Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Voltage Output (V)
Displacement (mm)
Transducer Response
Photonic Transducer
Capacitive Proximity Sensor
Inductive Proximity Sensor
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Voltage
Output
(V)
Displace
ment
(mm)
Phot
onic
Trans
ducer
Photonic
(V)
Potential
usable
range
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Deviation [V]
Displacement [mm]
y = -0.3185x + 1.7846
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Voltage Output (V)
Displacement
(mm)
Capacit
ive
Proximi
ty
Sensor
Capacitive
Potential
usable range
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Deviation [V]
Displacement [mm]
Capacitive
Measurements'
Deviation
Capacitive
Capacitive Linear Response
y = 1.8559x - 9.1394
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Voltage Output (V)
Displacement (mm)
Inductive
Proximi
ty
Sensor
Inductive
Reading
Potential usable
range
y = -0.0283x +
0.1753
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
5.20
5.40
5.60
5.80
6.00
6.20
6.40
6.60
Deviation[V]
Displacement [mm]
Inductive
measurements'
deviation
Inductive
inductive linear response
Linear (inductive linear response)
Inductive proximity sensors use mutual inductance between a known inductor and a
conductive material to measure displacement. Reluctance measures the amount of
magnetic flux in a coil in a circuit. As the metal surface moves, there is a change in
the magnetic flux in the coil and the current generated as a result also changes.
Additionally, the flow of the AC current creates alternating magnetic flux. Despite the
change in the magnetic flux and the AC current generated, the voltage is given by
= cos ()
where max is the maximum current amplitude, is the angular frequency of the
current and L is the inductance of the coil. The transducer works in accordance with
the equation given below:
Where
0 is the absolute permittivity
r the relative permittivity
A is the area of the plates
d is the distance between the plates.
4.85
5.00
5.15
5.30
5.45
5.60
5.75
5.90
6.00
Displacement
(mm)
6.50
0.00
The table
below shows
7.00
0.03
displacements.
7.50
0.05
8.00
0.08
8.50
0.10
9.00
0.13
9.50
0.15
10.00
0.18
4.53
0.25
0.65
4.38
0.25
0.69
4.24
0.25
0.75
4.10
0.25
0.84
3.97
0.25
1.00
3.84
0.25
1.23
3.72
0.25
1.50
3.59
0.25
1.82
3.52
0.25
2.03
Photonic
Reading (V) Capacitive
Reading (V) Inductive
Reading (V)
3.15
0.25
2.92
-0.12
1.23
0.43
the
voltage output
of three transducers
for different
2.83
0.25
2.99
-0.02
0.02
0.43
2.54
0.25
3.02
0.03
1.22
0.43
2.29
0.25
3.03
0.18
1.22
0.43
2.06
0.25
3.02
0.29
1.22
0.43
1.86
0.25
3.03
0.47
1.22
0.43
1.68
0.25
3.04
0.62
1.22
0.43
1.52
0.25
3.04
0.75
1.23
0.43
0.20
0.91
0.23
1.27
0.25
1.47
Figure 1 below shows the
graph for
0.28
1.77
used increments
ranging1.97
from 0.02
0.30
0.33
2.29
for adjusting
the micrometer.
0.35
2.50
0.38
2.82
0.40
3.02
0.48
3.84
0.55
4.55
0.63
5.24
0.70
5.70
0.78
6.38
0.85
6.74
0.93
7.14
1.00
7.41
1.13
8.23
1.25
8.65
1.40
8.78
1.55
8.72
1.70
8.56
1.85
8.41
2.00
8.22
2.15
8.05
2.30
7.75
2.45
7.62
2.60
7.43
2.75
7.13
2.90
7.03
3.05
6.68
3.20
6.53
3.35
6.31
3.50
6.07
3.65
5.93
3.80
5.69
3.95
5.55
4.10
5.42
4.25
5.19
4.40
5.00
4.55
4.84
4.70
4.68
Figure 1
1.22
0.43
1.22
0.43
1.22
0.43
the response of the all
the transducers used. We
1.22
0.43
mm 1.21
to 0.50 mm over0.43
a displacement of 10mm
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.21
0.43
1.23
0.43
1.20
0.43
1.20
0.43
1.20
0.43
1.20
0.43
1.19
0.43
1.20
0.43
1.14
0.43
1.11
0.43
1.08
0.43
1.05
0.43
1.03
0.43
1.01
0.43
0.96
0.43
0.94
0.43
0.90
0.43
0.85
0.43
0.84
0.43
0.77
0.43
0.73
0.44
0.69
0.45
0.64
0.46
0.66
0.47
0.56
0.48
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.43
0.55
0.38
0.56
0.33
0.59
0.28
0.62
Following this are 2 types of graphs for each transducer. The first type of graph
shows the usable ranges of the graphs superimposed on the actual plot. The second
type is a residual plot from the calibration data.
PHOTONIC TRANSDUCER
This is the usable linear range superimposed on the actual plot of voltage output
versus displacement.
The graph above shows the deviation of the photonic measurements and therefore is
the residual plot.
CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER
INCDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER
Transducer Usable
Sensitivity Linearity
Accuracy
displaceme [V/mm]
[%]
Limits [%]
The table below summarizes the overall results of our static calibration:
nt Range
[mm]
Photonic
99.20
0.112
-0.786
As the above(0.25,0.55)
table points 10.093
out, the linearity
for all three
transducers
is above the
Capacitive
(3.95,4.85)
-0.3185
98.35
1.65
-1.24
specified requirement of 90%. The accuracy also lies between +/- 5% of the Full
Inductive
(5.45,6.50)Therefore
1.8559the calibration
98.27 is acceptable
1.15
-1.72 the
Scale of our readings.
and fulfills
specifications of the instrument.
The table above summarizes the linearity, sensitivity and the usable ranges for the
three transducers used in our experiment. Based on our calculations and
computations, the most sensitive transducer turns out to be the photonic transducer,
with a sensitivity of about 10V/mm and its the most suitable for very small
displacements as suggested by comparing the usable ranges. However, the usable
range of the photonic transducer is very small compared to the capacitive sensor.
The range of the capacitive transducer would be higher with the exclusion of a few
erroneous points which could be due to laboratory conditions and limitations of
LABView. The inductive sensor is more sensitive than the capacitive sensor however
the Inductive sensor has a relatively larger usable range than the capacitive
transducer.
The gaps in the ranges of the displacements while adjusting the micrometer are not
within the usable ranges of the transducers and can be improved by certain means.
These gaps could be minimized by increasing the usable ranges of the transducers.
For example, the inductance of the inductive transducer can be increased by
increasing the number of turns of coil which would then give us a larger range of
displacements that can be measured. Similarly the the capacitive transducer
depends upon the surface area of the plates and the distance between the plates.
Since our target is to measure the displacement, a change we can make to the
capacitive transducer is to increase the surface area of its plates to get a higher
capacitance and therefore a longer range.
CONCLUSION
This experiment allowed us to find the static sensitivity, linearity and linear range of
all three transducers by looking at the useful range part of the three transducers.
We found that the photonic transducer has the greatest sensitivity, but over a small
range and the inductive transducer has the widest useful linear range. So, the
inductive transducer can be used over a large range, however, it has a slower static
sensitivity.
All transducers were relatively linear over the useful range, with the photonic
transducer being slightly more linear than the other two.