SHIPPING

Have multiple meanings. Can be describing as the movement of objects by ship or a physical process of transporting
goods & cargo by land, air and sea.
Merchant shipping is essential to the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 50,000 merchant ships
worldwide
Land or ground shipping can be by train or by truck.
In air and sea shipments, ground transportation is often still required to take the product from its origin to the airport or
seaport and then to its destination.
Ground transportation is typically more affordable than air shipments, but more expensive than shipping by sea.

SHIPBUILDING AND SHIP REPAIR

Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and floating vessels.

It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard.
Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights
Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as "naval engineering". The construction
of boats is a similar activity called boat building.
Consist of activities such as design, procurement, logistic, welding, painting etc.
Example Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries

PORTS AND TERMINALS

A place on a waterway with facilities for loading and unloading ships.

The port may handle one particular type of cargo or it may handle numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid
chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc.
Such ports are known as the "bulk" or "break bulk ports".
Those ports that handle containerized cargo are known as container ports.

Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle.
Additionally, the individual cargo ports are divided into different operating terminals, which handle the different cargoes,
and are operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators or stevedores.

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS

The word offshore in oil & gas industry refers to industrial activities in open sea, starting from the search (exploration) of
oil & gas to production (exploration) transportation them to the shore.
The offshore industries require continued development of new technologies in order to produce oil in regions, which are
inaccessible to exploit with the existing technologies.
With the depletion of oil in onshore and offshore shallow water reserves, the exploration & production of oil in deep water
has become a challenge to the offshore industry.
Offshore exploration & production of minerals is advancing into deeper waters at a fast pace.
In order to meet the need for offshore exploration & production of oil/gas, a new generation of bottom supported and
floating structures is being developed.

FISHERIES

A fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery.
According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water
or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features .
A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture.
Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and
aquaculture
Close to 90% of the worlds fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters.
These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tones).
Most marine fisheries are based near the coast.

This is not only because harvesting from relatively shallow waters is easier than in the open ocean, but also because fish
are much more abundant near the coastal shelf, due to coastal upwelling and the abundance of nutrients available there.
However, productive wild fisheries also exist in open oceans, particularly by seamounts, and inland in lakes and rivers.
Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but increasingly fisheries are farmed.
Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks
and other enclosures.
Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and
scallops.
3 types of fisheries sector (commercial sector, traditional sector, recreational sector).