE
4.1 Measurement
of Temperature
(TYPE
of Cooling
TEST)
Air
HSy$2
:2@26 (hit
around ;tf1e ~.compfetc
,transfo.$,mer , o,utside ,the~z&culation
ferabl~&?~~thc
side without ,cooler,~ if any.
42
$&$$kment
of Temperature
of C6&&Water
IQ-:x977
streams,
prc-
The cooling
-+atet@%perature
shall be measured,(at
the-:intake.gf
the cooI,er and the
temperature
shall be taken as the average of at least.three
readings taken at
approximately
equal intervals not greater than On& hour. The readings shall
be tafc$in
the last quarter of the test period.
4.3 Determination
of Winding Temperature
- . The winding
tcmperaturcs shall in principle
be ascertained
using the resistance method.
If1e temperature
of a winding
( ~9~) at tf1e end of a test period shall be
calculated
from its measured resistance
(X,) at that temperature
and its
measured resistance (A?,) at some other temperature
( tfl ) using the formula :
for copper
e2=
whcrc
IS : 2026 (Part
XI) - 1977
--The
temperature of the
top oi! shall IX measured by a thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermoI::c!c~ pocket on the cover or in the outlet pipe to the cooler, but in the case
oiqarate
coolers it shall bc loratccl. in rhc outlet pipe adjacent to the transf\ ;:ti~r. Sl~ouIcl the tank not be completely filled with oil, the pocket shall
br !o:ig enolxgh, or placed in an appropriate position on the tank, to ensure
true measurement of the top oil temperature; alternatively, an opening shah
bc provided through which the thermometer can be inserted.
The tempc;:lr,ure-risc so determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given
i!l Iablc 4.
4.4 Measurement
of Test of Temperature-Rise
--- The test shall be continued until the requirements of one of the foIlowing methods have been met.
The method shall be chosen by the manufacturer.
4.5.1 Merl~od n-Evidence
shall be obtained that the highest temperapurerise will not exceed the value given in Table 3 or 4, as appropriate, even if
the test were continued until thermal equilibrium is reached.
Temperatures
shall be taken where possible during operation, as well as when the supply
to the transformer is switched-off.
The test shall not be regarded as completeci until the temperature-rise increment is less than 3C in 1 hour.
The method shown in Fig. 1 shall be employed for the determination of
the final temperature-rise.
4.3 Duration
4.5.2 Method b - It shail be demonstrated that the top oil temperaturerise does not vary more than 1C per hour during 4 consecutive hourly
readings.
If the test is performed initially with reduced cooling or without
any cooling, it shall be continued fo? sufficient time with full cooling to
pr.event ,errors in the measurement of the final oil temperature-rise.
TEMPERATURE-RISE
T-
t-
TEMPERATURE
INCREMENT
m
-T-Y?*
TIME
.-At
eat
At
At
At-
T-r<:. 1
IS : 2026 (Part
4.7 Test
Method
II) - 1977
for
Oil-Immersed
Type
Transformers*
lern-
pcrature-rise tests of oil-immersed type transformers include the determination of top oil temperature-rise and of ~~~inclingtemperature-rises.
XOTE I - Durillg rhc test the power required for the pumps and fans may be
rixxsured.
XOTE
NOTE - In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
80 percent of the total losses,the losses at which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
4.7.2 Winding
Winding temperature-rises
shall be
medium
test
by subtracting the external cooling
Temperature-Riser-
afndth$,.purchaser.
TEST READINGS
(corrected
for difference
in average oil tempera-
dR
RESISTANCE
.INCREMEN?
(.411 three
TIME
I)) In transformers with ON, OF and 01) cooling the avcragc oil
temperature shall he determined as the clilkrcnce between the top
oil temperature and halfthc temperac~u.c:-tl~ol) in the cooling cquipIllCllt.
.
IS : 2026 (Part
IX) - 1977
4.8
Loading
Methods*
PS : 2026 ,(Par$
,The temneratuse&se:-of, the ;tiindings&bove tliwamrage :oil:tempet%ture;
determined in .the second part of&&e~t;.added
to$he~~~erage,:oil temp,erature-rise, .determined in the first ~,~j~t$$$he test, shall:,glye the: temperature:
rise of the windings above the coohng medium tempertiture for totallosses at
rated current-lrated
frequency and +ated .voltage.
Alternatively,
the temperature-riseof
the \Kndings:abinc;;the
~*cooling
medium temperature for total losses.at rated hurrent and rated voltage,may
be derived from the temperature-rise of the windings,at the endafthe
run,
with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence of 4.8!3_,,by correctrng the
difference between the temperature of the windings and the average oil
temperature to the conditions corresponding to rated current and rated:
frequency.
4.8.4 Loading of Multi-Winding
Transformers - In the case of multiwinding transformers where more than two windings can be loaded simultaneously in service the temperature-rise
tests shall normally be performed
by separate two-winding tests.
In certain cases the rated powers of the individual windings~may preclude
the testing of the transformer at the full total losses.
For such cases the correction of the top oil temperature-&;-of
oil-immexr,sed type transformers shall be made as described in 4.71.
Calculated corrections according to 4.7.2 shall be made, where necessary,
to determine the individual xvinding tcmpcraturc-rises at the specified loading combination which is the most severe for the particular winding..
In
these calculations the manufacturer
may take account of the stray and
eddy current losses at this loading combination.
4.9 Temperature
Correction
Switching-Off
the Supply
for
CooIing
4.9.1 General-Winding
of Transformers
After
I : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
curves or
time/resistance curves.
4.9.2 Method of Extraljolation Using Gear Scales- The correction shall
be determined approximately by makin, v a series of resistance measurements
and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is extrapolated back
40 the instant ofswitching-off
the supply.
The highest winding temperature
shall then be calculated from the resistance at, the instant of switching-M
the supply.
This extrapolation shall be done according to 33,.
o. 2, Ghere the resistances
R are determined at equal intervals of time At.
In taking actual resistance measurements by some bridge methods it is
more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance Ali, that
is, time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set bridge passes
through zero.
The decreases in resistance, a R, corresponding to equal time interval
are put down horizontally at the appropriate points of the ordinate and give
the straight line L. R, is the resistance of the winding at the. instant of
switching-off the supply.
4.9.3 Method of Extrapolation Using Log-Linear Scales- The di&rence a R
between the measured resistance and the resistance R, corresponding to the
temperature to which the winding is cooling after switching-off the supply
shall be drawn on log-linear graph paper 6th time as linear and~R
as
the logarithmic axis. The resistance R shall be chosen in such a,;way that
the test points plotted appear almost on a straight line, The resistance at
the instant of switching-off the supply shall then be equal to R + AR,,
where AR, is ,found by drawing a straight ,line. through the point .on the
graph and extrapolating it back to zero time.
4,9.4 .,Ter@r+re,cf Hot-$pt .in Winding -For the purpose of calibrating
~?n,di,ng+empe@a.tre indicato,rs, the tempe+i@
of the hot-spot+a, winding,;shaJl be:~,tak.$n:asthe sumof the temperattire~at the top oil (.&fc,ool$g
air %m.$erature) and $1 times ,the temper&&$rise~
of tne winding above
~&+&.$ j&j~l;iemperat&$f;,
1?yl
the terminals @the winding due, to this direct cucrenx, These measur&nents
are n&de at leastBt,tke beginning and end of ~_heltemperature;ris~t~t
and
are used to determine the mean temperature~of f&x&d$gs~by
the variation
of resistance, the accuracy being in the order of 1 YI:.
The method is equally appiicable,to tempcra~ure-r%se~ tests carried out try
means of thedirect
loading, back-to-back or @rt-ci%g$
me;thods.
u
to
th$:Y>vindmg
,connections;
the,
The test arrangements vary accordin,
two most frequent connections are describcd.iri A-2 and A-3.
A-2. STAR
WINDINGS
WITH
NEUTRAL
BROUGHT
OUT
R z +
(3y-)-y,)
OR STAR WINDING
WITHOUT
ACCESSI-
)4J
F
mV
--+I1
7
w
Fi$;~?j ST;~R/STAR
TILQJSPORMER
WITH NEUTRALSBROUGHTOUT
mV
TRANSFORMER
SilPPLY
TRANSFORMER
A-
-I
I-
I-
UNDER .TESf
IS : 2026 (Part
II) - 1977
AHEtOlENT MI. 1
APRIL ?981
?O
IS:2026(Part
XI)-1977
SPECIFICATION FOR
POkdERl?MNSFORMERS
P/W e:i
TE)IPERATURE-RI.SE
Nteration
-----
AMENDMENT
NO. 2 OCTOBER
7984
TO
IS:2026(Part 2)-1977 SPECIFICATION
FWPDWR'
TRAfJSFORMERS
PART 2 TEMPERMURE-RKE
(Fi2'8
(Page 5, clause
3.2)
t Revighm)
clause.
[Page 7, Table 4, co2 (1) and (21.1 ~-,Substi$ute
the followiIrg
for the existing
matter a,gainst $3 No. i.)
snd ii) and renumber subsequent
Serial
'IJos. accordingly.
(1)
i)
(2)
Windings
resistance
insulation
(temperature-rise
measured by
method) temperature
class of
A
new
"3.b Choice
of T~~~g_f~r_T~rn~er~~se
Test
-----Temperature-rise
test shall be performed
at the tapping
If nothing
has been stated
as desired
bjr the purchaser.
by the purchaser,
the test shall be carried
out as
indicated
below:
a) For tapping
ranges less than or equal to
10 percent
tapping
on negative
side, the test
shall
be performed
on the lowest tap at appropriate
current
relating
to this tap!,kng;
and
Reprography
Unit,
ISX,
Hew Delhi,
India