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Guide
Clearances ror
Minimum Electrical
Standard Basic Insulation
ror
Levels
AIEE COMMITTEE REPORT
MANY utility companies have their
own standards for minimum clearances to ground at various voltages and
basic insulation levels. Some national
and state organizations have also set up
these clearances in a rather limited fashion. All of these standards have long
years of use behind them and, while the
actual method of arriving at the values
has been lost in many cases, it is interesting to note that in an approximate
manner most of the existing standards
agree to a large extent.
The need for correlation of existing
data and of selecting values with some
logical background brought about the
formation of the committee responsible
for this guide. It is a subcommittee of
the National AIEE Committee on Substations. The results of its findings are
given in Table I.
subject.
Paper 54-80, recommended by the AIEE Substations Committee and approved by the AIEE Committee on Technical Operations for presentation at
the AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York,
N. Y., January 18-22, 1954. Manuscript submitted October 20, 1953; made available for printing November 20, 1953.
The personnel of the Working Group on Minimum
Clearances of the AIEE Committee on Substations
are: S. C. Killian, Chairman, T. J. Allen, J. L.
Buckley, H. P. Cadario, E. M. Hunter, K. E. Personius, C. H. Smoke, and R. F. Stevens.
636
Ground Clearance
All values used in computing these
clearances are based on the basic insulation levels (BIL) tabulated in column 1,
Table II. In column 2 these BIL are
translated into maximum inches of gap,
based on flashover at sea level. Since a
positive wave will flash a larger gap than
a negative wave of equal voltage, positive
wave values are used. These values are
based on flashovers of 1/2-inch square
rods. I
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JUNE, 1 954
Kv
Class
Minimum
Clearance
to Ground
for Rigid
BIL Level,
Kv Withstand Parts, Inches
7.5 .....
95..
110.
15 ......
23
..
34.5 ......
46 ......
69
115
138
161
230
230
......
......
......
......
......
......
200 .
250...
350 .
550.
650.
750.
825 .
900 ...
1,050.
1,175 .
6
5
4
Minimum Clearance Minimum Clearance
Between Phases Between Overhead Minimum Clearance
Between Wires
Conductors and
(or Live Parts)
for Rigid Parts, Grade for Personnel and Roadways,
Substation
Inside
Inside
Inches,
Safety,
Enclosure, Feet
Substation, Feet
Metal to Metal
20
8.
7.
9.
20
12
....
.
.15 .10 ................. 22
.22
10
18 ...
22
.10
21
...
23
11.
.31..............
12.25
.53..............
13.25
.62..............
14.26
.72..............
.27
80 .
.............15
27
.15
89
...
.28
.16
.105
113
.29
.17
6..............
7.
13
+17
......
..
6.
71 .
-83
94.
......
......
25
42
50
58
Notes
1. Co-ordinate kv class and BIL when choosing minimum clearances.
2. The values above are recommended minimums but may be decreased in line with good practice depending on local conditions, procedures, etc.
3. The values above apply to 3,300 feet above sea level. Above this elevation increase above values
according to paragraph 22-4 of AIEE Standard No. 22A.2
4. These recommended minimum clearances are for rigid conductors. Any structural tolerances, or
allowances for conductor movement, or possible reduction in spacing by foreign objects should be added
to these minimum values.
5. These minimum clearances are intended as a guide for the installation of equipment in the field only,
and not for the design of electric devices or apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, etc.
class. The insulator itself has the following standard flashovers, based on clean
insulators: 60-cycle, 60 kv; positiveimpulse, 105 kv; and negative-impulse, 120 kv.
After some trial distances, it is found
that a 5-inch rod gap has the following
flashovers: 60-cycle, 66 kv; positiveimpulse, 108 kv; and negative-impulse,
126 kv.
A 4-inch gap is insufficient to match
the insulator flashovers. Therefore the
5-inch value was set down as a minimum
clearance. All insulators and rod gaps
were similarly studied and column 5,
Table II, is the result.
Ten per cent must then be added to
these values to insure flashover at the
insulator to ground, rather than between
JUNE 1 954
1/2-Inch
Rod Gap
Flashover
1 1/2x40
Insulator
Microseconds
Positive Wave 110 Per Cent, 112 Per Cent, Flashover 110 Per Cent, 112 Per Cent,
Column 6,
Column 5,
Co-ordination,*
Column 3,
Column 2,
BIL Level,
Inches at
Inches
Ky Withstand Sea Level
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
7
12
15
.
.12
8.25 ..
.........
.
10.5
18
.
200
.14
11. 55 ..
.........
.
21
13.5
250.
.
14.85...17.17 ....
25 ......... 277.5 ......... 31
20 ........ 22 .. 2.................25
350.
.........42 ............ 43 ......... 47.3 ......... 53
550. 344...34 ....... 37.4 .
55
50 . 5
62
44
.. 5..................
650..........
47 .......... 51.7 ..........5......... 63.8......... 72
750
.65 .71.5
52 .......... 57.2 .......... 65
......... 80
825 .
62.7 .................... 72 ......... 79.2 ......... 89
900..........
105
93.5
.85
83
73.7
..
67
1050.
.........
..........
..........
113
.91
76 .......... 83.6 .......... 94
1175 .
......... 100.1..
95
110
150
.
.
4.3
5
7.5
4.73
..
.5.5..
6.
7.
10
13
.......
5.........
9.........
5.5 .........
9.9 .........
13.2 .........
15.4 .........
18. 7 .
.........
.......
* Insulator stacks not available at 650 kv, 825 kv and 1,175 kv. Values shown obtained by interpolation.
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63S7
Table Ill. Switch and Bus Insulator Dimensions and General Data3
l
Kv Class
2
BIL Level,
Kv Withstand
3
Insulator Height,
Inches
4
Insulator Arcing
Distance, Inches
5
Insulator Technical
Reference No.
7.5 ................
95 ..
.
.
7/2 .
51/4 .
1
15 ................. 110
.
...1......0..
4
......714.... ...
23 ................. 150 1 2 .. .
12 . ............ 91/2...
7
34.5................. 200 15................
10
............. 14
..
46 .................
250 .............. 18 .
17
...............
..............13
69 ................. 350................ 29
..
28..16
115
.
550
43'/2 ..... ..........
19
*
138 ................. 650 ............
161 ..............
750............
.58
58
2
............6....
......
230 .............
825 ..............
*
230 ................. 900
.. 721/2 .
74 ................ 27
1 ,050
87
88 ................ 28
1,17..
*
.................
Summary
A guide for minimum clearances at vari-
ous voltages has been developed, and values are shown in Table I as follows: mini-
Appendix
* There are no standard insulator stacks for BIL of 650, 825, and 1,175.
References
1. MEASUREMENT OF TEST VOLTAGE IN DIELECTRIC TESTS. AIEE Standard .vo. 4, Nov. 1942.
2.
1951.
Discussion
J. A. Elzi and W. F. Griffard (Commonwealth Associates Inc., Jackson, Mich.):
This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of station electrical clearances. In some situations the values given
may be considered low while in other situations high. It is strongly urged that these
values not be considered as "recommended"
or as "standard" especially since this work
has not been fully considered by all industry groups.
It would be of interest to know how extensive a survey was made of present industry practice in arriving at the conclusion that
the values given in Table I agree with clearances generally used.
In determining minimum ground clearances two additional factors should be given
consideration:
1.
638
JUNE 1 9054
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JUNE 1954
after that leave the BIL level and co-ordinate the phase spacing strictly with the
ground clearance only.
This method would make the co-ordination between phase-to-ground and phase-tophase spacing independent of the amount
of insulation used for the bus support. For
example, if overinsulation is used to compensate for a contaminated atmosphere the
co-ordination would still be secured (though
a relief gap to ground might be needed to
hold down the phase-to-ground spacing).
The same would apply if the station designer
merely overinsulated to secure more insulation margin. If the bus should be underinsulated, the co-ordination would be obtained, but with a margin that could exceed
the 23.3 per cent. In short, the station designer would have a free hand in choosing
his bus insulation without upsetting his
639
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ance. This was made up of a 15-per-cent increase in the basic insulation level to convert from a withstand voltage to a flashover
voltage and a 10-per-cent increase for variations in atmospheric conditions. The
phase-to-phase minimum clearance was obtained by using 1.15 times the minimum live
part-to-ground clearance. This phase-tophase clearance was sufficient to ensure
phase-to-ground flashover of insulators
rather than phase-to-phase faults.
The authors have allowed a factor of 12
per cent over the rod-gap flashover voltage
to allow for the fact that switchparts, insulators, etc., have different electric field
patterns than rod gaps. It is difficult to
appreciate this factor as larger electrode
configurations, with the same gap spacing,
means more uniform electric field patterns
and higher flashover voltage than for rod
gaps. Also the effect of gap configuration
on the electric field pattern should become
less as the gap spacing is increased so that at
230 kv this factor should be much less important than at, say, 15 kv. Would the authors care to comment on this point and on
the allowance for the effect of atmospheric
conditions on the minimum electrical clearances.
REFERENCE
1. STANDARD FOR INSULATION OF ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATIONS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SYSTEM VOLTAGES OF MORE THAN 600 VOLTS. Swedish Electrotechnical Standard SEN-30, 1944E.
E. A. Williams (I-T-E Circuit Breaker Company, Greensburg, Pa.): The decision of the
Working Group to base minimum ground
clearances and phase clearances on the characteristics of standard BIL insulators appears to be both logical and practical. The
cost of air is considerably less than the cost
of porcelain and it is therefore reasonable to
provide sufficient air clearance to realize the
flashover voltage of the porcelain. It is also
reasonable to assume that the impulse
voltage between phases will not exceed the
impulse voltage to ground. Therefore, it
can be concluded that the minimum clearance between phases need not exceed the
minimum clearance to ground, plus sufficient margin to force electric breakdown, if
any, to occur from line to ground rather
than from line to line. The minimum clearances proposed by the Working Group meet
these criteria.
The phase spacings of transformers and
circuit breakers now in use do not differ
materially from the proposed minimums.
A comparison of power circuit breaker bushing spacings, NEMA switch and bus spacings, and the proposed minimum spacings is
given in Table IV.
The minimum phase spacings shown in
column 7 are identical with those proposed
by the Working Group except that an allowance for width of live parts, column 8,
has been added to refer the clearances to
center lines for comparison with circuitbreaker and switch practices. The circuitbreaker phase spacings were taken from the
published data of the three largest manufacturers of power breakers. It will be noted
that in general the proposed minimum phase
spacings agree fairly well with the average
circuit-breaker phase spacing.
From this analysis it may be concluded
that the minimum clearances proposed by
the Working Group are substantially cor-
S. C. Killian: It was with considerable satisfaction that we saw these eight discussions
make their appearance since they show a
lively interest in the project and emphasize
the importance of attempting to fix these
clearances at least in a tentative manner.
We wish to thank all the discussers and feel
that so many well-written suggestions and
approaches will help direct thinking on the
question. In several instances, the questions raised by one discusser are answered
by another, though we have attempted to
answer all questions in the following. This
guide is not the last word which will appear
on the subject and it is entirely likely that
after a few years have passed and opinion
has crystallized, the guide will be given to
another working group for revision.
Mr. Elzi and Mr. Grifford make a number of good points. The word "recommended" could perhaps be omitted in order
to make the guide less mandatory although
the committee has gone out of its way to
point out repeatedly in the paper that the
values shown cannot be taken as "standards." The committee wonders if the question of laboratory variations can be justifiably introduced here. As rod-gap values
go up and down from laboratory to laboratory, will not values to ground over insulation and values of air gaps between line
hardware also go up and down in a somewhat similar manner.? In a project such as
undertaken by the committee, it is a constant temptation to pile safety factor upon
safety factor, but we did not feel this to be a
correct approach.
The bird question is a good one and deserves further thought. On the other hand,
this might be considered as another pyramiding of safety factors, since a surge is unlikely to occur at the moment the bird is
Impulse
Withstand
Level,
Kv
Min.
Max.
Ave.
NEMAt
Proposed AIEE:
Minimum
Phase Spacing,
Inches
Allowance
for Width
Metal Parts,
Inches
6
.
5
18
7.5 ...9.....
..............
9....
24 ............... 17 .............. 5
15 ....... 110....... 8... 14
....
21 ............... 6
23 ...
30 .........
150 3... 3..7 24.
41
34.5 ...... 200 ....... 27
34.......... 36 ............... 24 .............. 6
. 48
46 ....... 25O....... 30
3935....
7
..............
60 .........
39 ............... 8
69 .........
4 a ...42 43 44.
60 .. 66... 63..
84............... 63 .10
11
a
550..
84
73 .
138
................. 72 .10
650 .......66
72
... 750 ...
161
96
108 .82
.10
84.
96
96
132
.11
230 ...900 ..
.100
96.
116 .............. 11
96
230 ...1050 .
96. 96.
96156.
287 ....... 1050
............................................... 116 .11
.11
.
330 ...1175 . 174 174 174
.124
...
640
...
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JUNE 1 954
sitting on a live member. Spacings are tice depending on local conditions, procebased on abnormal voltage conditions and dure, etc."
not on steady-state conditions.
Mr. Longley's method of computing phase
The first draft of the committee report did spacing has a certain merit and a similar
use insulator characteristics for clearance to plan was studied by the committee and then
ground also but it was thought the form discarded in favor of the one used. Several
finally used was the more logical. The other methods could also be used. It was
point regarding base adapters on higher thought that using the insulators themselves
voltage insulators is pertinent and should provided a more practical approach to the
have been mentioned in the paper.
phase-spacing question than simply a perMr. Conner's discussion is well presented centage over the ground clearance. If Mr.
and deserves every consideration. His Longley wishes to apply a 23.2-per-cent
point on conductors in enclosures is very safety factor, it would seem that the guide
true but in a general sense outdoor substa- should provide phase spacings with wider
tion live parts do not have grounded planes margins, not smaller, since column 5, Table
all about them. It is thought that the addi- I, is equal to or greater than column 4, Table
tional 12 per cent allowed in the paper for I, except in the 95-kv and 1,175-kv BIL
configuration will take care of this factor, classes. It is also difficult to understand
although, as he points out, there might be how the ratio of phase spacings to ground
some configurations which would require clearance in the 7.5-kv class could have a
more than 12 per cent. However, to at- margin as small as only 2 per cent when the
tempt to test every possible set of conditions relationship in inches is 7 to 6.
one might find on a substation would be an
The committee is pleased to learn from
endless task.
the discussion of Mr. Kidd and Mr. Ellis
In the section of the paper on "Ground that the Hydro-Electric Power Commission
Clearance" the committee misled Mr. of Ontario has arrived at values similar to
Conner and possibly could mislead others by those published in this paeper and that the
its choice of words. When we say "to be Swedish values also agree well. The comused only in the installation of equipment in mission study and the values in the paper
the field" we mean that circuit-breaker de- perhaps do not agree at 900-ky BIL for
signers are not to use it but substation de- phase spacing because they used 15 per cent
signers are. We did not mean to imply that more than line-to-ground clearance for this
these dimensions are to be used only by a value, while the paper goes back to the
foreman or superintendent in the field who characteristics of standard insulator stacks
must make a decision because a dimension is for its basic values. Bad atmospheric connot shown on a drawing. We cannot agree ditions may affect the insulation to ground
with Mr. Conner that our clearances are in a more adverse way than that in which
greater than those now in general use. Our the air between phases would be affected.
ground clearances are in good agreement
Mr. Kidd and Mr. Ellis make two interwith those utility standards which we were esting observations in their fifth paragraph,
able to review and our phase spacings are one of which is wrong and the other possibly
very much smaller than those in popular use,. right. Switchparts, insulators, etc., do
It is entirely possible that smaller spacings have different electric field patterns than
than those shown in the guide have had rods and do in many cases have lower flashsatisfying operating records and we at- overs. Even though the electrodes are
tempted to justify this very point with large compared to rod gaps, the fields are
note 2 under Table I which reads, "The very unsymmetrical as they include porcevalues above are recommended minimums lain, odd configurations on electrodes, and
but may be decreased in line with good prac- distorted ground surfaces in their pattern.
High-Speed
Control by
Audio
D. C. PINKERTON
MEMBER AIEE
JUNE 1954
Frequency-Skirt
Tones
L. C. WIDMANN
more common to find that equipment designed for teletype and telegraph has been
adapted. This has frequently led to the
use of equipment which is not fully suited
to the job and which often has serious
shortcomings.
The industrial applications to be considered in designing this type of equipment cover a very wide range including
telemetering of several types, supervisory
control, remote control, load control, ringing, dialing, teletype, telegraph, transfer-
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64t