CEWB 221 HYDROLOGY & HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 3

BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPARATUS
SECTION: 01
GROUP:
01

GROUP MEMBERS:
1) NURFAZILA BINTI MOHD FAUZI
2) NURULHIDAYAH BINTI ABDUL JALIL
3) NUR FATIN BT ABDUL RAHAMAN
4)

CE094112
CE094202
CE093472

DATE OF LABORATORY SESSION:

15/12/2014
DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION: 29/12/2014
LAB ASSISTANCE :
LECTURER:
DR. HIDAYAH BTE. BASRI

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

CONTENT
Summary/Abstract
Objective
Theory
Apparatus
Procedure
Data and Observations
Results and Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendices

PAGE
3
3
4-5
6
7
8-9
10
11
12
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SUMMARY/ABSTRACT

Bernoullis Theorem states The total head of flowing liquid between

two points remains constant provided there is no loss due to friction
no gain due to application of outside work between the two points.
Bernoulli's law also indicates that, if an inviscid fluid is flowing along
a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at
constrictions where the velocity is higher, and higher where the pipe
opens out and the fluid stagnates. Many people find this situation
paradoxical when they first encounter it (higher velocity, lower
pressure). From this experiment, we make early assumption; that
varying diameter along the venturi tube will affect the changes of
elevation tube and also its total head and static head. Furthermore,
this Bernoulli experiment will demonstrate the relation of pressure
head, velocity head and static head and compare it with Bernoullis
Theorem.

OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the pressure head, velocity head and static head
and compare it with Bernoullis Theorem.
2. To compare the theoretical total head with experimental total
head.
3. To observe the conservation of energy through the varying of
diameter along a tube used.

THEORY
3

Bernoullis Theorem States The total head of flowing liquid between

two points remains constant provided there is no loss due to friction
no gain due to application of outside work between the two points.
Total head (HL) of flowing liquid is made up of Elevation Head or
Static Head (Hs). Pressure Head (Hp) and Velocity Head (Hv), mutually
convertible each into the others form.

HT = total head
m
V = velocity
m/sec
P = pressure
Newton/m3
Z = Elevation
m
G = Acceleration dur to gravity
=
9.81 m/sec2
3
= Density
kg/m

Thus for point 1 and 2

(1)
(2)

(3)

(6) (7)
(4) (5)

(8)

FLOW

(Total head)

D1=28mm D2=21mm D3=14mm D4= 16.8mm

D6=22.4mm

D5=19.6mm

D7=25.2mm D8=28mm

If the Bernoullis tube is horizontal then Z 1 = Z2 and if loss between

point 1 and 2 is very small, then:

If point 1 and point 2 are different diameters, then and V 1 and V2 are
different. This is demonstrated by difference in manometer water
levels between point 1 and point 2. At the same time we can
compare total head at any point along the Venturi tube using total
head probe whose total head is shown on tube no. 7:

At the tip of the total head probe ZT = Z1

OR

Thus velocity head can be demonstrated by the difference between

total head (PT/g)
and pressure head (P1/g)

APPARATUS

A Venturi tube with 28mm and 14mm inside diameter 21 inlet

angle and 10 outlet angle. Exact diameters are indicated on
the Venturi body. 8 pressure tapping along the wall of the tube
for connection with the manometer.
Water manometer 8 tubes x 500mm with top air chamber and
bleeding valve to vary by a hand air pump.
Total head probe of stainless steel tube (1.9mm inside diameter)
which can be moved axially along the Venturi tube. The total
head tube is connecting by a hose to manometer tube no. 7
A rotameter (optional) with flow rate 5-35 LPM. A control valve at
the outlet of the Venturi tube is used to control the flow as
well as raise or lower pressure (hence flow rate) in the system.
All equipments are mounted on steel frame adjustable level
screw with white Acrylic backing.
Stopwatch.

PROCEDURE

Demonstration that total head is constant or small

difference between 2 points if there is a small friction loss.
1. Hydraulics Bench outlet is connected to the test set with the
set outlet valve open.
2. The pump is started and the Bench outlet is slowly opened to
obtain over flow, then close the inlet valve.
3. The test set outlet valve and/or top air chamber is adjusted
(by hand air pump) such that water levels in all tube of the
manometer can be observed.
4. The total head at any point is indicated on tube No.7.
5. Flow rate and manometer readings are recorded.
6. Flow rate is changed to 10, 15, 20 LPM. Data is recorded.

DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

Tube
No.

Diamete
r
(mm)

Diamete
r
(m)

Volum
e
(m)

0.0280

C/Sectio
n
(m)
( x 10 )
6.16

28.0

21.0

0.0210

3.46

0.004

14.0

0.0140

1.54

0.004

16.8

0.0168

2.22

0.004

19.6

0.0196

3.02

0.004

22.4

0.0224

3.94

0.004

25.2

0.0252

4.99

0.004

28.0

0.0280

6.16

0.004

0.004

10

Time
(s)
15

20

28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0
28.0
0

17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0
17.0
0

12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0
12.0
0

Q
(m/s) ( x10 )
10
15
20
1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

1.43

2.35

3.33

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Velocity
(m/s)
15

20

0.23
2
0.41
3
0.92
9
0.64
4
0.47
4
0.36
4
0.28
7
0.23
2

0.38
1
0.96
2
2.16
2
1.05
9
0.77
8
0.59
6
0.47
1
0.38
1

0.54
1
0.96
2
2.16
2
1.50
0
1.10
3
0.84
5
0.66
7
0.54
1

Total Head
HT (m)
10
15
20
0.22
6
0.22
6
0.22

0.28
4
0.28
4
0.28

0.37
5
0.37
5
0.37

10

Velocity Head
Hv (m)
15

20

2.74 x 10

7.40 x 10

0.015

8.69 x 10

0.023

0.047

0.044

0.119

0.238

0.021

0.057

0.115

0.011

0.031

0.062

6.72 x 10

0.018

0.036

4.20 x 10

0.011

0.023

2.74 x 10

7.40 x 10

0.015

10

Static Head
Hs (m)
15

20

0.218

0.267

0.348

0.208

0.252

0.319

0.145

0.124

0.072

6
0.22
6
0.22
6
0.22
6
0.22
6
0.22
6

4
0.28
4
0.28
4
0.28
4
0.28
4
0.28
4

5
0.37
5
0.37
5
0.37
5
0.37
5
0.37
5

0.150

0.148

0.149

0.184

0.203

0.232

0.194

0.220

0.264

0.226

0.284

0.375

0.202

0.235

0.295

Observations.
1. At any flow rate, manometer recording (static head) at tube No.8 is lower than tube No.1 despite Venturi tube
diameter is the same. This difference represents friction loss between point 1 and point 8.
2. As total head probe is slowly moving from point No.1 and point No.8, the total head probe reading at tube
No.7 slowly decrease. This also demonstrates friction loss as the total head probe move along the length of
the Venturi tube.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

For Tube No. 1
Time taken: 10s
Diameter = 28mm = 0.028m
(1) Cross Section, A (m) = d = (0.028) = 6.16 x 10 m
4
4
(2) Discharge, Q (m/s) = Volume = 0.004 = 1.43 x 10 m/s
Time
28.00
(3) Velocity, V (m/s) = Discharge, Q = 1.43 x 10 = 0.222 m/s
Area, A
6.16 x 10
(4) Velocity Head, Hv = V = (0.232) = 2.512 x 10 m
2g
2x9.81
(5) Theoretical Total Head, HT = (Static Head) + (Velocity Head)
= (0.218) + (2.74 x10 )
= 0.221 m
(6) Differences = Experimental Total Head Theoretical Total Head
= (0.226 0.221) m
= 0.005 m

(7) From the experiment, there are slightly differences between

experiment and theoretically result. The reading is not really
accurate. This is because of the parallax error when we read the
values from the tube. The experiment is repeated 3 times to get the
average result; which is more accurate than just doing the
experiment one time.

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DISCUSSION
From this experiment, we have venturi tube with different
diameter along the tube or in other words varying cross section.
From the data and observation, we can see that varying diameter
along the venturi tube will affect the changes of elevation tube and
also its total head and static head. Besides that, different diameter
along the tube will have different velocity. The smallest diameter
along the tube which is at point no. 3 has bigger velocity due to the
equation Q= AV, which is cross section (area) of the tube, is
inversely proportional with velocity.
At any flow rate, manometer recording of tube no.1 and no.8
is different even though they have same diameter (cross section).
This happen because of the friction loss between tube no.1 and
no.8. As total head probe is slowly moving from point No.1 and
point No.8, the total head probe reading at tube No.7 slowly
decrease. This also demonstrates friction loss as the total head
probe move along the length of the Venturi tube.
There are lots of difficulties faced and errors that might
occurred when the experiment is conducted. Firstly, the reading
value from the experiment is not too accurate. This might happen
due to the unstable equipment and influence of touching. Therefore,
to eliminate this error we have to make sure that the manometer
tube is free from any air bubble before taking the data because this
air bubble will surely affect the result. Furthermore, we are advised
to repeat our experiment at least 3 times and take the average
value. Secondly, parallax error also might occur because the
manometer tube is placed quite low. So, make sure that our eyes

11

are horizontal to the meniscus level when read the manometer.

Thus, more attention should be paid in conducting this experiment
and the precaution steps should be taken seriously to obtain more
accurate and precise results.

CONCLUSION
From this experiment, our objectives which are to determine
the pressure head, velocity head and static head and compare it
with Bernoullis Theorem, to compare the theoretical total head with
experimental total head and to observe the conservation of energy
through the varying of diameter along a tube used are achieved. In
conclusion, different/varying diameter along the tube will affect the
changes of elevation tube, its total head, static head and also the
velocity. The theoretical total head and experimental total head are
slightly different because some errors are occurs and friction loss.
From this experiment we also can conclude that, when the
diameter along the tube is big, the water velocity will decrease in
order to maintain a constant flow rate. This decreasing means that
kinetic energy has also decrease and therefore pressure energy
must increase to counter balance the change.

REFERENCES

Lab manual Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering.

Notes and handout Hydrology and Hydraulic given by Dr.

Mohamed Nor Mohamed Desa.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle

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APPENDICES

Figure 1: Manometer Tube.

Tube.

Figure 2: Venturi

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Figure 3: Bernoulli Theorem Apparatus

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