PROBLEM 1

Note: Keep track of units, whether volume or area, etc

Volume Ax ,
At time = t0 the bacteria population between x0 and x0 + x equals N ( x0 , t0 ) Ax .
When t has passed, bacteria have flowed out from the right side, flowed in the left side, and died.
The number dead equals N ( x0 , t0 ) Ax t
The number that flowed in equals q ( x0 , t0 ) At
The number that flowed out equals q ( x0 x, t0 ) At
So net flow equals q( x0 x, t0 ) At q( x0 , t0 ) At
The net Change of bacteria from t0 to t0 + t, or in other words, N ( x0 , t0 t ) Ax N ( x0 , t0 ) Ax is equal to
minus the total dead plus the total net flow.

N ( x0 , t0 t ) Ax N ( x0 , t0 ) Ax N ( x0 , t0 ) Ax q( x0 x, t0 ) A q(x0 , t0 ) A
Divide both sides by Axt
N ( x0 , t0 t ) N ( x0 , t0 )
q( x0 x, t0 ) q( x0 , t0 )
N ( x0 , t0 )

t
x
x
Rearrange the right hand side
N ( x0 , t0 t ) N ( x0 , t0 )
q( x0 x, t0 ) q( x0 , t0 )
N ( x0 , t0 )
t
x
Take limit as t goes to zero and x goes to zero
N
q
N
t
x
N
Moving on, if q K
as the problem says in the end
x
N
2 N
N K 2 , not sure if this is supposed to look like some special equation.
The equation becomes
t
x

PROBLEM 2

These are the lengths of the segments of the path from..

1 to 2 =
2 to 3 = (0+)
3 to 4 =
4 to 1 = (0)
The line integral of each segment is the length of the segment times the component of the vector field that is
parallel to it. A vector field v has three components, v, v , and v which is shorthand for the -component, component, and -component.
Integrating from
1 to 2 = v(0)
2 to 3 = v(0+d)(0+)
3 to 4 = v(0+)
4 to 1 = v(0)(0)

NOTE: v(0) means v at =0, not v times 0

NOTE: Ditto above
NOTE: Ditto above
NOTE: Ditto above

So the total line integral about this closed path is, I re-ordered the integrals, youll see why later

v dR

v 0 d 0 v 0 0 v 0 v 0

v dR is equal to the surface integral of

. Since our tiny loop is oriented normal to the theta axis, the integral v ndA

is just the
v ndA

Stokes theorem says that the total line integral along this closed path
the curl

-component of the curl times the area of the loop. Note that v e is another name for the -component of
the curl.

So in summary we have
Rearranging leads to

v dR v e Area

v dR v e

Area

Area of loop = ,

*(kinda like in polar coordinates where dA was rdrd)

v e

v dR v

v e

v dR 1 v

v e

1 v v

Same answer as the textbook

d 0 v 0 0 v 0 v 0

Area

Area

d 0 v 0 0

v 0 v 0

PROBLEM 3

1 1 y

Choose either of these two orders of integration

1 1 1

div(V )dxdydz OR

div(V )dydxdz

0 0 0

0 0 x

V x 2i yj zk
div(V ) 2 x 1 1 2 x 2
1 1 y

2 x 2dxdydz
0 0 0
1 1

0 0
1 1

2 x dydz
0

2 y dydz

0 0
1

y3
2
0 3 y dz
0
1

3 dz
0

4
4
z
3 0 3

Now to do the surface integral, there are 5 faces total, well do em one at a time, highlighted in red
V x 2i yj zk
n 0i 0 j k Because z = 0 at this face zdA 0
zdA
V ndA

n 0i 0 j k
zdA
V ndA

Because z = 1 at this face zdA 1 dA 1 Area 1/ 2

1 1
i
j 0k
2
2
1 2

V ndA
x y dA
2
This integral is more annoying. Im going to integrate it along y and z. Note that x is a function of y, y=x along

this face. That will allow you to substitute the xs with ys in our expression for V ndA
Also by looking at the geometry you can figure out an expression for dA, cause its just a tilted rectangle
n

dA 2dydz


V ndA
1 1

1
x2 y
2

2dydz x 2 y dydz y 2 y dydz

y dydz

0 0
1

y3 y 2
0 3 2 dz
0
1

6 dz
0

1
z

6
60

n 0i j 0k
ydA
V ndA

Because y = 1 at this face ydA 1 dA 1 Area 1

n i 0 j 0k
x dA
V ndA
2

Total integral
1 1
4
0 1 0
2 6
3

Yay! Same 4/3 as above!

PROBLEM 4
dx
xt
dt

Laplace both sides

sX ( s) x(0) X ( s)

Knowing that x(0) = 0

sX ( s ) X ( s )

1
s2

sX ( s ) X ( s )

1
s2

Because x = 0 at this face x2 dA 0

1
s2

 s 1 X ( s)
X (s)

1
s2

1
Then use partial fraction decomposition
s s 1
2

As A Bs2 Bs Cs2 1
X ( s)

A B
C

2
s
s s 1

X (s)

A = -1
B = -1
C =1

1 1
1

2
s
s s 1

Take the inverse Laplace by table

x(t ) t 1 et

PROBLEM 5
P P( ( x, y, z, t ))
By the chain rule
P
P

Heres where Im not so sure if Im doing the right thing

1
ut v 2u

The problem says to take the curl of both sides so ok.

ut v2u

Heres a useful property, if g is some scalar function:

2 g 0

because 2 g div( grad ( g )) and curl of a divergence is 0.

A sidenote 2V grad (div (V )) this is the vector laplacian when the
argument is a vector and not a scalar function

So we find out that v2u 0 so that gets rid of one term, were left with

ut

Heres a useful property, if g is a scalar function and V is a vector function then

gV g V g V

In our case

is the scalar function and the gradient is the vector function

1
1

Because curl of a gradient is zero you get rid of one thing
1

1 1
By the chain rule 2 so you get the following.

1
1
2


The cross product of something and itself has gotta be zero, got rid of another term.
1

You are left with

ut 0
PROBLEM 6
y '' sin( x) y

The problem says to assume y is in the following form

y ( x) a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x 3 a4 x 4 a5 x 5 ...

So the second derivative is then:

y ''( x) 2a2 6a3 x 12 a4 x 2 20a5 x 3 ...

Remember that sine has this taylor series

sin( x) x

x3
...
3!

y '' sin( x) y becomes

x3
2a2 6a3 x 12a4 x 20a5 x ... x ... a0 a1 x a2 x 2 a3 x3 a4 x 4 a5 x 5 ...
3!

You need to simplify the right hand side into one power series by carefully multiplying it all out.
A systematic way to collect terms on the right hand side is to do the following
2

What are the constant terms?

NONE

What are the x terms?

Only a0 x
What are the x2 terms?
a1 x 2

What are the x3 terms?

a
a2 x 3 0 x 3
6

Back to the first equation with our new right hand side
a

2a2 6a3 x 12 a4 x 2 20a5 x 3 ... 0 a0 x a1 x 2 a2 0 x 3 ...

6

Compare constants on the left and right to get equations

2 a2 0

6a3 a0
12 a4 a1
a0
6
I leave the rest of the work to you
No singularities here so the radius of convergence should be infinite
20a5 x 3 a2

PROBLEM 7
NOT DOING THIS!
PROBLEM 8

x2 y '' xy ' x 2 4 y 0

y an x n r
0

y ' n r an x n r 1
0

y '' n r n r 1 an x n r 2
0

x 2 y '' n r n r 1 an x n r
0

xy ' n r an x n r
0

x 2 y a n x n r 2 an 2 x n r

4 y 4 a n x n r
0

x 2 y '' xy ' x 2 y 4 y n r n r 1 an n r an an 2 4an x n r 0

0

We get this recursion relationship out of the whole thing

n r n r 1 a n r a
n

an2 4an 0

rearranging

n r n r 1 n r 4 a

an2

For n = 0 (we know a-2 is zero), plug and get a quadratic

r r 1 r 4 a

4 a0 0

Solve for r and you get that it is + or 2, which is a big pain because they differ by an integer.
r 2
In cases where they differ by an integer, the higher value, +2 guarantees a solution.
Using the recursion relationship from earlier now with r =2;

n r n r 1 n r 4 a a
n 2 n 1 n 2 4 a a

n 2

n2

n=1

3 2 3 4 a

a1 a1 0

n=2

n 2 n 1 n 2 4 a

an2 a1 0

 43 4 4 a

solution a0

a0 a2

a0
12

a0 2
x ...
12

PROBLEM 9

5 1 3 2
2 1 0 4

1 3 3 10
Row space first so row operations

5 1 3 2
2 1 0 4 Add first row to third

4 2 0 8
5 1 3 2
2 1 0 4 Add twice second row to third

0 0 0 16
5 1 3 0
2 1 0 0 Clear all of the third column entries using the third row

0 0 0 16
1
3
0
5
0 7 / 5 6 / 5 0 Subtract 2/5ths of first row from second

0
0
0
16
DONE

5 1 3 2
2 1 0 4

1 3 3 10
Column space now so column operations

7 1 3 2
0 1 0 4 Add twice the second column to first column

7 3 3 10
7 1 3 2
0 1 0 0 Add twice the second column to fourth column

7 3 3 22

0 1 3 2
0 1 0 0 subtract 7/3 the third column from first column

0 3 3 22

0 2 3 2
0 1 0 0 subtract third column from second column

0 0 3 22
0 2 3 20
0 1 0 0 subtract 22/3 third column from fourth column

0 0 3 0

0 2 1 1
0 1 0 0 Divide row three by 3 then divide row 4 by -20

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 use fourth column to clear out all the first row entries

0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0
PROBLEM 10
y '' 3 y ' 2 y 2 xe x e x

First get the general homogeneous solution with the characteristic polynomial

2 3 2 0

2 1 0
yh Ae x Be2 x
Find the particular solution using undetermined coefficients
Note that the right hand side contains two ingredients xe x and e x

If you keep differentiating them to get the finite family it is just e x , xe x , e x but problem! ex is a homogeneous
solution to the DE so you have to keep multiplying it by powers of x until you get a new ingredient. Multiplying
by x2 does the trick.
Now we have e x , xe x , x 2e x and so our final solution should look like y p Ce x Dxex Ex2ex
y p Ce x Dxe x Ex 2e x
y p ' Ce x De x Dxe x 2 Exe x Ex 2e x
y p '' Ce x De x D 2 E e x D 2 E xe x 2 Exe x Ex 2e x

You can simplify it a little

y p Ce x Dxe x Ex 2e x
y p ' Ce x De x D 2 E xe x Ex 2e x
y p '' Ce x 2 D 2 E e x D 4 E xe Ex 2e x

But still have to substitute all that back into the original DE
Plus yp back into y '' 3 y ' 2 y 2 xe x e x

Ce

2D 2E e x D 4E xe Ex 2e x 3 Ce x De x D 2E xe x Ex 2e x 2 Ce x Dxe x Ex 2e x 2xe x

Simplifying

6Ce x D 2E ex 2E xex 2xex e x

2 E xe x 2 xe x
D 2E e x 0
6Ce x e x

E 1
D 2
C 1/ 6

Joining homogeneous and particular solution

y Ae x Be 2 x

e x
2 xe x x 2e x
6