Reviewer SA21

Ms. Karen Liao

Chapter 12: Global Stratification
Global Stratification patterns of social inequality in
the world as a whole
High-Income Countries nations with the
highest overall standards of living
Middle-Income Countries nations with a
standard of living about average for the world
as a whole
Low-Income Countries nations with a low
standard of living in which most people are
poor
Poverty
Relative Poverty some people lack
resources taken for granted by others
Absolute Poverty a lack of resources that is
life-threatening
Slavery
1. Chattel slavery one person owns
another/buying and selling of slaves.
2. Slavery imposed by the state a government
imposes forced labor on people for criminal
violations.
3. Child slavery desperately poor families send
their children out into the streets to beg, steal,
or do whatever they can to survive.
4. Debt bondage the practice by which an
employer pays wages to workers that are less
than what the employer charges the workers
for company-provided food and housing.
5. Servile forms of marriage
6. Human trafficking
Explanations of Global Poverty
1. Technology
2. Population growth
3. Cultural patterns
4. Social stratification
5. Global power relationships
Colonialism the process by which some nations
enrich themselves through political and economic
control of other nations.
Neocolonialism a new form of global power
relationships that involves not direct political control
but
economic
exploitation
by
multinational
corporations.
Multinational Corporation a large business that
operates in many countries.

Modernization Theory a model of economic and

social development that explains global inequality in
terms of technological and cultural differences
between nations
o Nations produce wealth through advanced
technology and capital investment
o Characterized by innovation and social change
o Rich nations can help poor nations by
providing technology, and foreign aid.
o Identifies tradition as the greatest barrier to
economic development.
Rostows Stages of Modernization
1. Traditional stage
2. Take-off stage
3. Drive to technological maturity
4. High mass consumption
Dependency Theory a model of economic and
social development that explains global inequality in
terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by
rich ones
o Global wealth and poverty were created by the
colonial process
o How countries distribute wealth rich nations
have overdeveloped themselves, leaving other
countries underdeveloped.
o Capitalism neocolonialism
Immanuel Wallerstein Capitalist World Economy
o Core high income countries, home to
multinational corporations
o Semiperiphery middle income countries
with ties to core nations
o Periphery low income countries, providing
low-cost labor
3 Factors
1. Narrow, export-oriented economies
2. Lack of industrial capacity
3. Foreign debt