DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE TO

CONCRETE
ACI 318-11 Appendix D for Design
ACI 355.2-01 for Product Approval

APPLICATIONS
Fasten an Attachment (Concrete, Steel,
or Timber Element) to Concrete, e.g.
Precast element to precast element
Roof truss to tilt-up concrete wall
Steel column to concrete footing
Wood frame to concrete
Connections to concrete in general

Types of Anchors

Cast-in Place Undercut

Expansion Adhesive Grouted

Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors

Cast-in-Place Anchors

hef = Effective Embedment Depth

hef = Effective Embedment Depth

hef

hef

10

HISTORY

HISTORY

in 1990 the . method was improved to be more

user-friendly at the University of Texas at Austin,
this resulted in the CCD method

in the 80s, comprehensive tests of

different types of anchors with various
embedment lengths and edge distances
were performed at the University of
Stuttgart. Generally observed shallower
crack (break-out) angles

the results of the Stuttgart testing led to the

development of the . method which was
introduced to ACI 349 and 355 in the late 80s

the 450 cone (349/PCI) method was

developed in the early and mid 70s from
tests on cast-in-place anchors

an international data base was assembled during

the same period

11

12

Basic design requirement

ACI 318 Appendix D
design strength shall be based on design
models which result in predictions of strength
in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensive tests
same wording as Chapter 10 of ACI 318 which
permits the use of the stress block for
concrete beams

the CCD method satisfies this requirement

13

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MODELS

ACI 349/PCI
o

45 Failure Angle

CCD

Basic differences between the CCD

method and the 349/PCI method
fracture mechanics size effect
350 failure angle rather than 450
non-uniform stress distribution around an
anchor when close to an edge
uneven distribution of load on anchors in
a group (eccentricity)
uncracked and cracked concrete
14

Why the change in the exponent

on hef?
N

k fc' hef2
hef0.5

Basic 450 cone equation

Modification for size factor

35 Failure Angle
(Fracture Mechanics)

2
Nb k fc' hef

Result:

Nb

1 .5
Nb k fc' hef

k fc' h1ef.5

CCD

15

16

hef

Failure Angle
Failure angle (degrees)

Why the CCD Method?

hef

Failure angle

CCD method

50
40

30

n = 11

n=6

n=9

Nobs / Npred

20

Mean = 0.994
COV = 0.196

3
2
1

10
0

0
0

100
200
300
400
Embedment length (mm)

50

500

100

150

200

Effective Embedment, mm

17

18

Nobs / Npred

Why the CCD Method?

5.0

450 cone method

4.0

Mean = 1.642
COV = 0.338

Strength Requirements
INn t Nu

IVn t Vu
Lowest INn and IVn from Applicable
Failure Modes
Nominal strength (Nn, Vn) based on
5% Fractile of Mean Test Results

3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

50

100

150

200

Effective Embedment, mm

90% Confidence that 95% of Actual

Strengths Will Exceed Nominal Strength
19

20

Lower Bound Design Approach

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH

Average (Mean)
Statistical parameters
Strength
Average (mean)
Standard
deviation

Frequency

Coefficient of
variation

5 % Fractile

Number of
samples

Edge Effects
Group Effects
Eccentricity of Loading
Cracked Vs. Uncracked Concrete
Reinforcement Intersecting Potential
Concrete Failure Prism

Test Capacity

21

22

DESIGN FOR TENSILE LOADING

Steel Strength
Concrete Breakout Strength
Pullout Strength
Concrete Side-Face Blowout
Strength of a Headed Fastener

23

24

STEEL STRENGTH
(TENSION)

28

27

26

25

CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH (TENSION)

Nn

Nn

Nn
Ncbg

Ns = nAse fut

AN
\ 1\ 2\ 3 Nb
ANo
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for edge effects

29

Accounts for eccentricity

Accounts for projected area of failure surface
30

BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT

Single Fastener in Tension in
Cracked Concrete

Post-Installed

1 .5
Nb 17 fc' hef

Cast-in-Place

1 .5
Nb 24 fc' hef

Headed Studs/Bolts

11 in. d hef

d 25 in.

1.5hef

PROJECTED AREA ANo

Nb
1.5hef

1.5hef
1.5hef
| 35q

hef

Elevation

1.5hef 1.5hef

Plan View
2

ANo = 9hef

5/3
Nb 16 fc' hef
31

32

MULTIPLE ANCHOR GROUP With Edges

MULTIPLE ANCHOR GROUP - No Edge

PROJECTED AREA AN

PROJECTED AREA AN

1.5hef s1

c1

1.5hef

AN d nA No

1.5hef

s1

1.5hef

s2

s2

c1 d 1.5 hef
AN d nANo

1.5hef

c2

1.5hef

c2 d 1.5 hef

33

ECCENTRICITY EFFECT
N

N/2
Nn

eN

N
Nn

34

EDGE EFFECT
N

If cmin t 1.5 hef

N/2
An
Nb
A no

\1

An
\ 1 Nb
A no
1
1  2 eN ' 3 hef

Nn

\ 2 1 .0
\ 2 0.7  0.3 cmin

If cmin  1.5 hef

Nb

1.5 hef

35

36

CRACKING EFFECT ON
BREAKOUT STRENGTH

INFLUENCE OF CRACKING

For Uncracked Concrete (ft < fr) at

Service Load
Post-Installed

\ 3 1 .4

Cast-in-Place

\ 3 1.25

For Cracked Concrete \ 3 1.0 and

Provide Crack Control Reinforcement
per 10.6.4

Headed Anchors
Curves in uncracked and
cracked concrete

37

INFLUENCE OF CRACKING

38

PULLOUT STRENGTH
N pn \ 4 N p

Nn

Headed Stud/Bolt

N p Ab 8 fc'
J-Bolt or L-Bolt
Drop-in Anchors
Curves of fully and partially
expanded anchors in
uncracked and cracked
concrete

N p 0.9 fc' eh d 0
Post-Installed Mechanical

Np from ACI 355.2 report

39

40

SIDE-FACE BLOWOUT

CRACKING EFFECT ON
PULLOUT STRENGTH

Single Headed Fastener with Deep

Embedment, Close to Edge (c < 0.4hef)

Uncracked Concrete (ft < fr) at

Service Load \ 4 1.4

Nn

Nsb 160 c Ab fc'

So

Group along free edge

Otherwise \ 4 1.0

N sbg

hef

So

1 +
N n
6c sb

41

42

DESIGN FOR SHEAR LOADING

Steel Strength
Concrete Breakout Strength
Concrete Pryout Strength

STEEL STRENGTH
(SHEAR)

Vn

Vs = nAse (0.6fut)
Note: With Built-Up Grout Pads, Use 0.8Vs
For Welded Studs: Vs = nAsefut
43

CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF A

GROUP (SHEAR)
Vn

Vcbg

AV
AVo

44

BASIC CONCRETE BREAKOUT

Single Anchor in Shear in Cracked Concrete
0 .2

\ 5\ 6\ 7Vb
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for cracking

Accounts for edge effects

Accounts for eccentricity
Accounts for projected area of failure surface

A
Vb 7
d o fc' c11.5
do
Single Anchor Welded to Steel Plate in
Cracked Concrete
0 .2
A
Vb 8
d o fc' c11.5
do
where: A
= hef d 8do

45

PROJECTED AREA AVo

35o
1.5c1

46

PROJECTED AREA AV

c1
A = 2 (1.5c1) (1.5c1)
vo
= 4.5c12

Plan view

If h < 1.5c1 and s1 < 3c1

Vn

Vn
1.5c1
Edge of concrete

1.5c1

1.5c1

Vn
AVo

Av

c1

h
hef

1.5c1

1.5c1

Av

Side section

Front view

= (2 x

s1

1.5c1

1.5c1

s1)

xh

47

48

ECCCENTRICITY EFFECT - SHEAR

\
5 = correction factor for nonuniform shear
load on anchor group
1
<1
=
1 + 2ev / 3c1

ev

EDGE EFFECT - SHEAR

\
6 = correction factor for corner edge effects
= 1.0 if c2 > 1.5 c1
= 0.7 + 0.3 c2 / 1.5 c1 if c2 < 1.5 c1
Vn

c1

Vn
c1

c2

1.5c1

49

50

CRACKING EFFECT ON SHEAR

BREAKOUT STRENGTH

CONCRETE PRYOUT
Vn

For Uncracked Concrete (ft < fr) at

Service Load \ 7 1.4
For Cracked Concrete
\ 7 1.0 No Edge Reinf. or < No. 4 Bar
\ 7 1.2 With Edge Reinf. t No. 4 Bar

\ 7 1.4 With Edge Reinf. t No. 4 Bar

(Enclosed Within Stirrups w/Spacing d 4 in.)

Vcp = kcpNcb
where
kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in.
kcp = 2.0 for hef t 2.5 in.
Ncb Computed from Basic Tension
Breakout

51

52

SUMMARY - DESIGN

TENSION/SHEAR INTERACTION
Nu

ACI 318-11 Appendix D has been

available for 10+ years
No longer need to use manufacturers
data for design (ACI 352.2-01)
Comprehensive design method for
anchoring to concrete

N 3 V 3
u  u 1 .0
INn IVn

I Nn

Nu

Vu

INn IV n

1.2

0.2INn
0.2IVn

IVn

Vu
53

54

Example Base Plate Connection

Plan view of bolt pattern

Nu = 10 k
Vu = 5 k

hef = 8

fc = 4000 psi

55

Problem Summary
Must find I(Nn); four failure modes
Must find I(Vn); three failure modes
Must show:

Nu

IN n

Vu

IVn

d 1.2

56

Try four 5/8 in. Hex Head-bolts:

ASTM F 1554 Grade 36

This is a ductile steel

fut = 58 ksi
Ase = 0.226 in.2
hef = 8 in.

57

58

Tension Mode Steel Failure

STEEL STRENGTH
(TENSION)

Nn

I Ns = I n Ase fut
Use I = 0.75 (for ductile steel)

Ns = nAse fut

INs = 39.3 kips

59

60

CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH (TENSION)

Nn

Ncbg

Nn

Tension Mode Concrete Breakout

IN

AN
\ 1\ 2\ 3 Nb
ANo
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for edge effects

cbg

Use I

A
I N \ 1\ 2\ 3 N b
ANO
0.70 (concrete failure)
24 f cc h1.5
ef

Nb

34.3 kips

Accounts for eccentricity

Accounts for projected area of failure surface
61

62

Breakout Area, AN

PROJECTED AREA ANo

Nb
1.5hef

1.5hef

1.5hef

1.5hef
| 35q

hef

Elevation

1.5hef 1.5hef

Plan View
2

ANo = 9hef
63

64

From Figure and

Isolated Single Breakout

< Values
No eccentricity, \1 = 1.0
Assume cracking, \3 = 1.0
For edge effects (c1 = 6.0 in.)

AN = (30 in.)(24 in.) = 720 in.2

ANO = 9 (hef)2 = 576 in.2

= 1.25 (< 4, o.k.)

AN/ANO

6.0cc
0.7  0.3

1.5(8cc)

0.85

65

66

< Values
Because there are two edges,
the 2 value should be applied
twice for this problem.

Final Result Concrete Breakout

MN

cbg

M N cbg

A
M N \ 1\ 2\ 2\ 3 Nb
ANO
21.7 kips

67

68

PULLOUT STRENGTH
N pn \ 4 N p
Headed Stud/Bolt

Tension Mode Bar Pullout

Nn

N p Ab 8 fc'

INpn = I n \4 Np
I = 0.7 (concrete related failure)
n=4

\4 = 1.0 (assume cracking)

69

70

Final Result Bar Pullout

Single Bar Pullout

Np = Abrg 8 fc

Abrg = 0.454 in.2 (for 5/8 in. bolt)

I Npn = (0.7)(4)(14.5 k)
I Npn = 40.7 kips

So, Np = 14.5 kips

71

72

SIDE-FACE BLOWOUT
Single Headed Fastener with Deep
Embedment, Close to Edge (c < 0.4hef)

Nn

So

hef

Tension Mode Sideface

Blowout
This failure mode does not
apply because:

(0.4)hef

3.2 in.  6.0 in.

c
73

Summary for Tension Modes

Steel failure, INs = 39.3 kips
Concrete breakout,
I Ncbg = 21.7 kips (governs)
Pullout, I Npn = 40.7 kips
Side face blowout, N.A.

74

STEEL STRENGTH
(SHEAR)

= I n (0.6)

Vn

Vs = nAse (0.6fut)

75

76

CONCRETE BREAKOUT STRENGTH OF A

GROUP (SHEAR)
Vn

Shear Mode Steel Failure

I

Vs

Ase fut

Vcbg

I= 0.65 (steel in shear)

I Vs = 20.4 kips

AV
AVo

\ 5\ 6\ 7Vb
Basic single anchor strength
Accounts for cracking

Accounts for edge effects

Accounts for eccentricity
Accounts for projected area of failure surface
77

78

Shear Mode Concrete Breakout

Plan view shear breakout area

6

I will evaluate capacity for front

two bolts (see next slide), then
double that value to account for
capacity of the 4-bolt group.

12

6
6

79

80

Shear Breakout Single Bolt

Shear Concrete Breakout

IVcbg

A
Vb 7
do
c1 6 in.

A
I V \ 5\ 6\ 7 (Vb )
AVO

I = 0.7 (concrete failure)

A 8 do
Vb

0.2

do

f cc (c1 )1.5

5 in.  h ef (o.k.)

7.80 kips

81

82

PROJECTED AREA AVo

Breakout Area, AV

c1

35o

A = 2 (1.5c1) (1.5c1)
vo
= 4.5c12

1.5c1

Plan view
Vn

1.5c1
1.5c1

Edge of concrete

1.5c1

Vn
AVo

hef

1.5c1
Side section

Front view
83

84

From Figure and

Isolated Single Breakout
Av = (21 in.)(9 in.) = 189 in.2
Avo = 4.5 (c1)2 = 162 in.2
Av/Avo = 1.17 (< 2 o.k.)

< Values
No eccentricity, \5 = 1.0
Assume cracking, \7 = 1.0
Second edge effects (c2 = 6.0 in.)

6 .0cc
0 .7  0 .3

1 .5( 6cc)

0 .90

85

86

CONCRETE PRYOUT
Final Result Conc. Breakout
A
IVcbg (2 - bolts) I V \ 5\ 6\ 7Vb
AVO

IVcbg (2 - bolts) 5.73 kips, and thus

IVcbg (4 - bolts) 11.4 kips

Vn
Vcp = kcpNcb
where
kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5 in.
kcp = 2.0 for hef t 2.5 in.
Ncb Computed from Basic Tension
Breakout

87

Shear Mode Pryout Strength

I Vcp = I kcp Ncb

I = 0.7, concrete failure
kcp = 2.0, because hef > 2.5 in.
Ncb = Ncbg (calculated earlier)

88

Ncb from earlier calculation

N

cb

N cb
N cb

A
N
\ 2\ 3 Nb
ANO
(1.25)(0.85)(0.85)(1.0)(34.3k )
31.0 kips

89

90

Final Result Pryout Strength

I Vcp = (0.7)(2.0)(31.0 kips)
I Vcp = 43.4 kips

Summary of Shear Modes

Steel, IVs = 20.4 kips
Concrete Breakout,
I Vcbg = 11.4 kips (governs)
Pryout, I Vcp = 43.4 kips

91

IVn

Vu

92

Combined Strength Check:

Tension

TENSION/SHEAR INTERACTION
Nu

M Nn

N 3 V 3
u  u 1 .0
INn IVn

I Nn

Nu

INn IV n

Nu

1.2

Nu

0.2INn
0.2IVn

MN

Vu

21.7 kips
10.0 kips
0.46 ( ! 0.2)

93

Combined Strength Check:

Shear

94

Combined Strength Check:

Interaction Diagram

IVn 11.4 kips

Vu

Nu

5.0 kips

M Nn

0.44 (! 0.2)

IV

Vu

MVn

0.90  1.20

Design is o.k.

n
95

96