VISOKA KOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE

Terzi Milica

Engleski jezik 1
Skripta

Beograd
Semptembar, 2011
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Sadraj:

The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 4

The Present Continuous Tense ............................................................................... 6
Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 8
The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 8
The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 10
Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING ........................................................................ 12
Comparison of Adjectives ...................................................................................... 13
The Future Simple Tense ....................................................................................... 14
Be+Going to+Infinitive .................................................................................. 15
Prepositions of Place .............................................................................................. 16
Prepositions of Time............................................................................................... 17
Reflexive Pronouns................................................................................................. 18
The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 18
Past Simple and Present Pefrect ...................................................................... 21
Modal Verbs............................................................................................................ 21
The Past Perfect Simple Tense .............................................................................. 23
Countable and Uncountabnle Nouns ..................................................................... 25
Quantifiers.................................................................................................... 25
Articles ................................................................................................................... 26
The Indefinite Article ..................................................................................... 26
The Definite Article ........................................................................................ 26
No Article ..................................................................................................... 27
Verb Patterns.......................................................................................................... 28
Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 28
Reported Speech

.................................................................................................. 29

Statements ................................................................................................. 29
Questions .................................................................................................... 30
Orders ........................................................................................................ 31
Conditional Sentences ........................................................................................... 31
The First Conditional ..................................................................................... 31
The Second Conditional ................................................................................. 32
The Third Conditional .................................................................................... 32
The Passive Voice .................................................................................................. 33

Literatura ...............................................................................................................35

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PROSTO SADANJE VREME)

Prosto sadanje vreme (present simple tense) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola
(infinitiv bez to).
Na primer, infinitiv sa to glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez to glasi work. Za sva
lica osim za tree lice jednine potvrdni oblik prostog sadanjeg vremena glasi work. Za tree
lice se dodaje s.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I work Ja radim
You work Ti radi
He works On radi
She works Ona radi
It works Ono radi

Mnoina (plural)
We work Mi radimo
You work Vi radite
They work Oni rade

Nastavak s u treem licu jednine moe imati razliite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na
vokal o nastavak e glasiti es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. l. jed. glasi goes ili glagol
do koji u 3. l. jed. glasi does.
Ukoliko se glagol zavrava na ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takoe glasi es.
Na primer:
He teaches (teach predavati).
She washes (wash prati).
He kisses (kiss ljubiti).
She fixes (fix popravljati).
Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik y prelazi u ie.
Na primer:
He cries (cry -plakati).
It flies (fly leteti).
Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.
She plays (play igrati).
He stays (stay ostati).
Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u treem licu glasi has.
Upitni oblik glagola u prostom sadanjem vremenu se gradi od pomonog glagola do,
odnosno does (za tree lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No pitanja
nemaju upitnu re i na njih se moe odgovoriti sa da ili ne. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnom
reju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many...
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Do I work? Da li ja radim?
Do you work? Da ti radi?
Does he work? Da li on radi?
Does she work? Da li ona radi?
Does it work? Da li ono radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Do we work? Da li mi radimo?
Do you work? Da li vi radite?
Do they work? Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Do I work? Yes, I do / No, I dont
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Do you work? Yes, you do / No, you dont.

Does he work? Yes, he does / No, he doesnt
Does she work? Yes, she does / No, she doesnt
Does it work? Yes, it does / No, it doesnt
Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we dont
Do you work? Yes, we do / No, we dont
Do they work? Yes, they do/No, they dont
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where do I work? Gde ja radim?
Where do you work? Gde ti radi?
Where does he work? Gde on radi?
Where does she work? Gde ona radi?
Where does it work? Gde ono radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Where do we work? Gde mi radimo?
Where do you work? Gde vi radite?
Where do they work? Gde oni rade?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola do (odnosno does za tree lice
jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I do not (don't) work Ja ne radim
You do not (don't) work Ti ne radi
He does not (doesn't) work On ne
radi
She does not (doesn't) work Ona ne
radi
It does not (doesn't) work Ono ne
radi

Mnoina (plural)
We do not (don't) work Mi ne radimo
You do not (don't) work Vi ne radite
They do not (don't) work Oni ne rade

Upotreba:
Prosto sadanje vreme se koristi za:
Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, obiaji, rutine)
I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.)
She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.)
The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju aj u 5 sati popodne.)
U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za uestalost (rei koje oznaavaju koliko esto
se deava radnja). To su:
Always (uvek), usually (obino), often (esto), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad),
every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl.
Zatim, once a year (jedanput godinje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week
(triput nedeljno) i sl.
Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom
obliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year, itd. najee dolaze na kraju reenice.
I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u kolu u 8 sati ujutru.)
She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obino pije aj uvee.)
We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.)
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Opte istine (neto to je uvek tano):

People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.)
A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 asa.)
The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca.)
The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.)
Karakteristike subjekta:
He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.)
My sister plays the piano. (Moja sestra svira klavir.)

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADANJE TRAJNO VREME)

Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom
sadanjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are+ sadanji particip (present
participle) glavnog glagola.
Sadanji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ing:
go going
sleep sleeping
work working
Ako se glagol zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,
krajnji se suglasnik ispred ing udvostruava. Na primer:
hit udariti
stop prestati
permit dopustiti
begin poeti

particip:
particip:
particip:
particip:

hitting
stopping
permitting
beginning

Krajnje l se uvek uvostruava.Npr.:

travel putovati

particip: travelling

Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I am working Ja radim
You sre working Ti radi
He is working On radi
She is working Ona radi
It is working Ono radi

Mnoina (plural)
We are working Mi radimo
You are working Vi radite
They are working Oni rade

Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

Jednina (singular)
Am I working? Da li ja radim?
Are you working? Da li ti radi?
Is he working? Da li on radi?
Is she working? Da li ona radi?
Is it working? Da li ono radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Are we working? Da li mi radimo?
Are you working? Da li vi radite?
Are they working? Da li oni rade?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Am I working? Yes, I am / No, I'm not

Are you working? Yes, you are / No, you arent.
Is he working? Yes, he is / No, he isnt
Is she working? Yes, she is / No, she isnt
Is it working? Yes, it is / No, it isnt
Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we arent
Are you working? Yes you are / No, you arent
Are they working? Yes, they are / No, they arent
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where am I working? Gde ja radim?
Where are you working? Gde ti radi?
Where is he working? Gde on radi?
Where is she working? Gde ona radi?
Where is it working? Gde ono radi?

Mnoina (plural)
Where are we working? Gde mi
radimo?
Where are you working? Gde vi
radite?
Where are they working? Gde oni
rade?

Odrini oblik sadanjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola
TO BE u sadanjem vremenu i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.
Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I am not (I'm not) working Ja ne
radim
You are not (aren't) working Ti ne
radi
He is not (isn't) working On ne radi
She is not (isn't) working Ona ne
radi
It is not (isn't) working Ono ne radi

Mnoina (plural)
We are not (aren't) working Mi ne
radimo
You are not (aren't) working Vi ne
radite
They are not (aren't) working Oni
ne rade

Upotreba:
Sadanje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za:
Radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega esto nalaze vremenske
odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku).
She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno ita knjigu.)
Privremenu radnju
We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (ivimo u kui moje
sestre dok ne naemo novu kuu da kupimo.)
Planove vezane za budunost.
I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledeeg vikenda u posetiti svoju sestru.)

GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u

Jedan broj glagola najee ne moe da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvaniji od
njih su:
hear uti, see videti , taste okusiti , smell mirisati, remember setiti se ,
understand razumeti , wish eleti , want hteti, know znati itd. Npr.:
Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u.
I hear a noise in the next room. (ujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.)
Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidi crveno svetlo?)
This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kola ima dobar ukus.)
Do you remember our first dance? ( Sea li se naeg prvog plesa?)
I wish you a lot of happiness. (elim vam mnogo sree.)
I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete).
Neki od datih glagola menjaju znaenje u present continuous tense-u:
I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim deaka u dvoritu.)
She is seeing Milan. (Ona se via sa Milanom.)
I dont hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne ujem te. Moe li da ponovi, molim te.)
I am hearing from him twice a month. (ujem se s njim dva puta meseno.)

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROLO VREME)

Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past Tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblika
glagola (infinitiv bez to) i nastavka ed.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I worked Ja sam radio
You worked Ti si radio
He worked On je radio
She worked Ona je radila
It worked Ono je radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We worked Mi smo radili
You worked Vi ste radili
They worked Oni su radili

Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrava na e, nastavak glasi d

Primer:
He closed (close zatvoriti)
Ako se glagol zavrava na y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, y prelazi u i. Primer:
He cried (cry -plakati)
Ako je ispred y samoglasnik, nema promene.
She played (play igrati)
He stayed (stay ostati)
Ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglaen samoglasnik,
taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostruava pred nastavkom za prosto prolo vreme.
plan planned (planirati)
stop stopped (zaustaviti)
Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prolo vreme i oni se ue napamet.
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Upitni oblik glagola u prostom prolom vremenu se gradi od pomonog glagola do u prolom
vremenu koji glasi did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Did I work? Da li sam ja radio?
Did you work? Da li si ti radio?
Did he work? Da li je on radio?
Did she work? Da li jeona radila?
Did it work? Da li je ono radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Did we work? Da li smo mi radili?
Did you work? Da li ste vi radili?
Did they work? Da li su oni radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Did
Did
Did
Did
Did

I work? Yes, I did / No, I didnt

you work? Yes, you did / No, you didnt.
he work? Yes, he did / No, he didnt
she work? Yes, she did / No, she didnt
it work? Yes, it did / No, it didnt

Did we work? Yes, we did / No, we didnt

Did you work? Yes you did / No, you didnt
Did they work? Yes, they did / No, they didnt
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where did I work? Gde sam ja radio?
Where did you work? Gde si ti radio?
Where did he work? Gde je on radio?
Where did she work? Gde je ona
radila?
Where did it work? Gde ono radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where did we work? Gde smo mi
radili?
Where did you work? Gde ste vi
radili?
Where did they work? Gde su oni
radili?

Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti nain.

Subjekatska i objekatska pitanja (Subject and object questions)

Kada se upitna re odnosi na subjekat reenice koja je odgovor na postavljeno pitanje,
glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko.
Kod reenice:
Who called you? (Ko te je pozvao?) odgovor na pitanje glasi
John called me.
Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je John, to je subjekat reenice.
Kod reenice:
Who did you call last night? (Koga si pozvao sino?) odgovor na pitanje glasi
I called Robert last night.
Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je Robert, to je objekat reenice.

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika pomonog glagola do u prolom vremenu i

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osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.

Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I did not (didn't) work Ja nisam radio
You did not (didn't) work Ti nisi radio
He did not (didn't) work On nije radio
She did not (didn't) work Ona nije
radila
It did not (didn't) work Ono nije radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We did not (didn't) work Mi nismo
radili
You did not (didn't) work Vi niste
radili
They did not (didn't) work Oni nisu
radili

Nepravilni glagoli grade odrini oblik na isti nain.

Upotreba:
Prosto prolo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je zavrena u prolosti. Karakteristine
vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:
Yesterday jue, the day before yesterday prekjue, two years ago pre dve godine,
three hours ago pre tri sata, last Monday prolog ponedeljka, last year prole
godine, in 1977 1977.-e i sl.

I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prole godine.)

My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je zavrio domai pre sat
vremena.)
Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prole nedelje smo odluili da kupimo novu
kuu.)
Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko
minuta.)
My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuu 1997.-e)
The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjue je Marko kupio lep eir.)

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROLO TRAJNO VREME)

Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom
prolom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola.
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I was working Ja sam radio
You were working Ti si radio
He was working On je radio
She was working Ona je radila
It was working Ono je radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We were working Mi smo radili
You were working Vi ste radili
They were working Oni su radili

Upitni oblik glagola u prolom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni
oblik) pomonog glagola TO BE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.

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Upitni oblik Yes/No questions

Jednina (singular)
Was I working? Da li sam ja radio?
Were you working? Da li si ti radio?
Was he working? Da li je on radio?
Was she working? Da li je ona radila?
Was it working? Da li je ono radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Were we working? Da li smo mi
radili?
Were you working? Da li ste vi
radili?
Were they working? Da li su oni
radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Was I working? Yes, I was / No, I wasnt
Were you working? Yes, you were / No, you werent.
Was he working? Yes, he was / No, he wasnt
Was she working? Yes, she was / No, she wasnt
Was it working? Yes, it was / No, it wasnt
Were we working? - Yes, we were / No, we werent
Were you working? Yes, you were /No, you werent
Were they working? Yes, they were / No, they werent
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where was I working? Gde sam ja
radio?
Where were you working? Gde si ti
radio?
Where was he working? Gde je on
radio?
Where was she working? Gde je ona
radila?
Where was it working? Gde je ono
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where were we working? Gde smo
mi radili?
Where were you working? Gde ste
vi radili?
Where were they working? Gde su
oni radili?

Odrini oblik prolog trajnog vremena se gradi od odrinog obika pomonog glagola TO BE u
prolom vremenu i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola.
Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I was not (I wasn't) working Ja
nisam radio
You were not (weren't) working Ti
nisi radio
He was not (wasn't) working On nije
radio
She was not (wasn't) working Ona
nije radila
It was not (wasn't) working Ono nije
radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We were not (weren't) working Mi
nismo radili
You were not (weren't) working Vi
niste radili
They were not (weren't) working
Oni nisu radili

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Upotreba:
Prolo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za:
Radnju koja je u prolosti due vreme trajala:
She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan jue itala knjigu.)
Dve radnje koje su se u prolom vremenu paralelno deavale:
While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV,
moja sestra je radila svoj domai.)
Prolu radnju koja je due trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prolom radnjom. Ta
druga radnja se obino izraava prostim prolim vremenom (past simple tense):
I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon
zazvonio.)
When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.)
Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past
Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obino koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ING OR ED (PRIDEVI KOJI SE ZAVRAJU NA

ING ILI -ED)
-ing pridevi (adjectives) opisuju situaciju, osobu ili stvar:
an interesting life interesantan ivot
a boring teacher dosadan profesor
an exciting film uzbudljiv film
-ed pridevi (adjectives) opisuju kako se neko osea:
Im very interested in modern art. (Ja sam veoma zainteresovan za modernu umetnost.)
We were bored at the end of the lesson. (Bilo nam je dosadno na kraju lekcije.)
Shes excited about going on holiday tomorrow. (Ona je uzbuena zbog sutranjeg odlaska na
odmor.)
Evo jo nekoliko primera:
Im confused by this confusing letter. (Ja sam zbunjen ovim zbunjujuim pismom.)
I am boring. (Ja sam dosadan.)
I am bored. (Meni je dosadno.)
She was very surprised when he came. (On je bila veoma iznenaena kada je on doao.)
It was very surprising that he came. (Bilo je veoma iznenaujue to je on doao.)

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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (POREENJE PRIDEVA)

Kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih prideva komparativ se gradi dodavanjem sufiksa er, a
superlativ dodatkom sufiksa est. Ispred superlativa se koristi odreeni lan the.
old
older
the oldest (star, stariji, najstariji)
smart
smarter
the smartest (pametan, pametniji, najpametniji)
Pridevi koji se zavravaju na y ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, menjaju y u i.
friendly
friendlier
the friendliest (ljubazan, ljubazniji, najljubazniji)
Jednosloni pridevi sa kratkim samoglasnikom udvajaju poslednji suglasnik u poreenju.
big
bigger
the biggest (velik, vei, najvei)
thin
thinner
the thinnest (mrav, mraviji, najmraviji)
Viesloni pridevi se porede na sledei nain: komparativ se gradi dodatkom priloga more a
superlativ dodatkom priloga most.
beautiful
more beautiful
the most beautiful (lep, lepi, najlepi)
popular
more popular
the most popular (popularan, popularniji,
najpopularniji)
Ovakvo poreenje se jo naziva i sloeno poreenje. U okviru sloenog poreenja moemo
razlikovati pozitivno i negativno poreenje. Pozitivno poreenje govori o tome da jedan
subjekat u veoj meri sadri navedenu osobinu.
She is more intelligent than her sister. (Ona je inteligentnija od njene sestre.)
Negativno poreenje govori o tome da jedan subjekat u manjoj meri sadri navedenu osobinu.
Belgrade is a less dangerous place than New York. (Beograd je manje opasno mesto od
Njujorka.)
Neki pridevi mogu da se porede i uz pomo sufiksa i uz pomo priloga
common
commoner
the commonest (obian, obiniji, najobiniji)
more common
the most common
Razliku izmeu dva subjekta moemo iskazati i sa different from.
Belgrade is different from New York. (Beograd je drugaiji od Njujorka.)
Poreenje po jednakosti znai da dva subjekta u istoj meri poseduju neku osobinu. U tu svrhu
koristimo as pridev... as.
Mary is as beautiful as her sister. (Meri je lepa kao njena sestra.)
He is as smart as I am. (On je pametan kao ja.)
Neki pridevi se porede nepravilno
good, better, the best (dobar, bolji, najbolji)
bad, worse, the worst (lo, gori, najgori)
little, less, the least (malo, manje, najmanje)
much, more, the most (mnogo, vie, najvie)
many, more, the most (mnogo, vie, najvie)

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THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUE VREME)

Future Simple Tense (Prosto budue vreme) se gradi od modalnog glagola will i
osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to).
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I will (Ill) work Ja u raditi
You will (Youll) work Ti e raditi
He will (Hell) work On e raditi
She will (Shell) work Ona e raditi
It will (Itll) work Ono e raditi

Mnoina (plural)
We will (Well) work Mi emo raditi
You will (Youll) work Vi ete raditi
They will (Theyll) work Oni e
raditi

Upitni oblik glagola u Future Simple Tense-u se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni
oblik) modalnog glagola will i line zamenice
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Will I work? Da li u ja raditi?
Will you work? Da li e ti raditi?
Will he work? Da li e on raditi?
Will she work? Da li e ona raditi?
Will it work? Da li e ono raditi?

Mnoina (plural)
Will we work? Da li emo mi raditi?
Will you work? Da li ete vi raditi?
Will they work? Da li e oni raditi?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Will
Will
Will
Will
Will

I work? Yes, I will / No, I wont

you work? Yes, you will / No, you wont.
he work? Yes, he will / No, he wont
she work? Yes, she will / No, she wont
it work? Yes, it will / No, it wont

Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we wont

Will you work? Yes we will / No, we wont
Will they work? Yes, they will/ No, they wont
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where will I work? Gde u ja raditi?
Where
raditi?
Where
raditi?
Where
raditi?
Where
raditi?

will you work? Gde e ti

will he work? Gde e on

Mnoina (plural)
Where will we work? Gde emo mi
raditi?
Where will you work? Gde ete vi
raditi?
Where will they work? Gde e oni
raditi?

will she work? Gde e ona

will it work? Gde e ono

14

Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I will not (wont) work Ja neu
raditi
You will not (wont) work Ti nee
raditi
He will not (wont) work On nee
raditi
She will not (wont) work Ona
nee raditi
It will not (wont) work Ono nee
raditi

Mnoina (plural)
We will not (wont) work Mi neemo
raditi
You will not (wont) work Vi neete
raditi
They will not (wont) work Oni nee
raditi

Upotreba:
Prosto budue vreme (future simple tense) koristimo:
da bismo govorili o radnjama koje predviamo da e se desiti u budunosti (future
predictions).
She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona e putovati na Jamajku sledee godine.)
Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoe li padati kia sutra?)
za odluke donete u trenutku govora.
A: We ran out of sugar.
(Nestalo nam je eera.)

B: I will go and buy some.

(Otii u i kupiu ga.)

Za razliku od prostog budueg vremena o ijoj je upotrebi bilo rei, kada govorimo o svojim
planovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju
BE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE

A: Ive got a headache.

B: I will get you an aspirin.
(Boli me glava.)
(Doneu ti aspirin.)
(Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.)
I bought the tickets for the cinema. Im going to see a film. (Kupio sam karte za
bioskop. Ii u da gledam film.)
(im je kupio karte znai da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.)
Ponekad je razlika izmeu upotrebe ova dva naina izraavanja budunosti veoma mala.
Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da e se neto desiti na osnovu
neega to sada moemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predvianje zasnovano na nekom
dokazu .
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pae kia.)
I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Oseam se grozno. Mislim da e mi pozliti.)
U situacijama kada je verovatnoa da e se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristiti
will+inifinitiv.
Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko e verovatno stii oko 6 sati.)

15

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (PREDLOZI ZA MESTO)

Kao predlog za mesto at slui da odredi mesto gde se neto deava.
at the football match (na fudbalskoj utakmici)
at school (u koli)
at the party (na zabavi)
at work (na poslu)
at university (na univerzitetu)
at the concert (na koncertu)
at Jane's (house) (kod Dejn)
at the doctor's (kod doktora)
at the door (na vratima)
Zapamtite:
at the traffic lights (na semaforu)
at the desk (za stolom)
at the top (na vrhu)
at the bottom (na dnu)
Kao predlog za mesto in se koristi za gradove i drave.
in London (u Londonu)
in France (u Francuskoj)
Zapamtite da se kae in the world (na svetu), in a picture (na slici), in a street (na ulici),
in the mirror (u ogledalu)
Razlika u upotrebi at i in za mesto je u tome to in insistira na unutranjosti zgrade, a at moe
znaiti unutra, neposredno ispred, neposredno iza
I'll meet you at the theatre. (Nai emo se u pozoritu / kod pozorita)
I'll meet you in the theatre. (Nai emo se u pozoritu u unutranjosti zgrade)
Kada se koristi za mesto on znai na
on the roof (na krovu)
on the floor (na podu)
on the wall (na zidu)

Predlog to se koristi da oznai pravac kretanja. Koristi se uz glagole kretanja.

go to work (ii na posao)
run to the office (trati do kancelarije)
swim to the boat (plivati do amca)
Ako imenici home prethodi glagol kretanja, ispred nje se ne koristi predlog
I'm tired. I'm going home. (Umoran sam, idem kui.)
Did you walk home? (Da li si hodao do kue?)
Ako imenici home prethode be, stay, do something, ispred nje dolazi at
I'm staying at home this evening. (Ostajem kod kue ove veeri.)
When I am at home, I usually watch TV. (Kada sam kod kue, obino gledam TV.)
I like working at home. (Volim da radim kod kue.)
Kada idemo od jednog do drugog mesta koristimo from...to
We travel from Novi Sad to Budapest. (Mi putujemo od Novog Sada do Budimpete.)
Kada se govori o prevoznom sredstvu koristi se predlog by
by bus (autobusom)
by car (autom)
16

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (PREDLOZI ZA VREME)

Kao predlog za vreme at se koristi za izraavanje sati i tano datog vremena.
at 6 o'clock (u 6 sati)
at 7:30 in the morning (u pola 8 ujutru)
at 11 pm (u 11 sati uvee)
at noon (u podne)
at midnight (u pono)
at night (nou)
Predlog in se kao predlog za vreme koristi za oznaavanja meseci i godina, kao i ispred delova
dana.
in June (u junu)
in May (u maju)
in
in
in
in
in
in

1987 (1987. godine)

summer (u leto)
winter (u zimu)
the morning (ujutru)
the afternoon (popodne)
the evening (uvee)

Predlog on se moe koristiti da oznai vreme deavanja radnje i to onda kada se govori o
danima.
Mogu se navoditi dani u nedelji, delovi dana, ali i datumi.
on Monday (u ponedeljak)
on Sunday evening (u nedelju uvee)
on 21st November (21. novembra)
Fromto se takoe koristi i za vremenski period
I work from 9 to 5. (Ja radim od 9 do 5.)

17

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (POVRATNE ZAMENICE)

Povratna zamenica u srpskom jeziku se izraava pomou: SEBE ili SE i koristi se da se
izrazi neto to je neko sam uinio, bez iije pomoi, uticaja ili krivice. Na primer: Ja sam SE
posekao (Ja sam SEBE posekao). U engleskom jeziku, one po licima glase:
Jednina (singular)
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself

Mnoina (plural)
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

Primeri:
Do it yourself. (Uradite to sami.)
He's looking at himself in the mirror. (On se gleda u ogledalu.)
He cut himself with a knife. (Posekao se noem.)
Please, help yourselves. (Posluite se, molim vas.)
Leyla had a nice time in London. She enjoyed herself. (Leyla se lepo provela u Londonu.
Uivala je.)
Povratnu zamenicu koristimo i uz predlog by u znaenju alone (sam).
She went on holiday by herself. (Ona je sama ila na odmor.)
I made it by myself. ( Ja sam to sama napravila.)
Povratne zamenice mogu da budu uz sam subjekat ili na kraju reenice kada se koriste u
znaenju lino.
She herself wrote the story. ili She wrote the story herself. (Ona lino je napisala priu.)
Izraz each other znai jedno drugome, meusobno.
They will help each other with the cleaning. (Pomoi e jedan drugome sa ienjem.)

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADANJE SVRENO PROSTO

VREME)
Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TO
HAVE u sadanjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prolog participa (past participle)
glavnog glagola.
Proli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak ed. Kod
nepravilnih glagola proli particip ima drugaiji oblik (tzv. trea kolona):
play played
work worked
sleep slept
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular)
I have (I've)worked Ja sam radio
You have (You've)worked Ti si radio
He has (He's)worked On je radio
She has (She's) worked Ona je radila
It has (It's) worked Ono je radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We have (We've) worked Mi smo
radili
You have (You've) worked Vi ste
radili
They have (They've) worked Oni su
radili

18

Jednina (singular)
I have (I've) slept Ja sam spavao
You have (You've) slept Ti si spavao
He has slept (He's) On je spavao
She has slept (She's) Ona je spavala
It has slept (It's) Ono je spavalo

Mnoina (plural)
We have slept (We've) Mi smo
spavali
You have slept (You've) Vi ste
spavali
They have slept (They've) Oni su
spavali

Upitni oblik glagola sadanjeg svrenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni
oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u sadanjem vremenu) i line zamenice.
Upitni oblik Yes/No questions
Jednina (singular)
Have I worked? Da li sam ja radio?
Have you worked? Da li si ti radio?
Has he worked? Da li je on radio?
Has she worked? Da li je ona radila?
Has it worked? Da li je ono radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Have we worked? Da li smo mi
radili?
Have you worked? Da li ste vi radili?
Have they worked? Da li su oni
radili?

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Have I worked?Yes, I have / No, I haven't
Have you worked? Yes, you have / No, you haven't
Has he worked? Yes, he has / No, he hasn't.
Has she worked? Yes, she has/ No, she hasn't.
Has it worked? Yes, it has / No, it hasn't.
Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven't.
Have you worked? Yes, you have / No, we haven't
Have they worked? Yes, they have / No, they haven't.
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where have I worked? Gde sam ja
radio?
Where have you worked? Gde si ti
radio?
Where has he worked? Gde je on
radio?
Where has she worked? Gde je ona
radila?
Where has it worked? Gde je ono
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where have we worked? Gde smo
mi radili?
Where have you worked? Gde ste vi
radili?
Where have they worked? Gde su
oni radili?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog obika glagola have (odnosno has za tree lice jednine) i
prolog participa glavnog glagola.

19

Odrini oblik
Jednina (singular)
I have not (haven't) worked Ja
nisam radio
You have not (haven't) worked Ti
ne radi
He has not (hasn't) worked On nije
radio
She has not (hasn't) worked Ona
nije radila
It has not (hasn't) worked Ono
nije radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We have not (haven't) worked Mi
nismo radili
You have not (haven't) worked Vi
niste radili
They have not (haven't) worked Oni
nisu radili

Upotreba:
Sadanje svreno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za:
Radnju koja je upravo zavrena, te se stoga uz njega esto nalazi vremenska odrednica
just (upravo)
She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izala.)
Radnju koja se desila u prolosti u neko neodreeno vreme:
I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.)
Prolu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadanjosti.
The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemo
stepenicama.)
I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlino.)
Radnju koja se desila u prolosti ali je mogue da se ponovi u sadanjosti.
I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video sam
vukove u toj umi. Jo uvek ih ponekad moe videti.)
Radnju koja se deava u nezavrenom vremenskom periodu.
Vremenski period koji traje esto je oznaen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening /
week / month / year / century, recently, lately...
I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.)
He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sree.)
U ovom znaenju esto se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da oznae ivotna iskustva
subjekta.
He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.)
Radnju koja je poela u prolosti i jo uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since.
For se koristi da oznai vremenski period u kojem radnja traje.
We have lived here for 10 years. (ivimo ovde ve 10 godina.)
Since oznaava trenutak kada je radnja poela.
They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji jo od kolskih dana.)

20

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE and PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Present Perfect Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u

neodreenom trenutku u prolosti.
Mary has travelled to America. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku.)
I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.)
Past Simple e se upotrebiti kada imamo vremensku frazu koja nam jasno ukazuje na
to kada se neto odigralo u prolosti.
Mary travelled to America last year. (Meri je putovala u Ameriku prole godine.)
I broke my leg when I was ten. (Slomila sam nogu kad mi je bilo deset godina.)
Kada opisujemo odreeni dogaaj esto emo praviti kombinacije ova dva vremena.
Kada navodimo injenicu do koje je dolo moemo upotrebiti Present Perfect. Ali ve
svaka druga detaljnija informacija vezana za tu situaciju e biti izraena Past Simple
Tense-om.
I have lost my wallet. (Izgubila sam novanik.)
It happened in a supermarket. (To se desilo u supermarketu.)
I came to the cashier but there wasn't a wallet in my bag. (Dola sam na kasu ali
novanik nije bio u torbi.)
I was desperate. (Bila sam oajna.)
Uz re when ide Past Simple Tense, jer se trai tano vreme u prolosti.
Have you ever been to England? (Da li si ikada bio u Engleskoj?)
Yes, I have. (Da, jesam.)
When did you go there? (Kada si iao tamo?)
I went there three years ago. (Iao sam pre tri godine.)

MODAL VERBS (MODALNI GLAGOLI)

Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog znaenja, koji odgovaraju naim: moi, hteti, umeti,
smeti
U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri vane karakteristike.
1. trae dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to
2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica
3. u odrinom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do, upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom
Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji oznaava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To je
najee obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutranja obaveza.
I must call my sister tonight. (Moram da pozovem sestru veeras.)
She must win the competition. (Ona mora da pobedi na takmienju.)
Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slino znaenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome to have to
oznaava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljanja obaveza. To se uglavnom odnosi
na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.
Children have to go to school. (Deca moraju da idu u kolu.)
You have to fill in this form to get a visa. (Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste dobili
vizu.)
Glagol Have to se takoe koristi umesto glagola modalnog glagola must u prolom i buduem
vremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.
You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. (Nisi morao da done ako nisi eleo.)

21

Treba voditi rauna o tome da Have to nije modalni glagol.

Mustn't je odrian oblik glagola must i oznaava zabranu (prohibition).
You mustn't smoke in the classroom. (Ne smete puiti u uionici.)
We mustn't play with matches. (Ne smemo se igrati sa ibicama.)
Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izraava i konstrukcijom be allowed to.
We are allowed to enter the temple. (Dozvoljeno nam je da uemo u hram.)
Ovom konstrukciojm moemo i zabranjivati.
You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. (Ne dozvoljava se da puenje u uionici.)
Neednt oznaava nepostojanje obaveze (lack of obligation). Umesto njega se moe koristiti
not need to koji se moe menjati kroz vremena i nije modalni glagol.
You neednt clean the floor. (Ne mora da oisti pod.)
He doesnt need to play. (On ne mora da igra.)
They didnt need to fix the car, yesterday. (Nisu morali da poprave kola jue.)
Can oznaava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadanjosti dok can't oznaava nepostojanje
sposobnosti (lack of ability).
I can play the guitar. (Umem da sviram gitaru.)
She can't drive a car. (Ona ne ume da vozi auto.)
Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prolosti. Couldn't oznaava
nepostojanje sposobnosti u prolosti.
Michael could climb trees as a child. (Majkl je mogao da se penje na drvee kao dete.)
I couldn't read when I was 4. (Nisam umela da itam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.)
Za sposobnost ili mogunost u prolosti, koristi se jo i glagol be able to
I wasn't able to come yesterday. (Nisam mogao jue da doem)
Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome to se could koristi za
generalnu sposobnost (general ability) u prolosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u nekoj
specifinoj situaciji (ability on a specific occasion). (Kada ima znaenje uspeti neto uraditi =
manage)
I could climb a tree when I was younger. (Umeo sam da se popnem na drvo kada sam bio
mlai.)
The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. (Zatvorenik je uspeo da pobegne
tako to se popeo na zid.)
Be able to se takoe koristi za budunost.
I'll be able to come tomorrow. (Moi u sutra da doem.)
Can / can't moe znaiti i imati / nemati dozvolu (permission) da neto uradite.
You can leave the room. (Moete da napustite prostoriju.)
We can't vote when we are 16. (Ne moemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.)
May / might se koriste da oznae verovatnou (probability) da e se neto desiti. Might nosi
neto manju mogunost da se radnja ostvari.
It may rain. It is cloudy. (Moda e padati kia. Oblano je.)
It might rain. It is still sunny.(Moda e padati kia. Jo uvek je sunano.)
Would se koristi za zamiljene situacije. esto se skrauje i glasi 'd
Where would you go? (Gde biste ili?)
I'd stay at some hotel. (Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.)
Should / shouldn't (trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo) se koriste za davanje saveta, predloga,
sugestija (advice, suggestions).
22

Mary should go home. She has high temperature. (Meri bi trebalo da ode kui. Ima visoku
temperaturu.)
You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous. (Ne bi trebalo da eta sam nou. Opasno
je.)
Shall / shant se koristi za obeanja, sugestije, naredbe i pretnje (promises, suggestions,
commands, threats)
I shant forget where I came from. (Neu zaboraviti odakle sam doao.)
Shall I help you? (Da li da ti pomognem?)
He shall not have dinner. (On nee dobiti veeru.)

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROLO PROSTO VREME)

Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomonog glagola
TO HAVE prolom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj. had i prolog participa glavnog
glagola.
Jednina (singular)
I had (Id) worked Ja sam bio radio
You had (Youd) worked Ti si bio
radio
He had worked (Hed) On je bio radio
She had worked (Shed) Ona je bila
radila
It had worked (Itd) Ono bilo je radilo

Jednina (singular)
I had (Id) slept Ja sam bio spavao
You had (Youd) slept Ti si bio spavao
He had (Hed) slept On je bio spavao
She had (Shed) slept Ona je bila
spavala
It had (Itd) slept Ono je bilo spavalo

Mnoina (plural)
We had (Wed) worked Mi smo bili
radili
You had (Youd) worked Vi ste bili
radili
They had (Theyd) worked Oni su
bili radili

Mnoina (plural)
We had (Wed) slept Mi smo bili
spavali
You had (Youd)slept Vi ste bili
spavali
They had (Theyd) slept Oni su bili
spavali

Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prolom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni
oblik) pomonog glagola TO HAVE (u prolom vremenu) i line zamenice.
Upitni oblik
Jednina (singular)
Had I worked? Da li sam ja bio radio?
Had you worked? Da li si ti bio radio?
Had he worked? Da li je on bio radio?
Had she worked? Da li je ona bila
radila?
Had it worked? Da li je ono bilo
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Had we worked? Da li smo mi bili
radili?
Had you worked? Da li vi ste bili
radili?
Had they worked? Da li su oni bili
radili?

23

Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledei nain:

Had
Had
Had
Had
Had

I worked? Yes, I had / No, I hadn't

you worked? Yes, you had / No, you hadn't
he worked? Yes, he had / No, he hadn't
she worked? Yes, she had/ No, she hadn't
it worked? Yes, it had / No, it hadn't

Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn't

Had you worked? Yes, you had / No, we hadn't
Had they worked? Yes, they had / No, they hadn't
Upitni oblik Wh- questions
Jednina (singular)
Where had I worked? Gde sam ja bio
radio?
Where had you worked? Gde si ti bio
radio?
Where had he worked? Gde je on bio
radio?
Where had she worked? Gde je ona
bila radila?
Where had it worked? Gde je ono bilo
radilo?

Mnoina (plural)
Where had we worked? -Gde smo mi
bili radili?
Where had you worked? Gde ste vi
bili radili?
Where had they worked? Gde su oni
bili radili?

Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika prolog vremena glagola have i prolog participa
glavnog glagola.
Odrini oblik

Jednina (singular)
I had not (hadn't ) worked Ja nisam
bio radio
You had not (hadn't) worked Ti nisi bio
radio
He had not (hadn't) worked On nije
bio radio
She had not (hadn't) worked Ona
nije bila radila
It had not (hadn't) worked Ono nije
bilo radilo

Mnoina (plural)
We had not (hadn't) worked Mi nismo
bili radili
You had not (hadn't) worked Vi niste
bili radili
They had not (hadn't) worked Oni
nisu bili radili

Upotreba:
Davno prolo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za:
Radnju koja se zavrila pre neke druge prole radnje.
She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila
foto aparat.)
The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim reenicama uz after. Takoe se mogu
pojaviti i prilozi when i because.
After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Poto smo se popeli na vrh poeli
smo da oseamo umor.)
24

His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokuali da mu
pomognu nakon to je izgubio sav svoj novac.)
When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je zavrio domai, izaao je
da se igra.)
Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Poto je bio potroio toliko, imao
je vrlo malo novca.)

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVE

IMENICE)
Brojive imenice (countable nouns) su imenice koje imaju mnoinu mogu se brojati.
book knjiga
books knjige
child dete
children deca
Nebrojive imenice (uncountable nouns) nemaju mnoinu ne mogu se brojati.
sugar
milk
love
money

QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIINU)

SOME AND ANY
Koliina se moe iskazati neodreenim prilozima some i any.
Some (nekoliko) se koristi u potvrdnim reenicama. Moe stajati isred brojivih imenica u
mnoini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.
She left some oranges on the table. (Ona je ostavila nekoliko narandi na stolu.)
We need to buy some butter for the cake. (Treba da kupimo malo putera za tortu.)
Jedini sluaj kada se some upotrebljava u pitanjima jeste kada nekoga nudimo neim.
Would you like some coffee? (Da li bi htela kafu?)
How about some oranges? (Hoe li narande?)
Any (ijedan, nijedan) se koristi u upitnim i odrinim reenicama ispred brojivih imenica u
mnoini i ispred nebrojivih imenica.
Are there any eggs in the fridge? (Ima li jaja u friideru?)
There isn't any coffee left in the coffee box. (Nema nimalo kafe u kutiji za kafu.)
U potvrdnim reenicama any znai ma koji, bilo koji, svaki.
Any day suits me. (Odgovara mi bilo koji dan.)
Give me any book you want. (Daj mi ma koju knjigu hoe.)
Any man can understand that. (Svaki ovek moe to da razume.)

25

ARTICLES (LANOVI)
NEODREENI LAN (INDEFINITE ARTICLE)
Neodreeni lan (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje poinju suglasnikom ita
/ / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom ita kao / n /.
a boy / boi /
an egg / n eg /
Neodreeni lan se koristi da oznai lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put
pominjemo. neodreeni lan se upotrebljava iskljuivo sa imenicama u jednini.
There is a boy in the street. (Neki deak se nalazi na ulici.)
She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.)
Neodreeni lan se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata i profesija.
I am a student. (Ja sam student.)
The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Runo pae je postalo prelepi labud.)
ODREENI LAN (DEFINITE ARTICLE)
Odreeni lan (definite article) the se isped imenica koje poinju suglasnikom izgovara kao
/ / dok se ispred imenica koje poinju samoglasnikom odreeni lan ita kao / i: /.
the book / buk /
the eyes / i: z /
Odreeni lan se koristi za opisivanje odreenih, poznatih lica i stvari.
The man you met is my friend. (ovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.)
The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.)
Odreeni lan se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva.
She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepa devojka u razredu.)
The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi in drame je bio najbolji.)
Odreeni lan se koristi da oznai pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu.
the
the
the
the

Earth
past
Sun
weather
Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca

the
the
the
the

Sava
Adriatic sea
Atlantic
Alps
Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da oznai celu naciju.

the French
the Swiss

26

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu.

the
the
the
the

Odeon Cinema
National Museum
Modern Art Gallery
Globe Theatre

Odreeni lan se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata.

She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru)

IZOSTAVLJANE LANA
lan se ne koristi
Sa imenicama u mnoini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopteno o neemu
Apples are very good for your health.
We drink coffee and tea.
Ispred imena jezika i obroka
She speaks French. (Ona govori francuski.)
We had lunch with John. (Ruali smo sa Donom.)
Ispred imena igara i sportova
Marko plays chess very well. (Marko igra ah vrlo dobro.)
Many people like playing basketball. (Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju koarku.)
Ispred linih imena i imena gradova
I live in New York. (Ja ivim u Njujorku)
U mnogim uobiajenim izrazima, kao to su
By day danju, po danu
At night nou
At home kod kue
At work na poslu
In bed u krevetu
By car kolima

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VERB PATTERNS (GLAGOLSKI OBRASCI)

Odreeni glagoli zahtevaju iza sebe gerund (glagolska osnova+nastavak -ing). Takvi glagoli
su:
love, like, hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, dislike kao i izrazi don't mind i can't stand
I love walking. (Ja volim da etam.)
My sister likes reading. (Moja sestra voli da ita.)
Women hate ironing. (ene mrze da peglaju.)
My brother enjoys eating. (Moj brat uiva da jede.)
Alex doesn't mind getting up early. (Aleksi ne smeta da ustaje rano.)
I can't stand waiting for a bus. (Ne podnosim da ekam autobus.)

Posle odreenih glagola dolazi to + infinitive. Takvi glagoli su:

want, decide, learn, need, hope i izrazi would like, would love, would hate
I want to leave now. (elim da odem odmah.)
He decided to drive to work. (On je odluio da vozi do posla.)
Shes learning to fly. (Ona ui da leti.)
She needs to pass her exam. (Njoj je potrebno da poloi ispit.)
We would like to come tomorrow. (eleli bismo da doemo sutra.)

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REENICE)

Odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause) blie odreuje imenicu ili
zamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne moe izostaviti jer bez nje reenica ili nema
smisao ili ga menja.
The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukrao
dragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna reenica (defining relative clause).
Ove reenice poinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that.
Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that.
I talked to the man who won the race. Ili
I talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa ovekom koji je pobedio u
trci.)
Kada govorimo o stvarima ili ivotinjama koristimo which ili that.
I liked the car which my father bought. Ili
I liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.)
Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose
(iji, ija, ije)
Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je deak iji roditelji
ive u naem kraju.)
Kada govorimo gde se neto odralo ili deavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde).
I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili urku.)
I know where he stayed. (Znam gde je odseo.)

28

Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne reenice.
Npr.u reenici
I talked to the man who won the race, who je subjekat
ili u reenici
That is the dog that attacked me, that je takoe subjekat reenice.
Meutim, u reenici
The letter which she sent me was nice, which je objekat
Ili u reenici
The man that I met yesterday was very kind, that je takoe objekat.
Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat reenice ona se moe izostaviti.
The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesterday was very kind.
The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.

REPORTED SPEECH (INDIREKTNI GOVOR)

Doslovno navoenje neijih rei se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech).
Mark said: I have bought a new car. (Mark je rekao: Kupio sam novi auto.)
Sandra: Peter is doing his homework. (Sandra: Piter radi domai.)
Meutim, prepriavanje neijih rei se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech ili
Indirect Speech)
Pri prebacivanju direktnog govora u indirektni, deavaju se izvesne promene.
Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. (Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.)
Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. (Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj
domai.)

STATEMENTS (IZJAVNE REENICE)

Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odrinih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obino uvode
glagolom say. Mogu se, meutim upotrebiti jo neki glagoli sa slinim znaenjem: tell (rei),
add (dodati), answer (odgovoriti), declare (izjaviti). Nakon ovih glagola moe doi veznik
that, ali to nije obavezno.
U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say,
tell...) u prolom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora.
He said: I am a teacher. (On je rekao: Ja sam nastavnik.)
He said that he was a teacher. (On je rekao da je on nastavnik.)
Mary is reading a book. (Meri ita knjigu.)
She said that Mary was reading a book. (Ona je rekla da Meri ita knjigu.)
Sarah: John bought a present for his wife. (Sara: Don je kupio poklon svojoj eni.
Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. (Sara je rekla da je Don kupio
poklon svojoj eni.)
Milan: They are working in the garden. (Milan: Oni rade u bati.)
Milan said that they were working in the garden. (Milan je rekao da oni rade u bati.)

29

We have made a cake. (Napravili smo tortu)

They said that they have made a cake. (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.)
Mark: Paul will do it. (Mark: Pol e to uraditi.)
Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da e to Pol uraditi.)
Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.
Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple Tense
Present Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTense
Past Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Past Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Will prelazi u Would
Shall najee prelazi u Would
Can prelazi u Could
Might se ne menja
Should i Ought to se ne menjaju
Takoe se deavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:
Today postaje that day
Yesterday postaje the day before
The day before yesterday postaje two days before
Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following day
The day after tomorrow postaje In two days` time
Next week postaje the following week
A year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year
Mary:I met him the day before yesterday. (Meri: Srela sam ga prekjue.)
Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjue.)
John: I`ll come tomorrow. (Don: Doi u sutra. )
John said he would come the next day. (Don je rekao da e doi sutra.)

QUESTIONS (UPITNE REENICE)

Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se rauna o tome da li je pitanje tipa
Yes/No (bez upitne rei) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom rei).
Reenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want to
know (eleti znati), wonder (pitati se)
Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatim
prepriano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena vai i ovde.
Ann: Are you English? (An: Da li ste vi Englezi?)
Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.)

Obratite panju da je red rei iza if kao u potvrdnoj reenici.

Evo jo nekoliko primera:
Sandra: Can John play the piano? (Sandra: Da li Don zna da svira klavir?)
Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Don
zna da svira klavir?)
30

Mark : Do you work i na bank? (Mark: Da li radi u banci?)

Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci)
Mario: Has anyone been to Madrid? (Mario: Da li je iko bio u Madridu?)
Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko bio
u Madridu.)

Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja poinju upitnim reima when,
which, who, why...
Ivana: Where does Mary live? (Ivana: Gde ivi Meri?)
Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri ivi.)
Tom: Why has Ann gone? (Tom: Zato je An otila? )
Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je eleo da zna zato je An otila.)

ORDERS (NAREDBE)
Naredbe se najee uvode glagolom tell (rei). Jo se javljaju order, command (oba u
znaenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti)
Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.
Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ
(prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv.
Ann: Open the window. (An: Otvori prozor.)
Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.)
Ann: Dont open the window. (An: Nemoj da otvori prozor.)
Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.)
Tom: Please, pass me the glass, John. (Tom: Molim te, Done, dodaj mi au.)
Tom: John, will you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mi dodao au, molim
te.)
Tom: John, could you pass me the glass, please. (Done, da li bi mogao da mi doda
au.)
su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti nain, glagolom ask.
Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Dona da mu doda au.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REENICE)

Kondicionali (uslovne reenice) su zavisne reenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U
zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogunost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi,
drugi i trei kondicional.
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL)
Prvi kondicional se jo naziva i realni. Sam naziv kae da postoji velika mogunost za
ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj sloenoj reenici, razlikujemo
kondicionalnu (uslovnu) reenicu i glavnu reenicu.
31

Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izraava u Present Simple Tense-u, dok se u glavnoj reenici
javlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to).
If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. (Ako zavri domai
zadatak na vreme, dobie dobru ocenu.)
If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. (Ako potroi sav novac, ona nee
ii u kupovinu).
Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledee izmene.
Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom.
If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. (Ako eli da oslabi,
trebalo bi / mora da jede manje hleba.)
If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, moe odmah
otii.)
U glavnoj reenici se moe desiti da se takoe javi Present Simple Tense. To se deava kada
govorimo o naunim injenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.
If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagreva led pretvorie se u vodu.)
If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL)

Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnou da e se radnja ostvariti iako to nije
potpuno nemogue.
Uslov se izraava Past Simple Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagol
would + infinitiv bez to.
If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.)
If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih
policiju.)
Proli oblik glagola TO BE se esto u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica.
If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.)
Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitiv
u glavnoj reenici.
If I knew his number, I could ring him up. (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da ga
pozovem.)
If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokuao, moda bi uspeo.)

THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREI KONDICIONAL)

Trei kondicional oznaava zamiljenu ili potupo nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja
da vie ne postoji mogunost za ostvarenje radnje.
Uslov se izraava Past Perfect Tense-om, dok se u glavnoj reenici nalazi modalni glagol
would + proli infinitiv bez to.
Proli infinitiv (perfect infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken ...
If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu
vesti.)
32

If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. (Da mi je neko ukrao
auto, pozvala bih policiju.)
Varijacije se takoe mogu javiti u obliku razliitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would u
glavnoj reenici.
If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. (Da me je pozvao, moda bih i
dola na zabavu.)
If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. (Da je policija
dola na vreme, moda bi uhvatili provalnika.)
U uslovnoj reenici se takoe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tense-a moe se
javiti Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. (Da
smo putovali autom, moda do nesree ne bi ni dolo.)

THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV)

Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje.
Ako subjekat reenice vri radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVU
Somebody cleans the office every day. (Neko isti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.)
Ako subjekat reenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU.
The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se isti svakog dana.)
Objekat aktivne reenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne reenice i dolazi na poetak
reenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).
Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajueg oblika glagola to be i prolog participa (past participle)
glavnog glagola.
Tako e u sadanjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasiti
am cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prolom vremenu
was cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica)
Reenica koju smo imali u sadanjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prolom.
Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je jue oistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV)
The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je oiena jue.) (PASIV)
Ostala vremena pasiva
Present Continuous
Somebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV)
The office is being cleaned. (PASIV)
Past Continuous
Somebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV)
The office was being cleaned. (PASIV)
Present Perfect
Somebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV)
The office has been cleaned. (PASIV)
Past Perfect
Somebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV)
The office had been cleaned. (PASIV)
33

Modali i budue vreme

Somebody will clean the office. (AKTIV)
The office will be cleaned. (PASIV)
Somebody can clean the office. (AKTIV)
The office can be cleaned. (PASIV)
Upotreba:
Pasiv se koristi
Kada ne znamo ko je izvrio radnju
The house was built in the 19th century. (Kua je izgranena u 19.-om veku.)
Kada izvrilac radnje nije bitan.
Wine is served during the lunch. (Vino se slui tokom ruka.)
Ako elimo da oznaimo izvrioca radnje, koristimo predlog by.
These cakes have been made by mother. (Ove kolae je napravila moja majka.)
Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u
pasiv.

34

Literatura
New English File Intrermediate, Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Oxford University
Press, 2007
New Headway Intermediate, Liz Soars, J. Soars, Oxford University Press, 2007
M. Terzi, Materijal sa predavanja u word formi na predmetu Engleski jezik 1, Visoka kola
strukovnih studija za informacione tehnologije

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