Bar Bending Schedule Excel Form4

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project
Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3
C O N T E N T S PA G E
Contents Page....................................................................................- 1 List of Tables......................................................................................- 4 Table of Figures.................................................................................- 5 Synopsis.............................................................................................- 6 1.0
Introduction.......................................................................- 7 -
2.0
Project development..........................................................- 9 -
2.1
Introduction..........................................................................- 9 -
2.2
Research...............................................................................- 9 -
2.3
Conceptual Design..............................................................- 18 -
2.4
Scheme choice at conceptual design stage........................- 25 -
2.5
Feedback from Conceptual Design Interview.....................- 31 -
2.6
Detailed Design...................................................................- 31 -
2.7
Feedback from Detailed Design Interview..........................- 35 -
2.8
Final design.........................................................................- 36 -
2.9
Feedback from Design Seminar..........................................- 37 -
3.0
Method Statements.........................................................- 38 -
3.1
Description of Work and Location.......................................- 38 -
3.2
Piling method statement.....................................................- 38 -
3.3
Reinforcement Method statement......................................- 42 -
3.4
Walkway Method statement................................................- 44 -
Hemis Number 244742
Selsey Lifeboat Station
4.0
Material Specification ....................................................- 45 -
4.1
Steel Elements Comprising the Piling foundations............- 45 -
4.2
Steel connections to Piling foundations..............................- 46 -
4.3
Steel Reinforcement...........................................................- 47 -
4.4
Walkway components..........................................................- 48 -
5.0
Construction Processes...................................................- 49 -
6.0
Testing Procedures..........................................................- 51 -
6.1
Dynamic Pile Testing (DPT)................................................- 51 -
6.2
Loading test........................................................................- 52 -
6.3
Metallic coating to beams for Walkway...............................- 52 -
7.0
7.1
8.0
PerformanceCriteria........................................................- 54 Corrosion Protection...........................................................- 54 Maintenance....................................................................- 57 -
8.1
Maintenance of Piling works...............................................- 57 -
8.2
Maintenance of cathodic protection of Piling works..........- 58 -
9.0
Life cycle Anaylsis...........................................................- 62 -
9.1
Life Cycle Analysis of the Piling Foundations.....................- 62 -
9.2
Inventory Analysis...............................................................- 64 -
10.0
Risk Assessment..............................................................- 67 -
10.1 Piling Risk Assessment.......................................................- 68 10.2 Steel fixing Risk Assessment..............................................- 69 10.3 Walkway Risk Assessment................................................ - 70 11.0
Cdm Regulations...........................................................- 71 -
Hemis Number 244742
11.1 Introduction........................................................................- 71 11.2 Risks assessed by CDM Regulations for Piling...................- 72 11.3 CDM Regulations for Working in Costal conditions/over water.73 11.4 Application of CDM regulations during Construction........- 75 12.0
Key mitigation measures.................................................- 80 -
12.1 Results of Risk Assessment.................................................- 80 12.2 Noise Mitigation for piling works.......................................- 80 12.3 Working over water Mitigation for piling works.................- 83 13.0
Whole life costing............................................................- 91 -
13.1 Total Cost for piling works..................................................- 91 14.0
Environmental Assessment.............................................- 93 -
14.1 Environmental assessment Leopold Matrix........................- 94 14.2 Result..................................................................................- 94 14.3 Mitigation against Risk.......................................................- 95 15.0
Programme of Works and Resources Aggregation..........- 96 -
16.0
Take off sheet results........................................................- 97 -
17.0
Bill of Quantities...............................................................- 99 -
18.0
Final Cost........................................................................- 100 -
19.0
References......................................................................- 101 -
20.0
Appendix A : Drawings..............................................................
21.0
Appendix B : Calculations..........................................................
22.0
Appendix C : BillofQuantities&associatedworks.......................
Hemis Number 244742
Hemis Number 244742
L I S T O F TA B L E S
Table 1 : Matrix choice of Pile system to be used...........................- 19 Table 2 : Comparison of Brief with solutions...................................- 25 Table 3 : Comparison of prices with solutions................................- 26 Table 4 : Decision matrix.................................................................- 30 Table 5 : Frequency of functional checks (BSI, 2001)....................- 60 Table 6 : Embodied energy in materials..........................................- 64 Table 7 : Energy consumption during construction........................- 65 Table 8 : Energy consumption during Maintenance........................- 66 Table 9 : Piling Risk Assessment.....................................................- 68 Table 10 : Steel fixing Risk Assessment..........................................- 69 Table 11 Walkway Risk Assessment................................................- 70 Table 12 : Noise made due to piling with steel H Piles (BS1, 1992). - 81
Table 13 : Environmental assessment Leopold matrix....................- 94 Table 14 : Bill of Quantities...........................................................- 100 -
Hemis Number 244742
Hemis Number 244742
TA B L E O F F I G U R E S
Figure i : Map of Area during 1854 1901.....................................- 10 Figure ii : Map of Area during 1906 1939....................................- 10 Figure iii : Map of Area during 1924 1949...................................- 11 Figure iv : Map of Area during 1943 1995...................................- 11 Figure v : Aerial view of existing lifeboat station............................- 13 Figure vi : Detailed map of site location.........................................- 14 Figure vii Geology of Area...............................................................- 15 Figure viii : H-Pile System...............................................................- 20 Figure ix : Image illustrating a jack up Barge.................................- 50 Figure x : Bathing Waters................................................................- 10 Figure xi : Nature Reserves.............................................................- 10 Figure xiii : Sites of special scientific interest ...............................- 10 Figure xiii : Marine sensitive areas................................................- 10 -
Hemis Number 244742
SYNOPSIS
The objective of this report is the design and planning of the piling
foundations of a proposed R.N.L.I slipway lifeboat station at Selsey.
The lifeboat station is part of the redevelopment of old lifeboat
stations by the R.N.L.I.
This report shows the project development, from concept to detailed

final design. The final design chosen was to use 356 x 368 x 174 steel
H piles, to support the steel frame, to the slab and the portal frame
superstructure.
All piles to be protected from corrosion by a
technique known as cathodic protection. The design has been

undertaken by combined computer software analysis and hand
calculations, construction drawings have been included.
This report also looks at construction resources for the piling

foundations including; a cost appraisal in the form of a Bill of
Quantities giving a construction cost of 230,065.45, risk assessments
and mitigations giving a financial contingency of 59,500, whole life
costing giving a total life cost of 531,489,59, a Gantt chart showing
the piling foundation activities and construction duration of 39days,
detailed method statement for the main area of work, CDM appraisal
Hemis Number 244742
and
material
specifications
including
performance
criteria,
construction processes and environmental assessment.
Hemis Number 244742
1.0
INTRODUCTION
This report contains the design of the Foundations and walkway

connecting the shoreline to a proposed fully operating R.N.L.I slipway
lifeboat station at Selsey.
The report includes the development of the design, recommendations

for the final design, calculations, drawings, method statement, risk
assessments, CDM appraisal, Gantt chart with resource aggregation,
Bill
of
Quantities
and
material
specifications,
including
an
environmental assessment for the construction of the foundations and

walkway.
This is Volume 1 of the report and should be read in conjunction with

Volumes 2, and 3 along with the Preliminary Engineering Report.
Volume 1 of the report covers the design of the Foundations and

walkway connecting the shoreline to a proposed fully operating
R.N.L.I slipway lifeboat station at Selsey.
Hemis Number 244742
10
Volume 2 of the report covers the design of the slipway and the slab
arrangement to a proposed fully operating R.N.L.I slipway lifeboat
station at Selsey.
Volume 3 of the report covers the design of the superstructure to a

proposed fully operating R.N.L.I slipway lifeboat station at Selsey.
The Preliminary Engineering Report covers the group conceptual

research and design solutions for the R.N.L.I Lifeboat station.
Hemis Number 244742
11
2.0
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Introduction
This chapter illustrates the development of the foundation design for
the lifeboat station from the conceptual design stage up to the final
design. It shows the development of this particular aspect of the
scheme. It follows the general research which is detailed in the
Preliminary Engineering Report, and demonstrates the individual
research done about the foundations, construction problems, loading,
design development and choice of construction method.
2.2 Research
Much of the research was made at the conceptual stage, and is
contained in the preliminary report. Below is research that is
applicable
to
the
design
of
the
foundation,
thus
producing
considerations for any future design.
Hemis Number 244742
12
2.2.1 Site history.
Figure i : Map of Area during 1854 1901, (Digimap Historic, 2006).
Figure ii : Map of Area during 1906 1939, (Digimap Historic, 2006).
Hemis Number 244742
13
Figure iii : Map of Area during 1924 1949, Courtesy of (Digimap Historic, 2006).
Figure iv : Map of Area during 1943 1995, Courtesy of (Digimap Historic, 2006).
As the maps above show, for the last 150 years this area has been very
sparsely populated, with no form of industry development. The area
has been dedicated as a lifeboat station for the last 150 years.
Therefore contamination of the area should be very little. Potential
Hemis Number 244742
14
contamination could come from fuel storage for the lifeboats; this will
be investigated in any future environmental assessment.
2.2.2 General information
Profile level :
Existing Station
Long sloping beach
Deep water access
Water level :
High tide: + 5.25 m
Low tide:
Tidal Range:
Easy access from water since the station is at the
+ 0.21 m
+ 5.04 m
Access :
end of a Pier (good depth)
Not easy access and parking for the crew and the
emergency services.
Furthermore the materials have to be brought by

sea.
The sea pressure, the pressure of the waves
Hemis Number 244742
Maximum tidal stream (knot) : 2.4 knot

15
Hemis Number 244742
Maximum tidal stream (m/s) : 1.23 m/s
16
Electricity supply
There would be no problems to the power supply if the existing

lifeboat station was to be replaced. The newer lifeboat station would
be able to use a similar electricity supply as the older station.
Water supply
No problem to supply water, along a road, on the beach.

2.2.3 Existing lifeboat station.
Figure v : Aerial view of existing lifeboat station, (Live Local, 2007).
Figure 2 illustrates the existing location of the lifeboat station. This

shows the walkway which connects the station to the land and a car
Hemis Number 244742
17
parking space to accommodate the crew and emergency services. The

possible location of the proposed lifeguard station is shown in the
hatched area shown adjacent to the station. This will take full of
advantage of the existing facilities; planning issues should not be a
problem due to demolition of an old station and replacing it with a
new one.
There has been a station located in this area since the 1800s
therefore site conditions should not be a problem for any future
development.
Figure vi : Detailed map of site location (Digimap, 2007a).
Hemis Number 244742
18
Figure vii Geology of Area, Courtesy of (SCOPAC, 1999a)
Figure 3 illustrates the location of high and low water levels. This
shows that the lifeboat station location is more than adequate
concerning water levels. The tidal range at mean spring tides is
around 4.7 m at Selsey. In the central part of the Channel, the
maximum speed of tidal currents on mean spring tides is between
0.75 and 1.0 m/s. and can increase to 1.25 m/s. (English Nature,
2006).
Hemis Number 244742
19
This figure also explains that the main topsoil is sand and shingle.
Figure 4 demonstrates that Selsey is located within the London Clay
formation, which is made up of clay. Therefore the structural soil
properties of Clay will be used for the foundation design.
2.2.4 Design considerations based on research
Existing Station has piled foundations therefore it would be safe to
assume from the research that using piled foundations for the
proposed lifeboat station would be the most suitable option.
Long sloping beach signifies that the location of the lifeboat station
can moved. With change of location, the foundation design will
change, due to change in tide levels. This could increase or decrease
the sizes of the members.
Deep water access therefore indicates the foundation will have to be

used as a column for the lifeboat station.
A tidal range of over 5 m means that the foundation will have to be

constructed while submerged in the water.
Access on site is difficult therefore most of the materials will have to

come to site by sea, with construction over water.
Hemis Number 244742
20
There would be no problems to the power supply if the existing

lifeboat station was to be replaced. The newer lifeboat station would
be able to use a similar electricity supply as the older station. This
could help with possible protection methods.
Ground conditions. (London clay)

-
6m of sand
30m of clay
Properties of Sand.
Moderately high compressibility requiring low bearing

pressures in order to avoid excessive settlement of
foundations.
Properties of Clay. (Stiff).
Relatively high bearing capacity.
Moderate to low compressibility.
Hemis Number 244742
21
Heavy structures founded on them show slow settlement
over a very long

period
-
of time (Tomlinson, 2001).
Foundation should be taken down to a depth where there
will be little or no
movement from swelling or shrinkage.
-
Shear strength varies due to fissures in clays, with fissures
being hard to
-
predict
Hemis Number 244742
(Tomlinson, 2001).
22
2.3 Conceptual Design

The existing structure of the lifeboat station at Selsey has been in
operation since the 1800s. The implementation of a new generation
lifeboat station is applicable to this location. Lifeboats are becoming
larger and many of the old lifeboat stations such as Selsey simply
cant fit them.
The RNLI design brief states that lifeboat stations should have a 50
year design life. As Selsey is only 20 years old, it has not come to the
end of its design life. But due to the size of the existing station, lack of
facilities doesnt meet modern day standards, so renovation of the
existing structure is inappropriate.
Below are the key problem areas associated with the Selsey site and
potential solutions.
2.3.1 Foundation system

The major problem with the foundation design was that any form of
construction would have to be within the medium of water. Water
poses problems such as corrosion, construction processes, and health
& safety risks.
Hemis Number 244742
23
The
first
decision
made
was
to
use piled
foundations,
piled
foundations have been used in marine construction for hundreds of

years (Tomlinson, 2001), and therefore it was the obvious system to go
for. Using traditional foundations such as pad foundations would have
meant the use of temporary works such as a cofferdam, which would
have been potentially very expensive for a relatively small project.
The next problem encountered was which piling system to use, either
driven or bored piling. Due to the ground conditions of sand and clay,
it was decided that driven piles would be most suitable. They can be
readily carried above ground level especially in marine structures
(Tomlinson, 2001) which fits the specific needs of this project with an
added bonus of no spoil being created from the driving, thus not
altering the water environment.
To define what type of pile will be used, a comparison with a decision

matrix is useful.
On the left is the magnitude of impact: from 0 to 5
On the right is the importance of the impact: from 0 to 10
Augured concrete pile
Displacement Steel pile
Difficulty of design
Cost of plant
Speed of construction
Safety
2/7
2/6
2/5
5/9
3/7
3/5
4/4
5/9
Hemis Number 244742
24
Noise impact
Total
6/4
105
2/8
113
Table 1 : Matrix choice of Pile system to be used.
Driven Displacement piles are more adapted to this particular project.
Hemis Number 244742
25
Types of Driven Piles
Steel piles with Reinforced concrete.
Precast Piles.
Steel H piles.
The decision was to use a steel tubular pile with concrete encased
within and reinforced with a steel H pile as the structural element.
H-Pile
Concrete
Tubular Steel Pile
Figure viii : H-Pile System.
Properties of H-piles include (see figure viii):
High Carrying capacity
Hard driving without shattering
Can be lengthened by welding
Good resistance to lateral forces and buckling
Advantageous in marine structures where their resilience and

column
Hemis Number 244742
strength in
26
resisting impact forces from ships (Tomlinson, 2001).
High tensile alloy steel piles will be used as they are suitable for
high impact forces from ships or waves in low temperature
conditions (Tomlinson, 2001).
Steel piles corrodes at a speed of 0.2 0.9 mm/year.
All concrete to be high sulphate resisting grade C50, with a

cement content of 335 kg/m, with the water cement ratio not
exceeding 0.4.
The new station needs to provide an aesthetically pleasing and highly

functional building, yet at the same time the form and materials used
need to fit in with the existing area.
The relatively small cross-sectional area of steel piles combined with

their high strength makes penetration easier in firm soil (Abebe &
Smith, 1999). They can be easily cut off or joined by welding. As the
pile will be surrounded by water, there will be a risk of corrosion, but
risk of corrosion is not as great as one might think.
It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply

over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this
way the corrosion process can be prolonged up to 50 years. Normally
the speed of corrosion is 0.2-0.5 mm/year and, in design, this value
Hemis Number 244742
27
can be taken as 1mm/year (Abebe & Smith, 1999). Therefore as added

protection, concrete will be pumped into the centre of the pile, so in
affect there will be a concrete pile surrounded by a steel casing, so
when the steel eventually corrodes the concrete will support the
structure.
These piles will be connected to reinforced concrete beams acting as

pile caps. The beams will then be connected to a reinforced concrete
floor designed to BS 8110- Part 1, BS 8110- Part 2, BS 8110- Part 3. A
High grade concrete will need to be used so to avoid erosion from the
elements and the steel will have a minimum of 50mm concrete cover;
this is to have protection to prevent corrosion.
2.3.2 Initial design.

Worst loading:
Boat = 20 KN
Superstructure = 160 KN
Add 50 KN for safety
TOTAL = 250 KN
PILE : = 600 mm
Hemis Number 244742
28
2.3.3 Problem: Contamination

As mentioned in section 2.2.1 the maps show, for the last 150 years
this area has been very sparsely populated, with no form of industry
development. The area has been dedicated solely for use as a lifeboat
station for the last 150 years.
It is unlikely that contamination will have to be dealt with. Potential

for contamination will be from construction or operation processes.
For example, a small possibility of contamination through oil or petrol
spillage at sites where an older lifeboat station is being replaced by a
newer one.
To avoid the risk of contaminating the marine environment a detailed

scheme/method statement for works on site should be created to
prevent pollution.
2.3.4 Problem: Site Access and Traffic Management.

There is one road in and out of the town - which briefly becomes a
bridge at a point known as "the ferry", crossing the water inlet at
Pagham Harbour (a part of Bognor). The term ferry is used because at
the bridge point there was at one time a ferryman who took people
across to the island (wikipedia, 2007).
Hemis Number 244742
29
This is a busy area as it is a local costal route connecting to the main

town of Selsey. The construction works should not adversely affect
congestion on the in and out of the town, as the project is not a large
scale civil engineering project.
After construction of the site, there will be a no increase in the volume

of the population using the Lifeboat station as it is replacing the
existing station.
To ensure traffic is not a problem, deliveries should not correspond

with rush hour periods and minimal disturbance with local routes
should
be
ascertained.
Using
supply
barges
as
means
of
ascertaining the materials is also advantageous.
2.3.5 Problem: Crane and piling access.

As the lifeboat station is surrounded by water, there will be an issue
with getting the materials to site, and lifting heavy materials around
site will not be easy. Piling also will be difficult as there is water
constantly surrounding the location.
Firstly a walkway will be constructed from the land to the site where
materials can be delivered straight to site. All materials will be stored
on land under high security. A mini crane platform will be constructed
Hemis Number 244742
30
adjacent to the site therefore lifting heavy materials around the site
with ease. Concerning the piling a spud leg piling rig system is to be
used to install the piles. This makes access relatively easy as the
pilling rig floats to its destination.
2.3.6 Problem: Health and Safety in Use

Due to the fundamental nature of lifeboat station construction,
working over water is going to cause major health and safety issues.
With the potential of immersion and even fatality being high during
the construction process. The only logical way to mitigate against
such risks is to create a Risk assessment, and method statement
detailing the risk and consequences with control measures effectively
reducing the risk of injury
Hemis Number 244742
31
2.4 Scheme choice at conceptual design stage

It was decided to do a checklist of the RNLI room requirements, and
then compare theses to the preliminary conceptual drawings. Thus
providing the best solution for the brief.
ROOM
Option 1
Option 2
Boat room
Brief
Status
Crew room
27m <Area <
36m
Size
Option 3
Designed to SCI brief

Brief
Brief
Size
Status
Status
34
32
Including a galley
Changing room
Area = 30m
Located at
ground level
Manager's
office
36 m
First
Floor
31
Area > 8m
Close to crew
room
Mechanics
Area = 15m
Storage
24
24
Area > 5m
Fuel storage
18
18
5m x 4m
Double access
door
Souvenir sales
outlet
10m < area <
30m
Access to
wheelchairs
General
24
24
Entrance
Toilets
1
1
Hemis Number 244742
20
35
1
0
31
First
Floor
12
15
12
24
32
21
6
10
22
1
21
13
m
m
1
1
32
22
Size
0
0
21
6
1
0
Area > 100m

TOTAL
1
13
22
0
1
15
19
4
1
9
19
4
1 = it passes
Brief
0 = it doesnt
pass Brief
Table 2 : Comparison of Brief with solutions.
Using the Brief as a checklist, solution 2 is shown as the most

favourable solution for the lifeboat station.
2.4.1 Cost
There are many issues which need to be reflected upon when deciding
which scheme will be chosen as the preferred one, one of these
implications is cost. As this is a preliminary report and the designs are
at a conceptual stage, the floor area will be used to calculate the
overall cost roughly.
Spons Architects and Builders Price Book reveals the cost to build an
ambulance station is between 730 and 1,080 per square metre
(Langdon, D. 2006). The use of an ambulance station is only a guide as
the book did not have lifeboat stations as an option.
Cost of the
Option 1 (346
Option 2 (320
Option 3 (320
Option
From
Up to
m2 )
252, 580
373, 680
m2 )
233,600
345,600
m2)
233,600
345,600
Hemis Number 244742
33
Table 3 : Comparison of prices with solutions.
At this preliminary stage, this doesnt take into account the slipway or
foundation and slab design, but just the structure of the actual
lifeboat station. But at this stage it gives some form of indication on
costing for each scheme even though they seem very low.
Hemis Number 244742
34
2.4.2 Decision Matrix.

Option 1
We decided to make a 2 floor station. The changing room and the crew
room are upstairs and a pathway will be created to link them together.
The ground floor is more basic with the souvenir shop, and the office
on a side and the mechanical storage rooms on the other.
Option 2
This solution has few differences: its a single storey station. The
office has a view on the sea which can be an advantage. The station is
compact; all rooms are close to the others. A disadvantage of this
solution is that it could require a higher surface of pilling; this means
a higher cost.
Option 3
We decided to make a 2 floor station. In this solution we have the

crew room and the souvenir shop is upstairs.
The ground floor is
occupied by the office, the changing room and the mechanical

storage. In this solution, most of the rooms are orientated to the sea.
Hemis Number 244742
35
2.4.3 Criterias and their magnitude

During Construction
Build ability is an important criterion in every construction

project.
As the brief doesnt state any time constraints, the time of

construction isnt an important criteria.
Cost is always an important criteria; especially in this case as

the RNLI is a charity organisation, therefore money comes from
donations. This will be a very important consideration at the
design stage.
During operation
Practicability for users is the most important criteria, because

they need to be as efficient as possible. The difference between
good and bad practicability could lead to the increase of lives
saved.
Delivery facilities are also important for the good operation of

the station.
Comfort for users is quite important because it is their work

place and they spend most of their time in it.
Hemis Number 244742
36
General
Location Suitability of the project is important. It has to be

integrated in the site and pleasant for people living around.
Access concerns the needs of the lifeguards, and if it is possible

for them to get to the lifeboat station as quick as possible. Other
access comes in the form of people who visit and tour the
station.
Local Interest depends of the view walkers could get from and
in the station. It is useful for increasing donations.
Hemis Number 244742
37
2.4.4 Leopold Matrix.

Criteria is defined above, their magnitude (from 1 to 5, 5 being the
most important) depend of their importance for the project. The three
solutions are marked on these criteria with marks from 1 to 10, 10
being the best.
Criterias - Magnitude(1-5)
Schemes
Solution
Solution
Solution
6 (x4) =
7 (x4) =
5 (x4) =
During Construction
Buildability
24
6 (x2) =
28
7 (x2) =
20
6 (x2) =
Time
12
5 (x4) =
14
7 (x4) =
12
7 (x4) =
Cost
20
28
28
6 (x5) =
9 (x5) =
5 (x5) =
During utilisation
practicability for people
30
8 (x4) =
45
6 (x4) =
25
5 (x4) =
Deliveries facilities
32
7 (x3) =
24
6 (x3) =
20
7 (x3) =
Comfort
21
18
21
8 (x3) =
6 (x3) =
7 (x3) =
General
Location
suitability/integration to site
24
6 (x2) =
18
8 (x2) =
21
4 (x2) =
Access
12
6 (x2) =
16
4 (x2) =
8
8 (x2) =
Local Interest
12
16
TOTAL
187
199
171
Table 4 : Decision matrix
Finally, solution 2 is adopted. It may change the general ideas and

design of the lifeboat station will therefore will follow the initial ideas
Hemis Number 244742
38
of solution 2. As this is a preliminary solution not all ideas will be used

and the design may even change due to certain reasons such as
structural changes and/or changes in the design brief.
Hemis Number 244742
39
2.5 Feedback from Conceptual Design Interview

The conceptual design interview feedback from the 26 th March 2007
states that there was good interpretation and understanding of the
brief. Key problems were tackled however a major rethink of pile
design needs to made, due to the system being too complex. Also
mentioned was that there was too many piles, therefore a reduction is
needed. All alternative schemes were considered and understood.
Preliminary calculations addressing the overall stability and analysis

was well understood, with no major problems. Preliminary drawings
gave good detail of the scheme but the foundation design needed
simplifying.
2.6
Detailed Design
The design of the piles is only possible when the load coming from the
main steel superstructure and floor construction are known. See
Volume 2, Volume 3 for more details.
The function of a piled foundation is to spread the total loads acting

on a building being chiefly dead or self loads, live loads, and wind
loads as well as the weight of the foundation itself to the supporting
ground. They are required where the soil at normal foundation level
Hemis Number 244742
40
cannot support ordinary pad, strip, or raft foundations. Piled

foundations are a convenient method of supporting structures built
over water or where uplifting loads must be resisted (Tomlinson,
2001).
Due to the comments received at the concept interview stating that
the foundation design was too complex and that there were too many
piles, a major rethink at the detailed design stage was needed.
2.6.1 Pile Spacing

Before altering the design of the pile, the layout of the piles was
examined. The major problem was that the piles were very closely
located because the portal frame and the step in the slab level needed
to be supported. As these two locations were different but yet very
close each structural element needed to be supported by a pile. To
eradicate this problem, a group decision was made that the portal
frame and the change in level of the slab would be modified so each
element would line up, thus needing one pile instead of two. This
reduced the amount of piles needed to support the lifeboat station by
half.
Hemis Number 244742
41
2.6.2 Pile system

The other major problem was the actual makeup of the pile, the pile
needed to be simplified but yet take the loads applied upon the pile
and also be protected against any potential corrosion. The decision
was made to keep the H-pile as previously thought, but purge the
steel tubular pile and concrete fill from the design. With this in mind
the H-pile was the main structural element, but now the corrosion
protection had been lost, therefore it was decided that cathode
protection of the pile would produce excellent protection against
corrosion especially in marine conditions.
With this now more simplified pile design, construction of the pile was
also made easier. Thus potentially needing less people and risks to
construct the pile foundation making it easier to adhere to any future
CDM regulations.
2.6.3 Size of Pile

Once the loads had been known from the structural members above
the
foundation,
calculation
began
on
the
piled
foundations.
Considerations made were the vertical loads, lateral loads, and uplift
resistance.
Hemis Number 244742
42
To make the design process easier, a spreadsheet in Microsoft excel

was created for vertical loading only. This gave a rough idea of the
size of pile needed.
The spreadsheet has different parameters such as depth of pile, skin

friction and End bearing properties. The logic of a design is that if
changes occurred during the design process, easy modification of pile
depth would tell the user if the pile could support a specified load.
Using this spreadsheet, changes on the load had a small effect on the
design of the foundation. If a load increase and there is a need for a
bigger pile, the engineer has to just alter the length or choose the
next pile from the spreadsheet output. See appendix B.
Construction of the foundations is to be over water, it was decided to

use the same pile size but alter the lengths. This decision was made
because of the cost of changing pile heads over water. This is where
the spreadsheet was most useful; it showed which piles passed the
load test upon them, how long the pile would be, and how much the
pile weighs per metre. This is very important as the price of steel is
very high per tonne, so just adding a couple of hundred kilos to each
metre run would have cost the client x amount in cost, which was not
acceptable.
Hemis Number 244742
43
Lateral loading on the piles was a very difficult specialist design. To

calculate if the pile would be able to resist the lateral loads. Staad pro
was incorporated into the design process, the pile was analysed as a
column. A point of fixity 2 m into the clay was assumed, with partial
restraint at the top from the structure. This was analysed in Staad pro
and passed all checks. Therefore from the vertical and lateral loading,
a 356 x 368 x 174 H pile was to be used.
The piles would be attached to the underside of the superstructure

with nominal M24 bolts and a steel plate. All bolts were HSFG bolts.
2.6.4 Detailed design.

Worst loading:
Superstructure = 1000 kN
Lateral loads = 45 kN
PILE: = 356 x 348 x 174 H pile.
See appendix B for calculations.
All drawings were detailed to have these design criteria and can be
seen in appendix C.
Hemis Number 244742
44
2.7 Feedback from Detailed Design Interview

The detailed design interview feedback from the 23 rd of March 2007
states that the drawings were of a good standard but a detailed cross
section of the pile was required illustrating the dimensions of the
section. Calculations were stated as being thorough but there was
some anxiety about the stability of the flexibility of the piles. As the
worst case was taken for the slipway, boat house and walkway, the
pile lengths didnt change in there respective areas. It was said that
this needed to be changed as loads effectively changed in different
areas. The consideration of the construction limitations were also
considered with noise being the major issue that needs more thought.
Hemis Number 244742
45
2.8 Final design

With the excel document it was possible to alter the different loadings
on the piles very easily, therefore the lengths of the piles altered
throughout the structure saving the client economically.
On the subject of the stability of the flexibility of the piles I looked at

the code BS8004 7.3.3.3. and 7.3.3.4 and it stated to design the pile
as a column.
Section Sizes
2No. 15.1m long 356 x 368 x 174 H-Piles
Hemis Number 244742
46
All of these elements have been drawn on the 302 & 303 drawing and
have been presented at the design seminar for assessment and
industrial advices.
2.9 Feedback from Design Seminar

Comments included considering CDM regulations during the design
phase, thus designing out risks. This is shown by the alteration of pile
design between conceptual and detailed design stage.
Compare
design, costs and durations with recently completed stations. This is

shown in section 2.4.1.
Hemis Number 244742
47
The Industrial Advisory Committee (IAC) didnt express any concerns

and commented on the detail that was placed in this project.
Hemis Number 244742
48
3.0
M E T H O D S TAT E M E N T S
3.1 Description of Work and Location.

A slipway Lifeboat station and uncovered access walkway are
required to enable the RNLI to employ the most up to date lifeboats in
the fleet. It is proposed to use a steel H pile grid design for the
foundations.
3.2 Piling method statement.
3.2.1 Plant:
1 x Piling rig/Jack up barge (including operators)
1 x Crane (including operators)
1 x Supply Barge
1 Rescue Boat
3.2.2 Labour:
1 Ganger
2 Labourers (ICE, 1999).
Hemis Number 244742
49
3.2.3 Methodology:
3.2.4 Preliminary Procedures:
An investigation of the ground should be carried out by competent
and experienced persons in accordance with BS 5930. Borings should
reach depths adequate to explore the nature of the soil both around
and beneath the proposed piles in accordance to BS 8004 and BS
6349 (Quality Risk).
The preliminary investigation should include a careful appraisal of

nearby structures and substructures, including the types and layout of
all services near and through the site. The choice of pile may be
influenced by the effects which its installation would produce on these
structures and services piles in accordance to BS 8004 and BS 6349
(Quality Risk).
Preliminary test piles should be installed as part of the preliminary

investigations in all cases except where in the judgement of the
Engineer they are unnecessary because of extensive local experience
or because high factors of safety are to be employed piles in
accordance to BS 8004 and BS 6349 (Quality Risk).
Hemis Number 244742
50
3.2.5 Installation Procedures
Set out the steel pile location correctly on site, Risk of accuracy
of drawings, (Quality Risk).
Order steel piles as per schedule. Risk of accuracy of drawings

and setting out, (Quality Risk)
Unload / check / sort / store steel Piles on land. (Quality risk)
Pile heads to be inspected before commencement of works. Risk

of quality of material, (Quality Risk).
Position crane and check permit to lift steel piles to barge.

(Security Risk)
Bring Spud leg barge with a diesel hammer/drop hammer to

site. All safety guidelines to be made by specialist sub
contractor. Risk of contamination, (Environmental Risk).
All members of piling crew to wear life jackets at all times.

(Safety Risk)
Set up the diesel hammer/drop hammer in combination with a

pile driver (Quality Risk).
Erect and install the bottom section of steel pile required size
into the ground by driving with the diesel hammer/drop hammer
(Environmental Risk).
Lengthen the pile by welding on additional section during

driving (Quality & environmental Risk).
Hemis Number 244742
51
Erection of the pile section will be monitored by means of spirit

level from time to time (Quality Risk).
Resume the above process until the pile has been driven to final
level according to the levels shown in the piling plans (Quality
Risk).
Security measures to be placed around site to prevent members

of the public infiltrating the site (security Risk).
Remove all excess steel from site, removing any potential

contamination.
Tolerance for piles to be no more than 50mm and all levels

shown on drawing 302.
3.2.6 Monitoring Proposal
In order to make certain no harmful effects imposed on the

adjacent
structures
during
construction,
the
following
preventative measures should take place and monitor the

foundations throughout the construction period:
Settlement checkpoints and other monitoring devices are to be

installed prior to the commencement of construction works.
Initial monitoring results should be submitted to the local

Building Control office prior to the commencement of works.
Hemis Number 244742
52
The checkpoints and standpipe piezometers shall be monitored

regularly during the construction period and duplicate copies of
the monitoring results should be submitted to the local Building
Control Department on a regular basis and be kept available on
site for inspection at all times.
Should the settlement at those checkpoints be found excessive

during the course of works, the works should be suspended, and
the Engineers and local Building Control Department should be
notified immediately. Remedial proposal to safeguard the
affected structure shall be submitted to the Engineer for
approval.
All Monitoring devices should be maintained in good order

during the works.
Hemis Number 244742
53
3.3 Reinforcement Method statement

3.3.1 Plant:
1 x jackup barge (including operators)
1 x Crane (including operators)
1 x Supply Barge
1 Rescue Boat
3.3.2 Labour Gang:
1 foreman steel fixer (craftsman),
4 Steel fixers (craftsman),
1 unskilled operative,
1 plant operator 25% of time (Spons 2007, 1999).
3.3.3 Methodology:
General planning on site, to check for adequate access, lighting

and formwork.
Locate adequate space for reinforcement storage on site. This is

to prevent theft of steel from site.
Bring steel to site; unload into stock piles using a 25t crane, 2
labourers. Check for qualified crane driver, check crane load
capacity certificate and communication to the crane driver must
be maintained at all times.
Hemis Number 244742
54
All steel reinforcement must be inspected to the British

Standards BS4449 for quality assurance measures - (Quality
Risk, Quality assurance of reinforcement) (BSI, 2005).
All materials in use must be certified, and pass all necessary

standards.
Work on the steel fixing can therefore commence,
firstly sort and place the steel manually by a gang of steel fixers
and assisted by the 25t crane to place large amounts of steel.
Communication must be kept at all times with radio devices. In
this process the placing and storage of steel must be done
carefully. As high winds can easily affect the crane, it should not
be operated in high winds. The prevention of this can come in
the form of; Checking wind speeds and the weather report
before commencing the steel fixing - (Safety Risk, High Winds)
(BSI, 1997).
While fixing the steel, all personnel must wear lifejackets and a
rescue boat must be in operation at all times.
The fixing of the pile to the steel structure together must be

accompanied with suitable tools to cut and fix the steel, these
tools must be checked so that they are not faulty (BSI, 1997).
All concrete covers, must be maintained by spacers to prevent

the steel from protruding through the concrete to be exposed to
the outside environment, causing a failure in the steel (BSI,
1997).
Hemis Number 244742
55
When all steel fixing has been completed disposal of the

unwanted steel should be made. Recycling the unused steel on
other sites can minimise this excess. Any small off cuts should
be taken to a scrap yard for disposal - (Environmental Risk,
Disposal of waste steel).
Hemis Number 244742
56
3.4 Walkway Method statement

3.4.1 Methodology:
For the piling please refer to 3.2 the piling method statement which
states the correct procedures to follow.
For the steel erection please refer to Volume 3 for the Structural steel
erection procedures.
Hemis Number 244742
57
4.0
M AT E R I A L S P E C I F I C AT I O N
4.1 Steel Elements Comprising the Piling foundations.

All steel is to be S355 grade 43 with a unit weight of 7850kg/m. All
piles designed to BS 8004:1986 code of practice for foundations & BS
6349 code of practice for marine structures. Steel sections, plain or
fabricated, and pipe piles should comply with grades 43A and 50B of
BS 4360 or other grades from that standard to the approval of the
engineer.
4.1.1 Slipway piles.

4.1.2 Lifeboat piles.

Hemis Number 244742
58

4.1.3 Walkway Piles.

4.2 Steel connections to Piling foundations.

252No. M24- 100mm long bolts.
42No. 500 x 300 x 25 Thick base Plates
Hemis Number 244742
59
4.3 Steel Reinforcement.
Memb
er
Bar
mar
k
Typ
e
and
size
Typ
e
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
No.
of
mbr
s
No.
of
bar
s in
eac
h
Tot
al
no.
F
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Hemis Number 244742
Lengt
h of
each
bar
Sha
pe
cod
e
A*
mm
B*
mm
C*
mm
D*
mm
217
5
200
E/R*
mm
mm
600
0
600
0
342
5
187
5
187
5
48
6000
00
413
6000
00
644
3425
00
1875
00
78
1875
00
192
2100
51
12
5500
00
2000
00
1925
00
660
2175
21
244
5500
00
102
2050
00
16
3050
00
112
1600
00
33
5250
00
134
2025
00
56
5725
00
118
4975
00
240
2750
00
48
3800
41
600
24
2175
00
217
5
60
370
550
0
200
0
192
5
100
0
550
0
205
0
305
0
160
0
525
0
202
5
572
5
497
5
275
0
620
220
200
Rev
lett
er
22
23
1
0
3
2
14
2650
51
550
28
2000
11
650
720
The bar bending schedule above shows that the reinforcement bars
are High tensile bars and are indicated by the T. The total number of
each bar are also shown and the lengths. Concrete cover to all bars is
to
be
40mm,
to
prevent
corrosion
attack
of
the
rebar.
All
reinforcement to comply with BS 8666:2005.
4.4 Walkway components.

6 No. 10m long 762x267x197UB steel beams.
4 No. 1.5m long 762x267x197UB steel beams.
32 No. M24 hold down bolts.
All steel is to be S355 grade 43 with a unit weight of 7850kg/m.
65m marine timber deck (treated).
46m of steel handrails.
Hemis Number 244742
61
5.0
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
This section covers the detailed construction process for the pile
foundations of the lifeboat station structures. Prior to any piling
works, the site must first be set out by GPS surveying technology to
pinpoint the exact positions of the piles.
All structural members are to be pre-fabricated in the fabrication yard

prior to being delivered to site. Once positions have been located a
30m x 11.2m x 2.5m spud leg crane barge containing a crawler crane
with a 80ft Boom and a piling hammer with a 18 ft safety boat (Haven
Ports, 2007) moves into position for driving the piles.
Very good operating conditions can be obtained for pile driving in

unsheltered waters by mounting the equipment on a barge provided
with tubular legs which can be lowered on to the sea bed (spud leg
barge). The hull of the barge is then jacked up the legs until it is clear
of the water to form a stable platform unaffected by wave action
(Tomlinson, 2004).
Hemis Number 244742
62
A transport barge hauls the piles to site, at this time the piles are
transported onto the spud leg. The piles are then to be driven to the
specified depths required and cut at the correct level. The Spud leg
then raises and moves to the next pile position and operates to the
same process as mention previously. Noise will be kept to a minimum
with the use of a muffler, thus reducing the noise levels of the impact
between the hammer and the pile.
!f piles have to be lengthened; the normally recommended practice is

to make a joint by butt-welding in such a manner that the full strength
of the original section is developed. Details of welded joints and their
execution should be in accordance with BS 5135, taken in conjunction
with BS 449. The welds should be subject to normal visual inspection.
The joints should be designed and constructed to maintain the true
alignment and position of the pile sections.
Pile shoes are generally not required for H-piles and other plain rolled
steel sections. However, if the piles are to be subjected to
exceptionally hard driving, they may be strengthened at the bottom
end by cast steel plates, or by welding plates or angles, to increase
the thickness of the steel (BSI, 1986).
Hemis Number 244742
63
Steel plates are then welded onto the top of the pile and bolted to the
floor frame above. Once constructed cathodic protection is then
applied to the steel H-piles thus providing corrosion resistance. See
Section 10.1 for in depth detail on corrosion resistance. While all
these operations occur, a rescue boat is constantly in attendance, and
the application of the CDM regulations are in use.
Figure ix : Image illustrating a jack up Barge (Haven Ports, 2007).
Hemis Number 244742
64
6.0
TESTING PROCEDURES
6.1 Dynamic Pile Testing (DPT).

The
ultimate
bearing
capacity
of
pile
may
be
calculated
approximately by means of a dynamic pile formula using data

obtained during driving the pile; or by a static formula on the basis of
soil tests, or it may be determined by test loading. By using a dynamic
formula an estimate of the ultimate bearing capacity may be obtained
from the driving characteristics of each individual pile, the accuracy
being dependent on the reliability of the formula, the conditions of use
and the data used. By using a static formula an estimated value of the
ultimate bearing capacity of a typical pile is obtained, the accuracy
being dependent on the reliability of the formula and the soil strength
data to which it is applied (BSI, 1986).
Dynamic load testing is a cost effective alternative to conventional

static load testing for a wide variety of pile types and sites. Instead of
costly proof-loading with kentledge or anchor piles, the technique
uses a heavy falling weight such as a piling hammer to impart a short
duration impact to the pile head, whilst monitoring the pile response
using temporarily attached transducers. The pile response to dynamic
Hemis Number 244742
65
loading may be used to provide the foundation designer with an

interpreted
pile
capacity,
and
can
usually
provide
additional
information that is difficult to obtain via static load testing (Hasan,

2007).
The following procedure is another traditional method of testing piles,
but due to the nature of the project, working over water could make
this test impracticable. Specialist contractors are used to test the
piles at a potentially high cost, to the load test specification.
6.2 Loading test.

A loading test carried to failure gives the ultimate bearing capacity of
the particular pile that has been tested. To infer the ultimate bearing
capacities of other piles on the same site from loading tests alone
requires either the prior testing of an adequate number of piles and
the use of a statistical approach, or a site investigation that is
sufficiently detailed to show the uniformity or otherwise of the soil,
thus enabling the ultimate bearing capacities of other piles to be
estimated (BSI, 1986).
When driving piles, valuable information about site conditions can be

obtained. Thus a judicious combination of load testing with driving
and soil records can ensure reasonably satisfactory results on most
Hemis Number 244742
66
sites. The attention of the Engineer should be drawn to any significant

variation from the expected ground conditions and/or behaviour of the
pile during driving, so that he may take appropriate action. (BSI,
1986).
6.3 Metallic coating to beams for Walkway.

Testing the thickness of the metallic coating on the steelwork should
be undertaken by a suitably qualified inspector with the use of an
ultrasonic thickness gauge. (Coatings for the Protection of Structural
Steelwork, 2000)
The ultrasonic thickness gauge must first be calibrated by placing the

probe on an un-treated steel section. The probe is then placed on the
area to be inspected; the instrument will display an accurate reading
for the coating thickness and steel thickness at the same time.
(Ultrasonic thickness, n.d.)
This method should be used regularly to check that the thickness of

the zinc coating is at least 100 m.
For tests on actual steel sections please refer to testing procedures

shown in volume 2 & 3.
Hemis Number 244742
67
7.0
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
7.1 Corrosion Protection.

7.1.1 Cathodic Protection Introduction.
All steel H-Piles to be protected against corrosion in accordance with
BS EN 13173:2001 cathodic protection for steel offshore floating
structures.
Cathodic protection is usually applied to protect the external surfaces

of steel offshore floating structures and appurtenances from corrosion
due to sea water or saline mud.
Cathodic protection works by supplying sufficient direct current to the
immersed surface of the structure in order to change the steel to
electrolyte potential to values where corrosion is insignificant. The
general principles of cathodic protection are detailed in EN 12473.
7.1.2 Principles of Cathodic Protection.

Corrosion is an electro-chemical process that involves the passage of
electrical currents on a micro or macro scale. The change from the
metallic to the combined form occurs by an
anodic reaction:
Hemis Number 244742
68
M M+ + e(metal) (soluble salt) (electron)

A common example is:
Fe Fe++ + 2eThis reaction produces free electrons, which pass within the metal to
another site on the metal surface (the cathode), where it is consumed
by the cathodic reaction. In acid solutions the cathodic reaction is:
2H+ + 2e- H2
(Hydrogen ions (gas) in solution)
In neutral solutions the cathodic reaction involves the consumption of

oxygen dissolved in the solution:
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH(alkali)
Corrosion thus occurs at the anode but not at the cathode (unless the
metal of the cathode is attacked by alkali) (Davies, 2006).
The two types of cathodic systems are:
A galvanic system.
Impressed-current system.
The decision has been made to use the impressed-current system.
Hemis Number 244742
69
7.1.3 Requirements of Cathodic Protection.

An impressed-current system requires:
i) Inert anodes (clusters of which, connected together often in a
backfill, are called the groundbed).
ii) A DC power source.
iii) Electrically well insulated, minimum resistance and secure
conductors between anodes and power source.
iv) Secure and minimum resistance connections between power
source and piles (Davies, 2006).
7.1.4 Performance
A DC. power source with automatic potential control will be used
when the environment conditions and the structure configuration and
service conditions induce large and frequent variations of the current
demand necessary to maintain polarization (BSI, 2001).
A dielectric shield is usually used around the anodes to prevent local

over-protection and improve the current distribution to the cathode.
Without any information on the average resistivity of the environment,

the following range of values can be used (BS 2001).
cold sea water : 0,30 m to 0,35 m;
warm sea water: 0,15 m to 0,25 m;
Hemis Number 244742
70
saline mud: 0,70 m to 1,70 m.
Therefore it has been decided that a anodic resistance of between

0.30 to 0.35 m shall be used for the protection of the steel H
Piles, and must have a design of life of 50 years minimum.
Hemis Number 244742
71
8.0
MAINTENANCE
8.1 Maintenance of Piling works.

Underwater pile Inspection is one of the maintenance services that
need
to
be
provided.
Specialist
contractors
with
diving
and
engineering staff should have years of experience dealing with piling

inspections.
All
inspectors
should
be
certified
for
underwater
Inspection.
Inspecting piling underwater and in the splash zone can drastically

reduce major replacements in the future.
Underwater Inspections come in three basic packages (PileCap Inc,

2007).
Level I -
General visual inspection to confirm as built condition and

detect any severe damage. (This should occur annually).
Level II -
Close-up visual inspection to detect surface defects

normally obscured by marine growth. At least 10% of the
Hemis Number 244742
72
pile
will
be
cleaned
at
designated
locations
then
inspected. (This should occur once every 5 years).
Level III - Highly detailed inspection to detect any hidden and

beginning
damage.
Non-destructive
tests
such
as
increment boring and ultrasonic can be used. (This should

occur once every 10 years).
Reports should include:
Highly detailed reports which include all findings.
Underwater photographs and videos.
AutoCAD schematics and drawings.
Overall site layout and surveys.
8.2 Maintenance of cathodic protection of Piling works.

The aim of inspection and maintenance is to ensure the effectiveness
of cathodic protection throughout the life of a structure. For this to be
achieved, the required structure to electrolyte potential shall be
maintained, which generally requires continuous operation of the
cathodic protection system (BSI, 2001).
Hemis Number 244742
73
Subsequent to commissioning, regular inspection is necessary to

approved procedures, appropriate to the type of structure and its
cathodic protection system. The procedures should be subject to
review to reflect operating experience and new technology (BSI,
2001).
Record systems for both operation and maintenance are essential.

Manual systems may be acceptable for some data, but for large
volumes of data, computer based systems are preferred. Procedures
for maintaining the accuracy and safety of measuring equipment and
instrumentation are also necessary (BSI, 2001).
8.2.1 Factors influencing inspection frequency

The following factors influence inspection frequency (BSI, 2001).
corrosive nature of the electrolyte (soil or water);
susceptibility of structure to mechanical damage;
DC. or AC. interference currents;
susceptibility of cathodic protection installations to damage by

lightning or mechanical means;
risks associated with the contents of a containing structure
extent and complexity of structure;
constructional features critical to maintaining effective cathodic

protection
Hemis Number 244742
74
Quality and type of applied protective coating.
The inspection of the effectiveness of an applied cathodic protection

system can be conveniently divided into two areas: equipment checks
and structure measurements.
The procedures used and the results obtained shall be reviewed and
approved by cathodic protection personnel with adequate theoretical
and practical knowledge.
Table 5 : Frequency of functional checks (BSI, 2001).
8.2.2 Cathodic Protection equipment

Maintenance
on
impressed
current
and
drainage
stations
is
recommended to be carried out annually. When functional or visual

checks indicate that it is necessary, maintenance on test stations shall
be carried out. Electrical safety has to be checked in accordance with
national regulations (BSI, 2001).
Hemis Number 244742
75
8.2.3 Instrumentation
Instrumentation used for measurements shall be kept in good working
order and shall be subjected to periodical calibration and safety
checks (BSI, 2001).
8.2.4 Results of inspection

The results of inspection work shall be recorded and evaluated. These
records should be kept for the lifetime of the structure, but always for
a sufficient period to provide detailed information on the cathodic
protection effectiveness and to allow comparative checks to be carried
out. In addition, it is recommended that a cathodic protection history
should be maintained for reference purposes (BSI, 2001).
Therefore from this table it would be adequate to assume that

inspections of the cathodic protection should be made annually.
Therefore 1 inspection annually would be appropriate (BSI, 2001).
For maintenance inspection of structural steelwork please see volume

3, and for the concrete slab please see volume 2.
Hemis Number 244742
76
9.0
L I F E C YC L E A N AY L S I S
9.1 Life Cycle Analysis of the Piling Foundations.

9.1.1 Goal of the study
The objective of the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is to consider the
environmental impact of the Piling Foundations over the buildings
design life of 50 years.
9.1.2 Scope of the study

This LCA will compare the following stages throughout the buildings
life (Ellingham 2006).
Procurement of materials.
Construction of piles on site.
Maintenance throughout life.
Demolition at the end of its design life.
9.1.3 System boundaries

The limitations of this LCA are defined as the following:
The main structural elements of the piling system, steel H-piles.
Hemis Number 244742
77
Impacts of the material extraction at source, excluding transport

to site.
Use of the materials and plant on-site during construction of the

foundations.
Use of materials for maintenance of the piling foundation.
Use of plant and machinery during demolition of the piles.
Waste
arising
from
demolition,
including
transport
to
destination.
Exclusions from the LCA are as follows:
Slipway frame, slab, slab frame, internal frame and cladding.
Use of building throughout its 50 year life
Human energy.
Production
procurement
of
electricity,
of
gas
materials,
and
water
construction,
required
for
maintenance
and
demolition (Ellingham 2006).
Waste arising from procurement, construction and maintenance

stages (Ellingham 2006).
Transport of plant and machinery to site (Ellingham 2006).
Manufacture
and
maintenance
of
plant
and
machinery
(Ellingham 2006).
Hemis Number 244742
78
Transport of workforce to site (Ellingham 2006).
Fabrication of components of building off-site (Ellingham 2006).
Transport of raw materials and assembled components to site

(Ellingham 2006).
9.1.4 Data categories

This LCA report categorises the following for comparison over the life
cycle of the building:
Energy in giga-joules; includes embodied energy in materials,

plant use, production of electricity, gas and water, and
transportation of waste.
Air emissions in tonnes CO2 equivalent; includes procurement of

cement, plant use, production of electricity, gas and water,
transportation of waste and waste disposal.
9.2 Inventory Analysis

9.2.1 Procurement - Energy
Compone
Material
Mass
(kg)
Embodied
Energy
(MJ/kg)
Total
Embodied
Energy (GJ)
Steel
184,350
32
5899
nt
H piles
Hemis Number 244742
79
Plates
Bolts
Zinc Galvanized
167.16
38
6.352
88.2
38
3.35
Steel
Zinc Galvanized
TOTAL:
Steel
5908 GJ
Table 6 : Embodied energy in materials
9.2.2 Procurement - Air Emissions

Production of steel:
Mass of steel
= 184.605 tonnes
Emissions / unit
= 1,750 kg CO2/tonne (Carbon trust, n.d.)
production of steel
Total emissions
= 184.605 x 1,750
= 323,058 kg CO2
= 323 tonnes CO2
9.2.3 Construction - Energy

The table below illustrates the energy consumption from use of plant
during construction. The plant listed in table is the plant that is
expected to be used for the piling foundations.
Duration of
Energy
Use
Consumption
(hours)
305.36
305.36
305.36
(GJ)
193.47
32.97
193.47
Power
Machine
(kW)
Jack up Barge
Rescue Boat
Supply Barge
Hemis Number 244742
176
30
176
80
TOTAL:
419.91 GJ
Table 7 : Energy consumption during construction.
9.2.4 Construction - Air Emissions

Air emissions from plant use assumed to be negligible, therefore not
used in this assessment.
Hemis Number 244742
81
9.2.5 Maintenance
For the maintenance, the continuous power usage over a 50 year
design period has been used.
It was assumed that the cathodic protection system would need 50

watts of energy for the protection of the piles.
Machine
Cathodic Protection
Power
Duration of Use
(kW)
(hours)
0.050
438000
TOTAL:
Energy
Consumption
(GJ)
78.84
78.84 GJ
Table 8 : Energy consumption during Maintenance.
The table illustrates that 78.84 gigajoules of energy will be used for
the protection (maintenance) of the piles.
For the demolition, I referred to BS 8004 and BS 6187 code of

practice for foundations and demolition respectively, but no reference
is made about demolition of piles in a marine environment. Research
on the internet and books has led to no background information, thus
it would be inappropriate to assume energy consumption for a subject
with so much unidentifiable information.
Hemis Number 244742
82
10.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
The nature of this project suggests that the overall project is high in
risk, this partly due to working over water. Therefore Risks need to
assessed, identified, and mitigated to help prevent injury or fatality
over the course of the contract.
The following three pages lists the most common risks relevant to
piling, steel fixing and erection of the walkway, and preventative
control measures.
For each risk a contingency risk has been calculated with the financial
contingencies for each area shown below:
Piling:
59,500
Steel fixing:
59,500
Erection of Walkway:
35,000
Total:
This is added to the total cost for all piling activities.
Hemis Number 244742
83
10.1 Piling Risk Assessment

Population at
Risk
Risk
Typical
Consequences
Probability/Impact
Control Measures
3/5
Implement rigorous
cdm training and safety
procedures &
equipment.
Task:
Personnel
falling in Water
Site
Fatality
Site
Fatality
2/5
Stability of
unconsolidated seabed
material must be
checked frequently.
Public
Environmental Fine
5/3
Use a muffler on pile

hammer to reduce level
of noise produced.
Less Probability of
environmental
fine.
2/3
3,750
Task:
Public
Environmental Risk
Environmental Fine
5/1
Recycle Steel where

possible, or dispose at
scrap metal plant.
Less Probability of
environmental
fine.
1/1
750
Financial Cost:
Task:
Site
Quality Risk
Quality failure
3/2
Ensure regular
checking of materials
received and use a
reputable fabrication
yard with quality
approvals
Chances of quality
failure reduced
2/2
12,500
Financial Cost:
Task:
Site
Quality Risk
Quality failure
3/5
Ensure that all piles

are tested by load
testing equipment and
that piles pass all
relevant standards.
Less probability of
quality failure.
2,500
Financial Cost:
10.2
Hemis Number 244742
Table 9 : Piling Risk Assessment
1.1
1/5
Environmental Risk
Financial Cost:
Load Testing
Less Probability of
fatality reduced
15,000
Task:
Quality
assurance of
fabrication
yard
1/5
Health and Safety Risk
Financial Cost:
Disposal of
waste Pile
arisings.
Less Probability of
fatality reduced
15,000
Task:
Noise
Probability/Impa
ct
Financial Cost:
Plant instability
over water
Typical
Consequences
after Control
Measures
84
1/5
10.3 Steel fixing Risk Assessment
Population at
Risk
Risk
Typical
Consequences
Probability/Impact
Control Measures
3/5
Implement rigorous
cdm training and safety
procedures &
equipment.
Task:
Working Over
Water
Site
Fatality
Site
Fatality
4/5
Implement wind speed

check before fixing of
steel reinforcement &
postpone
during high wind
speeds
Public
1/5
Environmental Risk
Environmental Fine
5/1
Financial Cost:
Recycle unused steel.
Less Probability of
environmental
fine.
2/1
3,750
Task:
Site
Environmental Risk
Environmental Fine
4/1
Financial Cost:
Make sure all unused

steel is stored in a
purpose built area
where no
contamination can
occur
Less probability of
environmental
damage
1/1
750
Task:
Site
Quality Risk
Quality Failure
3/2
Financial Cost:
Ensure the use of the

latest drawings and
approved for
construction by
qualified engineer
Less probability of
quality failure.
2/2
12,500
Task:
Quality
assurance of
Reinforcement
Less Probability of
fatality reduced
15,000
Task:
Accuracy of
drawings
1/5
Financial Cost:
Lack of Steel
Storage Space
Less Probability of
fatality reduced
15,000
Task:
Disposal of
waste steel
Probability/Impa
ct
Financial Cost:
High Winds
Typical
Consequences
after Control
Measures
Site
Quality Risk
Quality failure
3/2
Financial Cost:
Hemis Number 244742
Table 10 : Steel fixing Risk Assessment
Steel must be checked

and tested to see if it
passes all relevant
standards
Less probability of
quality failure.
12,500
85
2/2
10.4 Walkway Risk Assessment.

Population at
Risk
Risk
Typical
Consequences
Probability/Impac
t
Control Measures
3/5
Implement rigorous
training and regular
checking of harnesses
and lifting platforms
Task:
Working at
Height
Fatality
Chance of fatality
reduced
1/5
15,000
Financial Cost:
Task:
All
Environmental Risk
Reduced working
time
Implement wind speed

check before
construction and
postpone high level
works during high wind
speeds
Chances of
unforeseen
circumstances
reduced
1/4
Chances of quality
failure reduced
2/2
7,500
Financial Cost:
Task:
Quality
assurance of
fabrication
yard
Probability/Impa
ct
Site
High winds
Typical
Consequences
after Control
Measures
Site
Quality Risk
Quality failure
Ensure regular checking

of materials received
and use a reputable
fabrication yard with
quality approvals
3/2
12,500
Financial Cost:
Table 11 Walkway Risk Assessment
Hemis Number 244742
86
1 1 . 0 C D M R E G U L AT I O N S
11.1 Introduction
The Construction (Design and Management) CDM Regulations 2004
aim to reduce the risk of accidents and occupational ill health arising
from construction work. It ensures that construction health and safety
risks are avoided, mitigated or managed throughout every stage of the
project and involving all parties, client, designer, contractor and subcontractor (Gilbertson, 2004).
The CDM regulations state that the following must be completed

before construction works begin.
Pre-contract health & safety plan is produced by the client that

details foreseen job information, site conditions and risks.
Designers risk assessment is produced by the designer of the

job, listing foreseen risks with the design and construction.
Contractors risk assessment is produced by the contractor or

sub-contractor listing foreseen risks with construction, (Ciria,
2004).
Hemis Number 244742
87
Prior to any construction of works a method statement is to be

created, which includes the risk assessment, for the specific task
applied to the method statement. There is no legal obligation to create
a method statement, but in the past it has been demonstrated as an
effective management tool. Risk assessments are obligatory, which is
then introduced and known by the workforce before commencement
of works.
11.2 Risks assessed by CDM Regulations for Piling.
Plant instability
Inadequate working platform for
equipment - considerations such
as:
Bearing capacity, stability, and
variability of marine conditions.
Plant and Machinery
Lifting, slewing and pitching of
casings, piles and reinforcement
cages.
Movement of piling rigs, Delivery
of materials.
Hemis Number 244742
88
Working environment
Noise, vibration, exhaust fumes,
trips,
open bores/excavations, impact
from
spoil falling off auger.
Services
Buried
underground
and
including
gas,
overhead
services
electricity, water
and drainage by drilling, driving,
impact, vibration, settlement.
Health hazards
Contact
with
contaminated
arising /groundwater.
Dust
and
irritation
from
materials (eg
Bentonite and cement).
(CDM Regulations, 2004)
11.3 Risks assessed by CDM Regulations for Working in Costal
conditions/over water.
Hemis Number 244742
89
Slips, trips and falls due to:

Wet algae covered surfaces.
Awkward access.
Unstable and moving platforms.
Moving water.
Exposed locations.
Crushed/trapped due to:

Moving Plant.
Inter vessel personnel transfer.
Impact by Boats and pontoons.
Struck
by
plant
or
slewed
materials and equipment.
Hemis Number 244742
90
Health hazards due to:

Lack
of
accessible
welfare
provisions
due
to
exposed/remote location.
Contaminated water:
- Water borne diseases
- Chemicals contamination
Immersion
Cold water shock.
Hypothermia.
Fatigue.
Drowning.
Moving Water
River currents, scour
Tidal movements.
Flood water.
Unsafe Temporary Structures
Unconsolidated seabed material.
Seabed Changes.
Temporary
Storage
e.g.
rock
dump.
(CDM Regulations, 2004).
Hemis Number 244742
91
11.4 Application of CDM regulations during Construction.
11.4.1
Supervision.
Experienced engineers should be placed in order to ensure the safety

of the operations. They must be familiar with first aid procedures and
emergency procedures.
Co-operation
and
communication
between
the
design
and
construction team is very important. Supervision must be made at all

times by an experienced engineer. Pile positions need to be checked
and marked by buoys to prevent the rig operator from piling
incorrectly.
11.4.2
Pre-Site Preparations.
Any obstructions must be removed prior to the work commencing on

site. All work must be assigned to specialist contractors for each
working operation due to the complexity of the job.
11.4.3
Storage of materials.
As the site is out at sea, a storage area of materials needs to be

located close to shore for ease of access. These materials must be
Hemis Number 244742
92
surrounded by a hoarding to prevent children from entering the area,

and thwart potential theft.
11.4.4
Plant and equipment.
All plant and equipment to be kept in a secure area, and a hard

standing area must be provided. This will prevent fuel contamination
from plant. The prevention of water contamination is very important
to this project, as the site is of the storage area needs to be near the
shore.
11.4.5
Third party safety.
Floating barriers and warning lights must be provided around the site
to avoid any possibility of injury or damage by boats sailing past and
colliding with the marine structures. All visitors to the site must sign
in on arrival at the site office, and sign out on departure in case of an
emergency takes place on site.
11.4.6
PPE Requirements and Rescue Equipment.
The safety clothing required on site is as follows: safety helmet,

goggles, ear muffs, lifejacket, working gloves, and high visibility vest.
This equipment can be collected from the site office.
Hemis Number 244742
93
Lifebuoys with rescue lines should be provided at intervals along the

site and positioned conveniently for use in an emergency. Personnel
must wear life jackets, or buoyancy aid equipped with a whistle and
lights. Before the start of each shift all rescue equipment must be
checked by a competent person to ensure it is present and in good
condition.
Enough personnel should be present who are trained in the use of
rescue equipment and emergency procedures (Ciria, 1997).
All
visitors to site must adhere to these requirements.
11.4.7
Rescue boats
On tidal water, a power-driven boat should be provided and properly

equipped, including lifebuoy with buoyant rope. Must be manned
continuously during the period that any persons are working over
water and when on standby.
Rescue boat must be manned by competent boatmen who are also
trained first-aiders and should not be used for other purposes (Ciria,
1997).
11.4.8
First Aid Requirements
A site safety supervisor must be on site at all times overlooking and

discovering potential hazards and resolving them. First aid kits and
Hemis Number 244742
94
must be present on site. All employees must be familiar with first aid
procedures.
11.4.9
Emergency Procedures
The emergency plan is provided in a booklet in the site office. All

employees
should
be
familiar
with
these
procedures
before
commencing on site. All management staff should have specific plans

on place for specific situations. All visitors must be accompanied on
site in case of an emergency in operation.
11.4.10
Environmental issues
Contamination from fuel for plant and equipment to the local water
environment must be avoided at all cost. Therefore measures must be
put in place to avid this. Extra care must be placed when pouring
concrete at sea, spillage must be avoided. All waste must be bought to
shore and disposed of satisfactory.
11.4.11
Design life and serviceability
The life of a completed structure depends on the durability of its

components. For a correctly designed structure and good-quality
materials and workmanship, the design life of the structure should be
between 40 years and 60 years. Some components of the structure
Hemis Number 244742
95
(such as jointing materials) have a shorter life than the structural

concrete and may require renewal during the life of the structure
(BSI, 1997). For this structure it has been stated in the brief, that the
lifeboat station should have a 25 year design life.
11.4.12
Maintenance and operation
The completed structure should be inspected regularly. The designer

should provide the user with a statement listing the items requiring
examination during such maintenance inspections, and stating the
recommended frequency of such inspections, this is shown in section
11.1. The inspection should include examination of the piles for
cracking, leakage, surface deterioration and settlement. Particular
attention should be paid to any rust stains that might indicate
corrosion of the Pile. Any defects should then be corrected.
11.4.13
Demolition
Many of the hazards that are present during construction will be

present
during
the
dismantling
of
the
structure.
The
post-
construction health and safety file should be consulted before

commencing demolition works to assess any major risks involved.
Hemis Number 244742
96
1 2 . 0 K E Y M I T I G AT I O N M E A S U R E S
12.1 Results of Risk Assessment.
Between the CDM regulations and the risk assessment it was

observed that the two key major risks were working over water, and
noise/vibration pollution due to the piling process. The following
section gives a detailed remediation of each major risk.
12.2 Noise Mitigation for piling works.

12.2.1
Legislative background.
Legislations that apply to noise mitigation are as follows (BSI,

1992):
Control of Noise (Appeals) Regulations 1975.
Statutory Nuisance (Appeals) Regulations (as amended) 1990.
Control of Pollution Act 1974.
Environmental Protection Act 1990.
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
Public Health Act 1961.
Hemis Number 244742
97
12.2.2
Project programme.
Piling programmes should be arranged so as to control the amount of

disturbance in noise and vibration sensitive areas at times that are
considered to be of greatest sensitivity. If piling works are in progress
on a site at the same time as other works of construction and
demolition that themselves may generate significant noise and
vibration, the working programme should be phased so as to prevent
unacceptable disturbance at any time, (BSI, 1992).
12.2.3
Hours of working.
When a local authority intends to control noise by imposing

restrictions on working hours it should have regard to the specialized
nature of some piling works, which may necessitate a longer working
day. A local authority should also bear in mind the acceptable hours
for the residents and occupiers of a particular area, (BSI, 1992). As
the location of the site is out to see and the nearest buildings to the
site are owned by the RNLI, it has been decided that the Piling can
occur between the hours of 9am & 5pm.
Hemis Number 244742
98
12.2.4
Level of Noise.
Table 12 : Noise made due to piling with steel H Piles (BS1, 1992)
The table above illustrates the noise created by steel H piling (BSI,
1992). It is anticipated that the piling will eject an approximate figure
of 127 db.
12.2.5
Driven piles.
In conventional driven piling, a hammer is used to strike the top of the

pile via a helmet and/or a sacrificial dolly. High peak noise levels will
arise as a result of the impact. The hammer can be a simple drop
hammer or it can be actuated by steam, air, hydraulic or diesel
propulsion. (BSI, 1992).
In certain ground conditions it may be possible to drive piles using a

vibratory pile driver, in which cases high impact noise may not arise,
but the continuous forced vibration together with structure-borne
noise can give rise to some disturbance (BSI, 1992).
Hemis Number 244742
99
12.2.6
Noise reduction techniques.
Impact noise when piling is being driven can be reduced by

introducing a non-metallic dolly between the hammer and the driving
helmet. This will prevent direct metal-to-metal contact, but will also
modify the stress wave transmitted to the pile, possibly affecting the
driving efficiency. The energy absorbed by the dolly will appear as
heat. Further noise reduction can be achieved by enclosing the
driving system in an acoustic shroud. Several commercially available
systems employ a partial enclosure arrangement around the hammer.
It is also possible to use pile driving equipment that encloses the
hammer and the complete length of pile being driven, within an
acoustic enclosure (BSI, 1992).
Any such project should be carried out in consultation with the

original equipment manufacturer and with a specialist in noise
reduction techniques.
Screening by barriers and hoardings is less effective than total
enclosure but can be a useful adjunct to other noise control measures.
For maximum benefit, screens should be close either to the source of
noise (as with stationary plant) or to the listener. It may be necessary
for safety reasons to place a hoarding around the site, in which case it
should be designed taking into consideration its potential use as a
noise screen. Removal of a direct line of sight between source and
Hemis Number 244742
100
listener can be advantageous both physically and psychologically,

(BSI, 1992).
12.3 Working over water Mitigation for piling works.

12.3.1
Weather conditions.
The local weather forecast should be obtained at the beginning of

each day's work, or shift and measures taken to ensure that the
forecast is compatible with the planned method of work for that day
(Construction Confederation, 2004).
12.3.2
Ground Conditions.
Ground conditions, sea and waterway bed and water levels can be
very variable and change on a daily basis. This is obvious where the
location is subject to tidal influence (Construction Confederation,
2004) however, the use of a spud leg barge will effectively make the
ground conditions obsolete.
12.3.3
Good access and working space.
Maximise working space to provide a safe working environment and

separate plant and personnel access wherever possible. Consider
construction materials delivery and storage areas with the aim of
reducing plant, vehicle/pedestrian interface and reversing, where
Hemis Number 244742
101
possible. Consider emergency access and egress from the site in times
of storm and known or predictable sea or waterway bed changes
12.3.4
Harnesses.
Harnesses should only be used where no other protective measure

can be provided as they can pose an additional tripping hazard and
potential fatal suspension trauma (Construction Confederation, 2004).
12.3.5
Piling Barges etc.
Barges, pontoons, etc., used as working platforms, must be fit for

purpose, properly constructed and sufficiently stable to avoid tipping.
Hired equipment must be accompanied by a recent Insurer's
Inspection Report.
Attention must be paid to good anchorage and ballasting; point loads
near the edge of these vessels should be avoided to ensure stability
and due account should be taken of the variation of load at the
different radii of crane jibs. The need to use cranes and other lifting
equipment used in the water environment to take account of the
supporting structures possible instability must be discussed in the pre
construction stage. Open edges on barges, must be protected by
double guardrails (Construction Confederation, 2004).
Hemis Number 244742
102
12.3.6
Lifting equipment.
Handling of materials and equipment over water often requires the

use of floating plant. Consideration must be given to the operational
limits of such plant, in terms of wave and current forces as well as
operable
wind
speeds.
Particular
attention
is
required
when
transferring materials to/from a floating platform to a fixed platform

because of relative movements between the two (Construction
Confederation, 2004).
12.3.7
Site tidiness.
Site tidiness is key in minimising tripping hazards. Tools, ropes and

other materials not in use should be stored away and rubbish should
be cleared up promptly. Materials awaiting use should be stacked
compactly and, restrained particularly on barges and boats.
Slippery surfaces are dangerous and should be treated immediately.

Seaweed, sea-slime and bird droppings should be cleaned off. Oily or
greasy surfaces should be initially gritted prior to treatment with
degreasing/cleaning agents. Icy or frosty surfaces should be treated
with industrial salt or sand.
Hemis Number 244742
103
Drip trays should be sand-filled and set beneath all machinery to

prevent environmental pollution and the development of oily, slippery
surfaces. This also minimises fire hazards.
The water area near the work should be kept clear of debris. Boatmen
should be instructed to report its presence and to clear it, where
possible.
12.3.8
Inter-vessel transfer.
Inter-vessel transfer should be avoided as much as possible restricting

access to controlled environments in port areas where full and proper
provisions can be made (Construction Confederation, 2004).
However, it is understood that the transfer of persons by workboats to

barges, for example, is commonplace. The risk of falling into the water
and drowning during these operations can be significantly reduced by
the design and provision of good quality foot and hand holds with
good gripping surfaces along with the provision and wearing of the
correct type of life jacket (Construction Confederation, 2004).
Hemis Number 244742
104
12.3.9
Emergency planning/preparedness.
Particular attention should be paid to effective emergency planning

and
provision
of
access
to
key
emergency
services
such
as
(Construction Confederation, 2004):

Nearest Hospital
R N LI
Harbourmaster
Coastguard
Police
Fire service
Bomb disposal
Decompression facility (where diving work is planned)
The safe means of access/egress of emergency services to the site,

which may involve beach and surf zone crossings and/or marine
access, must be clearly identified at before the start of operations. All
these arrangements, which must form part of the site specific Health
and Safety Plan, must be written down and included within the
Induction training. The provision and maintenance of stretchers,
resuscitators, fire fighting and first aid equipment, including blankets
to assist in the management of hypothermia, are all matters that
should be considered as they form a vital part of the planning of the
works (Construction Confederation, 2004).
Hemis Number 244742
105
Emergency Procedure cards must be carried by the workforce and

emergency drills practiced from time to time. This is particularly
important if a rescue team has been established (Construction
12.3.10
Rescue procedure.
It is essential that: operatives work in pairs so that there is always one

to raise the alarm, each person is trained in what to do in the event of
an emergency.
The rescue procedure should consist of:
a set routine for raising the alarm,
a set drill to provide rescue facilities,
A set routine for getting persons to hospital whether for checkup through immersion in water (possibly polluted), or for
treatment as the result of injury (Construction Confederation,
2004).
12.3.11
Safety Helmets.
Safety helmets should be worn at all times, for operatives in

designated work areas, since anyone struck on the head and then
Hemis Number 244742
106
falling into water is at special risk (Construction Confederation,

2004).
12.3.12
Footwear.
Safety footwear with non-slip soles should be worn. Rubber and thigh
boots should be avoided, where possible, as, once filled with water
they act as deadweight and could drag the wearer under water
12.3.13
Personal buoyancy equipment.
Life-jackets or buoyancy aids must be worn where there is a

foreseeable risk of drowning when working on or near water and at all
times whilst working on boats or other vessels.
A wide range of life-jackets and buoyancy aids are available and they
should be marked with the relevant British Standards. Selection will
depend on such matters as the type of water conditions, the work
being
undertaken
and
the
protective
clothing
being
worn
12.3.14
Lifebuoys and rescue lines.
Approved lifebuoys, or rescue lines, should be set at intervals along

the workings. The lifebuoys must be checked to ensure that they are
Hemis Number 244742
107
long enough to allow for the state of the tide, height of working place
above water, or for the person being carried downstream by a current.
They may be constructed of either cork with canvas covering, or of
polyurethane foam with a rigid PVC cover. Both types are effective in
salt or fresh water (Construction Confederation, 2004).
A typical rescue line incorporates 25m of line in a canvas bag with a

small flotation chamber. The end of this line is held, whilst the bag is
thrown towards the casualty, an over-arm throwing method but, if
guardrails or other protection permit, better accuracy can be
achieved by throwing underarm (Construction Confederation, 2004).
Lifebuoys or rescue lines should be thrown as near as possible to a

person in the water; if any tide is running, they, should be thrown on
the upstream side. All persons involved in the work who may need to
use the lifebuoys or rescue lines should be instructed in their use and
should be given regular opportunities to practice the action to be
taken in the event of an emergency (Construction Confederation,
2004).
Daily checks should be made to ensure that lifebuoys and rescue lines
are still in their proper place and that no repair work is required as a
result of vandalism or other interference.
Hemis Number 244742
108
12.3.15
Grab lines.
Grab lines, attached to the working place, or at other places

downstream, and long enough to allow for the normal rise and fall in
tide, can be supplied to give a person something to grab in an
emergency. They should be of buoyant type with a marker float at the
free end. Trailing ends of undue length should be avoided so that
there is no risk of boats being fouled. Daily checks should be made to
ensure that they are still in position and that their condition is sound
12.3.16
Rescue/safety boats.
Suitable rescue boat or safety boats will be needed in most situations

when working over or near to tidal or flowing water. The boat
provided should be of appropriate size and power as required by
tidal/current and weather conditions. The boat should be chosen so as
to enable people to be lifted or pulled from the water into the boat
In tidal waters two crew members will be necessary, one to facilitate

rescue and the other to manoeuvre the boat. In coastal environments
safety boats can create a false sense of security. They cannot be
launched or operate safely in severe swell conditions when they would
Hemis Number 244742
109
provide the most benefit. Their very existence may put the safety boat
operatives in an unsafe environment (Construction Confederation,
2004).
Boats should be fitted with grab lines and carry at least one approved
lifebuoy,
boathook,
baler,
anchor
and
suitable
warp.
Two-way
communication between boat and shore is essential and a portable

marine radio must be provided for this purpose. If night work is to
take place, a suitable spotlight should be fitted (Construction
Safety boats should be manned continuously whilst work is in

progress. They should be operated by experienced/qualified boatmen
who are trained first aiders. Safety boats should not be used to run
errands to and from the shore unless two boats are provided as they
must be on station whenever persons are carrying out work
Hemis Number 244742
110
13.0
WHOLE LIFE COSTING
13.1 Total Cost for piling works.

13.1.1
Consultancy/Design Costs
This value is assumed to be 33% of the total construction cost of the

piling works (230065.45)
Therefore = 76688.48
13.1.2
Construction Costs
From the Bill of Quantities in appendix C, the total cost for the piling
works is (not including Class A and B items) = 230065.45
This figure does not include all site mobilisation, labour, supervision
or plant costs which are all included in the overall Bill of Quantities in
appendix C of this report.
The
financial
contingency,
that
was
obtained
from
the
risk
assessments carried out in section 4.0 = 59,500
Hemis Number 244742
111
Therefore this gives a total cost for the piling works= 289,565.45
13.1.3
Maintenance Costs
A general inspection of the piles to check for signs of corrosion, level

1 inspection will be required every year, with level 2 inspection once
every 5 years and level 3 inspection every 10 years. See section 11.1.
The design life of the building is to be 50 years.
Level 1 inspection: 1000 each, every 1 year = 50,000

Level 2 inspection 4000 each, every 5 years = 80,000
Level 3 inspection 10000 each, every 10 years = 50,000
All values at 2007 prices. (PileCap Inc, 2007).
Therefore total maintenance costs = 180,000
13.1.4
Demolition Costs
The value for demolition is assumed to be 10% of the construction

costs, adjusted for inflation over the design life of 50 years.
23,006.55 x 1.02^50 = 61,924.14
Hemis Number 244742
112
13.1.5
Total Whole Life Cost
The total cost of the structure, over the 50 year design life =
531,489,59
For Whole life costs of steel reinforcement please see volume 2.
Hemis Number 244742
113
1 4 . 0 E N V I R O N M E N TA L A SS E S S M E N T
Figure x : Bathing Waters (Solent forum, 2007)

forum, 2007)
Figure xii : Sites of special scientific interest

sensitive areas (Solent forum, 2007)
(Solent forum, 2007)
Hemis Number 244742
114
Figure xi : Nature Reserves (Solent
Figure
xiii
Marine
The above maps illustrate that is (Solent forum, 2007):
No Nature reserve at Selsey.
Bathing Beach at Selsey.
Not a site of special scientific interest.
Not a marine sensitive area.
Even though there are no sites of environmental importance, an

environmental assessment needs to be made for the construction of
the lifeboat station.
14.1 Environmental assessment Leopold Matrix
Magnit
ude
Noise
Marine Life
Environme
ntal
Impacts
Erosion Risks
Water Quality
Visual
Landscape
Total
Hemis Number 244742
Pre
Construction
1
5
2
4
1
3
1
5
1
1
22
Signifca
nce
Project Activites
Constructio
maintenanc
Operation
n
e
4
1
2
5
5
5
3
0
2
4
4
4
1
1
1
3
3
3
5
2
2
5
5
5
4
2
1
1
1
1
64
21
36
115
Demolitio
n
4
5
4
4
1
3
3
5
1
1
55
Tot
al
60
44
15
65
9
Table 13 : Environmental assessment Leopold matrix
14.2 Result
This
table illustrates
that the contamination
of
water during
construction is the worst potential risk.
14.3 Mitigation against Risk.

All environmental aspects and impacts should be assessed through
the documented risk assessment process. The pollution of water is a
high risk for the construction industry. One of the normal precautions
taken to mitigate this problem is to isolate the water from the
construction operations.
Control measures must therefore deal with such issues as the leakage
of diesel fuel, particularly when refuelling of vessels is taking place.
Similarly, the design and provision of 'failsafe' fuel storage and
delivery systems using double skinned containers with automatic shut
off valves that are difficult to defeat is important. Pollution events
have occurred when the fuel delivery system has allowed the lever of
the dispensing gun to be tied in the open position. This occurs when
the amounts of fuel being dispensed, or the speed of the refuelling
Hemis Number 244742
116
process, is such that Operatives carrying out these operations get

bored and do not supervise the process properly.
Washout facilities for concrete pumps and mixer trucks along with
safe storage, mixing and use of bentonite are other high risk
situations that demand careful consideration and action.
Hemis Number 244742
117
15.0 PROGRAMME OF WORKS AND RESOURCES

A G G R E G AT I O N
The time ratios used to produce the program have been adapted from:
SPONS, 2007
This book has been used in order to obtain the practical rates as
possible. Following are the details of each tasks duration using 1
plant gang and 1 labour gang each time Assume 40 working hours per
week.
Details of tasks duration calculation.- Foundation process
Task 1 : Driving pile foundations (25m of driving a day has been

assumed):
Slipway:
207.8m / 25m
8.3 days
Lifeboat:
645.6m / 25m
25.83 days
Walkway
101m / 25m
4.04 days
39 days
Total (Max of duration)

Hemis Number 244742
118
For all take off sheets, gantt chart and resource allocation. Please see
Appendix C.
1 6 . 0 T A K E O F F S H E E T R E S U LT S
CLASS B : GROUND INVESTIGATION

FIRST DIVISION
SECOND DIVISION
THIRD DIVISION
Qty
Un
it
Ref
2
.
Light cable Percussion

boreholes
3
.
Depth
4
.
20-30m
125
B23
4
4
.
Samples
2
.
From Boreholes
1
.
Open Tube
nr
B42
1
5
.
5
.
Site tests and

observations
Site tests and
observations
1
.
1
.
1
.
3
.
Permeability
Standard
Penetration
10
nr
10
nr
6
.
6
.
Instrumental
Observations
Instrumental
Observations
3
.
3
.
Installations
42
nr
Readings
42
nr
Moisture
Content
nr
Classification
1
.
2
.
Triaxial Cell
nr
B71
1
B74
2
Engineer
Chartered
B83
7
.
7
.
Laboratory Tests
1
.
4
.
Professional Services
Laboratory Tests
Hemis Number 244742
Settlement Gauges
Settlement Gauges
Classification
119
1
.
4
.
25
B51
1
B51
3
B63
1
B63
4
CLASS G : CONCRETE ANCILLARIES

5
.
5
.
5
.
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
2
.
2
.
2
.
Deformed high
Yield Bars
Deformed high
Yield Bars
Deformed high
Yield Bars
3
.
4
.
8
.
10 mm
1.3
12 mm
9.5
32 mm
0.2
G52
3
G52
4
G52
5
10.
7
M42
1
10.
7
M62
200
nr
M64
4
Galvanizing
65
M86
Cathodic Protection
42
nr
M87
48
N14
65
O34
CLASS M : STRUCTURAL METALWORK

4
.
Fabrication of other
members
2
.
Beams
1
.
6
.
Erection of members for

frames
2
.
Permanent erection
6
.
Erection of members for

frames
4
.
HSFG general
grade
8
.
8
.
Off site surface

treatment
Off site surface
treatment
6
.
7
.
4
.
Straight on
plan
24-30mm
CLASS N : MISCELLANEOUS METALWORK

1
.
4
.
Handrails
CLASS O : TIMBER
3
.
Hardwood decking
Hemis Number 244742
4
.
25 - 50 mm
120
CLASS P : PILES
7
.
5
.
Isolated Steel Piles
120 - 250 kg/m
166
.6
P75
956
Q51
5
42
nr
Q84
42
nr
Q85
CLASS Q : PILING ANCILLARIES

5
.
8
.
8
.
Isolated Steel Piles
Pile tests
Pile tests
1
.
121 - 250 kg/m
4
.
5
.
Non destructive
Integrity
Inclinometer
Readings
5
.
depth driven
17.0 BILL OF QUANTITIES
The next sheet shows a Bill of Quantities for the materials to be used
in the construction of the piling foundation, construction of walkway
and reinforcement in the slab.
There are no class A or B items
calculated in this bill of quantities, they can be found in Appendix C.
Hemis Number 244742
121
18.0 FINAL COST
Table 14 : Bill of Quantities
Bill of Quantities Summary For Lifeboat

Station
Class A: GENERAL ITEMS
Total ()
957,471.48
Class B: GROUND INVESTIGATION
6,488.73
Class D: DEMOLITION AND SITE CLEARANCE
Class E: EARTHWORKS
Class F: INSITU CONCRETE
25,166.40
Class G: CONCRETE ANCILLIARIES
48,044.35
Class H: PRECAST CONCRETE
Class I: PIPEWORK - PIPES
CLASS K: PIPEWORK - MANHOLES AND PIPEWOK ANCILLARIES
Class M: STRUCTURAL METALWORK
226,451.19
Class N: MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURAL METALWORK

Class O: TIMBER
57,910.00
6,065.80
Class P: PILES
150,900.55
Class Q: PILING ANCILLARIES
146,627.60
Class U: BRICKWORK, BLOCKWORK AND MASONARY
6,961.50
Class V: PAINTING
3,196.20
Class Z:SIMPLE BUILDING WORKS
13,443.36
Cost of RISK MITIGATION
305,500.00
BILL TOTAL
1,954,227.16
Mechanical and Electrical - 30% of the station without slipway and walkway
GRAND TOTAL
138,697.76
2,092,924.91
Contingency @ 5%
104,646.25
TOTAL GRAND TOTAL
2,197,571.16
The total cost of construction = 2,197,571.16
Hemis Number 244742
122
19.0 REFERENCES
Abebe, A & Smith, I (1999). Pile Foundation Design: A Student Guide.

Retrieved December 7th, 2006, from University of Edinburgh, Civil
Engineering
website:
http://www.sbe.napier.ac.uk/projects/piledesign/guide/chapter1.htm
BSI. (1986). BS 8004: 1986 Code of practice for Foundations. London:

BSI
BSI. (1992). BS 5228-4: 1992 Part 4: Code of practice for noise and
vibration control applicable to piling operations. London: BSI
BSI. (1997). BS 8110-1:1997 Structural use of Concrete. London: BSI
BSI. (2000). BS 5950-1:2000 Part 1: Code of practice for design,

Rolled and welded sections. London: BSI
BSI. (2000a). BS 5400-3:2000 Steel, concrete and composite bridges.

Part 3: Code of practice for design of steel bridges. London: BSI
BSI. (2000b). BS 6349-1:2000 Part 1: Maritime structures Code of

practice for generalCriteria. London: BSI
Hemis Number 244742
123
BSI. (2005). BS 4449:2005 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete

Weldable reinforcing steel Bar, coil and decoiled product
Specification . London: BSI
BSI (2005a) BS 8666: 2005 - Reinforcement Bar Scheduling. . London:

BSI
BSI EN. (2001). BS EN 12954:2001 Cathodic protection of buried or
immersed metallic structures General principles and application for
pipelines. London: BSI
BSI EN. (2001a). BS EN 12954:2001 Cathodic protection for steel

offshore floating structures. London: BSI
BSI EN. (2001b). BS EN 1997:2001 Eurocode 7:Geotechnical design

Part 1: General rules London: BSI
Davies, K.G. (2006) Cathodic Protection Retrieved from DTI website

on 5th may: http://www.npl.co.uk /lmm/docs /cathodic_protection.pdf)
Canadian Architect. (n.d.). Measures of Sustainability. Retrieved from

Canadian
Architect
Hemis Number 244742
website
on
124
March
3,
2007
from:
http://www.canadianarchitect.com/asf/perspectives_
sustainibility/
measures_of_sustainablity/measures_of_sustainablity_embodied.htm
Carbon trust (n.d.) Life-cycle energy and emissions of marine energy

devices Retrieved from Wikipedia website on March 3, 2007 from
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/technology
/technologyaccelerator/life-
cycle_energy_and_emissions.htm
Ciria (2004) CDM Regulations Work sector guidance for designers

Oxford: Alden Press
Coatings for the Protection of Structural Steelwork (2000) Guides To

Good Practice In Corrosion control. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from:
www.npl.co.uk/lmm/docs/steelwork.pdf
Construction Confederation (2004) Section 8 Working over water,

Construction institute London: Withlow
Digimap (2007). Selsey Map Location Retrieved from Edina website

on March 3, 2007 from http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/
Digimap Historic (2007). Historical Imagery Retrieved from Edina

website on March 3, 2007 from http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/
Hemis Number 244742
125
English Nature (2006) Environment issues from English Nature

website
on
March
12,
2007
from
http://www.english-
nature.org.uk/science/natural/NA_HAbDetails.asp?Name
=Folkestone+to+Selsey+Bill&N=108&H=65&S=&R=
Ellingham,
J.
(2006).
November
28th,
2006,
Individual
from
Report.
University
Retrieved
of
Retrieved
Portsmouth,
Civil
Engineering website: http://www.civl.port.ac.uk /pumice/integrated

%202006/Fratton /team/id/ joe_files/mcr%2017.htm
GEO Publication No. 1/96 (1996), 'Pile Design and Construction',

Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong.
Gilbertson, A. (2004) CDM Regulations practical guide for client and

clients
agents.
Retrieved
April
20,
2007,
from:
http://www.ciria.org/acatalog/c602.pdf
Hasan, S. (2007) Geophysics and Pile Testing Retrieved from the

Fuguro
Engineering
website
on
March
3,
2007
http://www.fes.co.uk/services/GeophysicsPileTesting/intro.asp
Hemis Number 244742
126
Haven Ports (2007) Jackup Barge Hire Retrieved from Haven Ports
website:
http://www.havenports.co.uk/plant_hire/marine_plant_hire/jack_up_ba
rge.php
ICE. (1999). CESMM3 Price Database 1999/2000. London: Thomas

Telford
Jufri, S.A.R. & Wellman R.J. (1996) 'Civil Engineering Construction IV',
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Langdon, D. (2007). SPONS Architects and Builders Price Book 2006

(131st ed.). Oxon: Taylor and Francis.
Live Local (2007). Live search. Retrieved from Live local website on
March 3, 2007 from http://maps.live.com/
Milne, G. (2005). Embodied energy. Retrieved from Australian

Government
website
on
March
3,
2007
from:
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs31.htm
Hemis Number 244742
127
PileCap Inc (2007). Underwater Pile Inspection Service from PileCap

Inc
website
on
May
3,
2007
from
http://www.pilecapinc.com/inspection.htm
SCOPAC. (1999a). Geology: Lithology and Stratigraphy. Retrieved

February, 23, 2007 from:
http://scopac.org.uk/maps/geology.pdf
SCOPAC. (1999b). Geomorphology. Retrieved February, 23, 2007 from:

http://scopac.org.uk/maps/geomorph.pdf
SCOPAC. (1999c). Sediment Transport: Inputs Pathways, stores and

sinks.
Retrieved
February,
23,
2007
from:
http://scopac.org.uk/maps/sediment.pdf
SCOPAC,
(2007).
Maps.
Retrieved
26th
February
2007
from
http://www.scopac.org.uk/maps.html
Solent forum. (2007). Solent maps. Retrieved from Solent forum

website on February, 24, 2007 from: www.solentforum.hants.org.uk
Tomlinson, M.J. (2001) Foundation Design and Construction; 7th Ed

Prentice-Hall Harlow
Hemis Number 244742
128
Ultrasonic thickness gauges help avoid equipment failure (n.d.)

Retrieved
April
20,
2007,
from:
http://www.engineerlive.com/asiapacific-engineer/healthsafety/2185/ultrasonic-thickness-gauges-help-avoid-equipmentfailure.thtml
Wikipedia (2007). Selsey. Retrieved from Wikipedia website on March

3, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selsey
Hemis Number 244742
129
Hemis Number 244742
130
2 0 . 0 A P P E N D I X A : D R AW I N G S
Hemis Number 244742
131
2 1 . 0 A P P E N D I X B : C A L C U L AT I O N S
Hemis Number 244742
132
22.0 APPENDIX C: BILL OF QUANTITIES &

A S S O C I AT E D W O R K S
Hemis Number 244742
133

Bar Bending Schedule Excel Form4

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Bar Bending Schedule Excel Form4

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Scheme choice at conceptual design stage........................- 25 -

Feedback from Conceptual Design Interview.....................- 31 -

Feedback from Detailed Design Interview..........................- 35 -

Feedback from Design Seminar..........................................- 37 -

Description of Work and Location.......................................- 38 -

Piling method statement.....................................................- 38 -

Reinforcement Method statement......................................- 42 -

Walkway Method statement................................................- 44 -

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Material Specification ....................................................- 45 -

Steel Elements Comprising the Piling foundations............- 45 -

Steel connections to Piling foundations..............................- 46 -

Dynamic Pile Testing (DPT)................................................- 51 -

Metallic coating to beams for Walkway...............................- 52 -

PerformanceCriteria........................................................- 54 Corrosion Protection...........................................................- 54 Maintenance....................................................................- 57 -

Maintenance of Piling works...............................................- 57 -

Maintenance of cathodic protection of Piling works..........- 58 -

Life cycle Anaylsis...........................................................- 62 -

Life Cycle Analysis of the Piling Foundations.....................- 62 -

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Key mitigation measures.................................................- 80 -

Whole life costing............................................................- 91 -

13.1 Total Cost for piling works..................................................- 91 14.0

Programme of Works and Resources Aggregation..........- 96 -

Take off sheet results........................................................- 97 -

Final Cost........................................................................- 100 -

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Hemis Number 244742

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Hemis Number 244742

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

This report shows the project development, from concept to detailed

All piles to be protected from corrosion by a

technique known as cathodic protection. The design has been

This report also looks at construction resources for the piling

Hemis Number 244742

Selsey Lifeboat Station

MEng 4 Integrated Design Project

Individual Report -Volume 1 Group 3

construction processes and environmental assessment.