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As display manufacturers respond to demands for larger screens and higher image
quality, as well as lighter and more portable devices, glass manufacturers have been
optimizing glass composition, properties, and production techniques to meet the electronic manufacturing requirements. Through ion-exchange chemical strengthening,
display covers are stronger and more damage-resistant, while serving multiple user
interface functions.
e continued our coverage on specialty glass for display applications in the January/February issue.1 This article will discuss
ion-exchange chemical strengthening of cover glass for the new
generations of active-matrix liquid crystal and organic light-emitting
diode displays (AMLCDs and AMOLEDs).
In addition to making larger, thinner, and lighter glass for display
panels, glass manufacturers have also focused on techniques to offer
high-quality images on damage-resistant, touch-sensitive screens. Cornings chemically strengthened Gorilla Glass has taken the world by storm
since 2008.2 The next generations Gorilla 2 and Gorilla Glass 3 were
introduced in January 2012 and January 2013, respectively.3,4 Competing
products from other leading glass producers followed in 2011 and 2012,
including Asahis Dragontrail;5 Nippon Electric Glass CX-01, CX-01P, and
CX-01T;6 and Schotts Xensation Cover, Xensation Cover 3D, and Xensation Cover AG (the last in collaboration with Berliner Glas).7,8,9
Combining fanciful product names like Gorilla, Dragontrail, and
Xensation with marketing imageries of pensive simians; fire-dodging,
demonic, flying dragons with glowing eyes and sharp claws; and
Gases&Instrumentation
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ARTICLE
chiffon-swathed, lithe women leaping in midair; or simply adopting the practical alphanumeric CX-01 with little fanfare, the brands of
new cover glass materials seem to mirror the
demographic profiles across their users.
Gases&Instrumentation
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Chemical tempering
Thermal
tempering13
Corning24,18
Asahi5,17
Gorilla Glass
Gorilla Glass 2
Gorilla Glass 3
Dragontrail
Nippon
Electric Glass6
Schott7,8,9
CX-01
CX-01P
CX-01T
Xensation
Cover
Xensation
Cover 3D
Xensation
Cover AG
Capable >900
MPa
Capable >700
MPa
0.28-mm substrate
for touch screens
Capable >900
MPa
Thick (approx.1/6 of
plate thickness)
Capable 40 m
Capable 50 m
Capable 50 m
Capable >90 m
Capable >70 m
Capable >75 m
Capable >50 m
Capable >120 m
Capable >50 m
75 GPa
75 GPa
74 GPa
83 GPa
74 GPa
High
(approx. 1/2 of the
compressive stress)
71.7 GPa
71.5 GPa
69.3 GPa
74 GPa
71.7 GPa
Time required
Long (30 minutes to a few hours; up to one week for special applications)
Unlimited except for ultra-thin material
Thickness range: 0.52.0 mm
Sheet size: Available in
GEN 5 (1250 mm 900 mm)
Thickness range: 0.52.0 mm
Thickness range: 0.52.0 mm
Limited
Thickness range:
0.5>5.0 mm
Sheet size: 1220 740
mm or 48 29
Drawing process
Any
Float
Float
Glass composition
Most glasses
Aluminosilicate
Aluminosilicate
Alkali- aluminosilicate
Soda lime
(for touch screens only)
Aluminosilicate
Alkali- aluminosilicate
Thickness Range:
0.52.0 mm
Sheet Size:
1150 950 mm
Thickness Range:
0.53.0 mm
Sheet Size:
950 680 mm
575 475 mm
Microfloat
Microfloat
Microfloat
Overflow down-draw
Alkali- aluminosilicate
Alkali- aluminosilicate
Gases&Instrumentation
Roll-out (polishing
required)
Thickness Range:
0.53.0 mm
Sheet Size:
1150 950 mm
575 475 mm
Aluminosilicate
Sodium aluminosilicate
Lithium aluminosilicate
Sodium aluminosilicate
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potassium salt bath, more Na+ are available for
exchange with K+ to generate higher compressive stress after cooling.
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ARTICLE
kept in the 2030 m range (to maintain low
central tension in the glass interior low and to
prevent strength degradation). Asahis newly
developed glass can acquire compressive
stress of 1000 MPa at a DOL of over 30 m in
the laboratory.20
Gases&Instrumentation
acid etching.
With laser and traditional cutting techniques,
the cut edge of an individual glass plate after
separation was not exposed to ion exchange
and is therefore subject to damage and possible delayed failure (fatigue). Although the
edge can be protected by a coating after
separation, it does not protect the glass from
damage incurred by user handling. An additional strengthening process can provide compression on the edge or edges of glass plates
for both damage and fatigue resistance after
they are separated from the ion-exchanged
mother glass sheet.25
The laser-cut edges of a plate can be
strengthened locally by ion exchange using
an alkali salt containing alkali metal ions larger
than the exchangeable alkali metal ions in the
glass. The plate has two chemically strengthened faces and one or more exposed edges
that are not chemically strengthened, which
provide fresh material for ion exchange. An
edge of the cut sensor plate is inserted in a
bath of molten alkali metal salt (e.g., KNO3 for
exchanging with Na+ or Li+1 ions in the glass)
at a temperature between 400 and 600C for
1060 min.25 Alternately, the edges of the individual plate can be coated with a paste, such
as one consisting of KNO3, clay, and water. The
edge or edges with the K-containing medium
are then locally heated by convection, induction, laser, or microwave radiation at temperatures between 330500C for 10 min to 7 h.25
Since touch sensor functions are sensitive
to high temperatures, the ITO touch pattern
films should not be subjected to temperatures
above 200C. During the edge strengthening
process, both planar surfaces of the glass are
kept at a temperature of <200C by continuously passing a cooling gas (air, CO2, N2, or
another inert gas) across the surfaces.25 At
the end of the treatment, the strengthened
plates are washed to remove the ion-exchange
medium. A compressive stress in the range of
180600 MPa and DOL of 4050 m can be
obtained at each of the edges.25
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References
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