ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have made efforts for this project, but it would not have been
possible to do so without the help of many individuals.
Our sincere thanks to all the teachers, especially Vipin sir, our maths
teacher, for their guidelines and suggestions. We would also like to
thank our school for providing us with such an opportunity and providing
us with the required resources.
We would also like to express our gratitude to our parents who allowed
and supported us while making the project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to several other people
who were a part of this project one way or the other.

INTRODUCTION
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation
system that was developed by the U.S. Department of Defence (DoD) in
the early 1970s. Primarily, GPS was developed as a military system to
fulfil U.S. military needs. However, it was later made available to
civilians, and is now a dual-use system that can be accessed by both
military and civilian users. GPS provides continuous positioning and
timing information, anywhere in the world under any weather conditions.
Because it serves an unlimited number of users as well as being used
for security reasons, GPS is a one-way-ranging (passive) system. That
is, users can only receive the satellite signals.
The outstanding performance of GPS over many years has earned the
confidence of millions of civil users worldwide. It has proven its
dependability in the past and promises to be of benefit to users, all over
the world, far into the future.

PRIME OBJECTIVE
The goal of this thesis work is primarily to formulate some mathematical
models to determine accurately the GPS tracking signal. Numerical
method such as the Gaussian Elimination method will be used to find
the exact position of a GPS signal receiver in the three dimension
space. Finally some GPS applications area will be discussed. Finally
some GPS applications area will be discussed.
As mentioned before, each GPS satellite continuously transmits a microwave radio signal composed of
two carriers, two codes, and a navigation message. When a GPS receiver is switched on, it will pick up the
GPS signal through the receiver antenna. Once the receiver acquires the GPS signal, it will process it
using its built-in software. The partial outcome of the signal pro-cessing consists of the distances to the
GPS satellites through the digital codes (known as the pseudo ranges) and the satellite coordinates
through the navigation message.
Theoretically, only three distances to three simultaneously tracked satellites are needed. In this case, the
receiver would be located at the intersection of three spheres; each has a radius of one receiver-satellite
distance and is centered on that particular satellite (Figure 3.1). However from the practical point of
view, a fourth satellite needed to account for the receiver clock oset

3.2

Numerical Expression of The Coordinates

The launching over the last three decade of the so-called

geosynchronous satellites (i.e., satellites located at a fixed point above
the surface of the earth) has made it possible to determine tracking
signal position anywhere on earth. this is done by measuring the time it
take for a signal to travel between the observer and any satellite and
translating it into distance ri between the two.
To exact the desired coordinates of the observer from these
measurements, we construct a sphere of radius ri about each of four
satellites. The equa-tions these spheres are given by:

Where xi; yi; zi are the known coordinates of the satellites in the space
and x; y; z are the unknown coordinate of the observer on the earth as
shown on the Figure 3.2. We now subtract the first of these equations
from each of the three. This eliminates quadratic terms in x; y; z and
leads to the following set of nonhomogeneous linear equation in x; y; z:

GPS has been available for civil and military use for more than two decades. That period of time has
witnessed the creation of numerous new GPS ap-plications. Because it provides high-accuracy
positioning in a cost eective manner, GPS has found its way into many industrial applications,
replacing conventional methods in most cases. For example, with GPS, machineries can be automatically
guided and controlled. This is especially useful in hazardous areas, where human lives are endangered.
Even some species of birds are benefiting from GPS technology, as they are being monitored with GPS
during their immigration season. This way, help can be presented as needed. This chapter describes how
GPS is being used in land, marine, and airborne applications.

Accurate and up-to-date maps of utilities are essential for utility companies. The availability of such
maps helps electric, gas, and water utility compa-nies to plan, build, and maintain their assets.
The GPS/GIS system provides a cost-eective, ecient, and accurate tool for creating utility maps. With the
help of GPS, locations of features

such as gas lines can be accurately collected, along with their attributes (such as their conditions and
whether or not a repair is needed). The col-lected information can then be used by a GIS system to create
updated utility maps.
In situations of poor GPS reception, such as in urban canyons, it might be useful to use integrated GPS
and LRF systems [10]. This integrated system is an ecient tool for rapid utility mapping. A GPS
receiver remains in the open for the best signal reception, while the LRF measures the oset information
(range A GPS receiver remains in the open for the best signal reception, while the LRF measures the
oset information (range and azimuth) to the utility assets such as light poles (see Figure 4.1). The
processing software should be able to combine both the GPS and the LRF information.
Buried utilities such as electric cables or water pipes can also be mapped eciently using GPS (Figure
4.1). With the help of a pipe/cable locator attached to the second port of the GPS handheld controller,
accurate infor-mation on the location and the depth of the buried utility can be collected. This is a very
cost-eective and ecient tool, as no ground marking is re-quired.

4.4

GPS for Land Seismic Surveying

Oil and gas exploration requires mapping of the subsurface geology through

seismic surveying. In

land seismic surveys, low-frequency acoustic energy is sent down into the underground rock layers
(Figure 4.3). The source of the acoustic energy is often selected to be a mechanical vibrator consisting of

a metal plate mounted on a truck. The plate is pressed against the ground and vibrated to produce the
acoustic energy. In rough areas, dynamite is still being used as the energy source.

4.6

GPS for Vehicle Navigation

When traveling through unfamiliar areas, vehicle drivers often use paper road maps for route guidance.
However, besides being inecient, searching for a destination using a paper map is unsafe, especially in
busy areas. A new technology, incorporating GPS with digital road maps and a computer system, has
been developed so that route guidance can be obtained elec-tronically with a touch of a button [16].
Figure 4.5 illustrates this concept.
The role of GPS in this technology is to contiJ1uously determine the vehi-cles location. In obstructed
areas, such as urban canyons and tunnels, GPS is supplemented by a terrestrial system such as the DR
system to overcome the GPS signal blockage. This system is accurate only over a short period of time. The
GPS-determined vehicle location is superimposed on an elec-tronic digital road map, containing in its
database digital information such as street names and directions, business listings, airports, attractions,
and other related information. Once the driver inputs a destination, the built-in computer finds the best
route to reach that destination. Factors such as shortest distance and time to destination, one-way roads,
illegal turns, and rush-hour restrictions, are all considered in the path finding. Some systems allow the
drivers to input other factors such as accident avoidance.
The driver usually gets turn-by-turn instructions, with audio and/or visual indications, to the destination. If the
driver misses a turn, the system