Bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram Stain

biochemical test

O2
requirement

facultative
anaerobes

shape

extra features

virulence factors

clinical significance
catalase test

cocci, in
clusters(grape like)

1. Cell wall:

1.Direct tissue infection:

Protein A --> binds Fc portion of IgG (antiphagocytic

effect)

Localised skin infection,

Deep skin infection,
Systemic infection

Fibronectin binding protein --> promote binding to

mucosal surface

2. toxins-related diseases:

2. Enzymes (catalase and DNAse)

Toxic shock syndrome,

food poisoning, scalded
skin syndrome

coagulase test

Oxidase

Identification
Lactose
fermentation

DNAse

Glucose
fermentation

Maltose
fermentation

further classification

Complex/selective
differential media
media

Blood agar; Golden Mannitol Salt agar;

colonies
media turns yellow

Blood agar; White Mannitol Salt agar;

colonies
no colour change

3.Toxins (Cytolytic exotoxins and superantigen

exotoxins)
Staphylococcus
epidermidids

facultative
anaerobe

cocci, in clusters

Streptococcus pyogenes

facultative
anaerobes

cocci in chains OR
diplococci

1. Capsule(made of hyaluronic acid) --> not

immunogenic

-ve

It is a B-hemolytic
Serologic (lancefield) grouping;
strept. (yellowishIt is Group A
clear)

-ve

It is a a-hemolytic
strept. (greenish)

2. fimbriae containing M-protein --> highly variable

3.Protein F (fibronectin binding protein) -->adherence
to epithelial fibronectin (especially pharyngal
epithelium)
4. Exotoxins: [pyrogenic exotoxins;Streptolysin O &
;Streptokinase; C5a
peptidase;streptodornases;hyaluronidase]

Streptococcus
Pneumoniae

facultative
anaerobes

1. Polysaccharide capsule (most important) --> it is

antiphagocytic and has many different serotypes
because of the fact of being a carbohydrate antigen

cocci in chains OR
diplococci

Pneumonia,
bacteremia,meningitis,
middle ear infection

2. Surface protein adhesions

3. Pneumolysin --> They bind cholesterol in host cell
membrane,lyse ciliated epithelial cells; They facilitate
spread into tissue
4. IgA Protease --> This breaks down secretory IgA in
mucosa
Clostridium tetani

anaerobes

bacilli

spore-forming

Clostiridium botilium

anaerobes

bacilli

spore-forming

Clostridium perferingens

anaerobes

bacilli

spore-forming

Clostridium difficile

anaerobes

bacilli

spore-forming

Toxin A is enterotoxin, toxin B is cytotoxin

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

anaerobic

diplococci

has pilli,
uncapsulated

1. Pilli --> adherence and antiphagocytic

tetanus;blocks inhibitry
neurotransmittor at
synapse
botulinism; neurotoxin
blocks release of
gas gangrene, food
poisoning,endometritis
pseudomembranous collitis
(antibiotic associated
diarrhea)
Gonorrhoroeae (this
infection can affect the
urethra,cervix,conjuctiva,p
harynx and rectum)

2. Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) --> adherence;

They produce
variable antigenicity (they contribute to the ability of
Beta Lactamase
bacteria to evade the immune system); they function
!!!
as porins
3. IgA protease
Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus infulenzae

anaerobic

anaerobic

diplococci

coccobacilli

pilli,capsulated 1. Polysaccharide capsule

for growth :
Requires
Hemin (factor
X) & NAD+
(factor V)

1. Meningitis

2. Pilli

2.Sepsis and Septic shock

due to endotoxin

1. Capsule

by Contagious Spread:
otitis media, epiglotitis,
sinusitis,
bronchopneumonia

2. IgA protease

by hematogenous
dessemination: meningitis,
septic arthritis

Thayer Martin
Agar;

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

Escherichia coli

obligate
anaerobe

bacilli

1. It has
minimal
nutritional
requirements

1. Pilli --> adherence and antiphagocytic

1. nosocomial infections

2. Capsule

2. Localised infections :
urinary tract, wound,
respiratory infections

3. Exotoxin A --> targets elongation factor 2

3. Systemic infections: CNS,

bone&joint infections ,
endocarditis
1. most common in urinary
tract infections (both
cystitis and pyelonephritis)

facultate
anaerobes

It produces green
blue pigments
called pyocyanin
[greenish colonies]

Genitically diverse, serotype

based on 3 structural antigens:

2. Neonatal meningitis

1) O antigen -->
lipopolysaccharide

3. Nosocomial infections
(sepsis, pneumonia)

2) H antigen --> in flagella

3) K antigen (in capsule

Salmonella

Shigella

facultative
anaerobes

1. Salmonellosis
(transmission via
poultry,egg,meat) -->
localised GI conditions
(nausea,vomiting,diarrhea

bacilli

bacilli

uncapsulated

2. Typhoid fever (spread

via the blood to other
organs)
1. Bacilliary dysenetry
(bloody stool and
abdominal cramps)
this is by invasion or
exotoxin (shiga toxin)
which inhibits protein
synthesis via lysing 28s
rRNA

MacConkey agar;
this contains
lactose and pH
indicator -->
colocur change
cause of lower pH