CARBONATO DE CALCIO

Es la Incrustacion mas Comun

El Grado de la Incrustacion Depende de:

Dureza Calcica
Alcalinidad
El Total de Solidos Disueltos
pH
Temperatura

CARBONATO DE CALCIO

CaCO3 INDICES
Indice de Saturacion de Langelier
L.S.I. = pHa - pHs
Donde:
pHa = pH Actual
pHs = pH Saturacion
pHs = funcion de Ca, M-Alc, TDS, & T

CaCO3 INDICES
L.S.I. Guia:
Positivo (+) Potencial de Incrustacion
Negativo (-) No hay formacion de Incrustacion

INHIBICION DE CARBONATO DE CALCIO

Fosfonatos (AMP, HEDP, PBTC) son efectivos.
Eficacia depende en pH y concentracion de calcio.
Normalment un inhibidor de Fosfonato-calcio debe
usarse.
Poliacrilatos y polimaleatos menos efectivos. Pueden
precipitar con Ca2+

SISTEMA DE FOSFATO DE CALCIO

CUATRO FASES:
HIDROXI-APATITA [Ca5(PO4)3OH; HAP]
es la fase mas estable. Un buen indicativo
de la tendencia a precipitar.
FOSFATO DE CALCIO AMORFO
(representado por Ca9(PO4)6; ACP.
FOSFATO DE CALCIO DIHIDRATADO
CaHPO4.2H2O; DCPD.
FOSFATOS DE OCTACALCIO
[Ca8PO4)6.5H2O; OCP] meta-estable.

SISTEMA DE FOSFATO DE CALCIO

Solubilidad de fosfato de calcio depende del pH. A pH
mas altos menos soluble.
Solubilidad inversa con repecto a temperatura. Menos
solubles cuando la temperatura se incrementa.
Algunas deficientes apatita mas insolubles.
Incrustaciones se pueden controlar con el uso de
algunos polimeros conteniendo grupos sulfonicos.

FOSFATOS DE CALCIO
Fuentes de Fosfatos

Agua de los Rios

Tratamiento Parcial de Aguas Residuales
Programs Basados en Fosfatos
Programas Basados en Fosfonatos

SILICE
Solubilidad Normal
Incrementa con la Temp

Silice Disuelta (Natural)

Tres Formas:
Monomerica
Coloidal
Amorfa

SILICE MONOMERICA
Reactiva al Molibdato
Puede Llegar a Formar Silicatos
Pude Polimerizarse

SILICE INSOLUBLE
Coloidal
Se Puede Mantener Dispersa (Suspension)
Tamao menor de 0.2 micrones
No Reacciona con el Molibdato
Detectable con ICP (Inductively Coupled
Plasma)

Amorfa
Puede Formar Sedimentos
Visible al Ojo

SILICATOS
Solubilidad Normal
Decrease con Incrementos en pH & T
Solubilidad es Afectada por:
Silice
Calcio
Magnesio

INCRUSTACIONES BASADAS EN HIERRO

Fuente Agua de Pozo/Corrosion
Exhiben Bajas Solubilidades
La Pelicula de Oxido Formada Varia
Dura, Densa, Altamente Adherente
No Firme, Depositos Altamente Porosos
Hierro Soluble Se Oxida Facilmente
Polimeros sulfonatados son efectivos

DISPERSANTES
Controla Tamao de Particulas
Imparten Exceso de Carga Negativa
Repulsion entre Particulas
Tipos:

Poliacrilatos
Co-polimeros

POLIACRILATO
Efectivo para CaSO4
A Bajos LSIs Puede Ser Efectivo para CaCO3
Regular para Dispersar Solidos Suspendidos
No Se Degrada Facilmente
Reacciona con Compuestos Cationicos

Biocidas No-Oxidantes
Floculantes

COPOLIMERO/TERPOLIMERO
Efectivo para:

Fosfato / Fosfonato / Zinc

Solidos en Suspension
CaCO3
Hierro

Inhibidores y/o Dispersantes

Pueden Reaccionar con Compuestos
Cationicos
Programas

SELECCION DE PROGRAMA
Debe ser efectivo en prevenir todas las
incrustaciones que puedan formarse
Componentes deben ser compatibles
Estable bajo las condiciones fisico-quimicas
del sistema.

INHIBIDORES DE CORROSION
PARTE 4

BIOCIDAS

BARRERAS
BIOCIDAS UTILIZADOS MAYORMENTE
GENERIC NAME

COMPOSITION

APPLICATION
Corrosion Inhibitor
To control Oxygen
Quaternary Amine
Quaternary Amine
corrosion: CO2, H2S and
Surfactant
Low Bacteria Activity.
Water Soluble
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Glutharaldehyde
Glutharaldehyde
Biocide
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Acrolein
Acrolein
Biocide
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Quaternary Ammonium Quaternary Ammonium
Biocide
THPS
Aerobic and Anaerobic
THPS
Quaternary Amine
Biocide

0.00

A = No Treatment
INLET

F = Batch THPS Weekly, THPS at Pit (Continous).

G = Batch THPS Weekly, Glutharaldehyde at Pit (Continuous)

B = Quaternary Amine (C.I.) - Continuous

D = Batch Acrolein

E = Batch THPS alternated with quaternary Ammonium (Weekly), Quaternary Ammonium at Pit (Continuous)
07/08/02-21/08/02

23/07/02-07/08/02

26/06/02-23/07/02

28/05/02-26/06/02

24/04/02-28/05/02

22/03/02-24/04/02

NO PIT RECO VERY

21/02/02-22/03/02

0.80

25/01/02-21/02/02

27/12/01-25/01/02

30/11/01-27/12/01

01/11/01-30/11/01

30/09/01-01/11/01

30/08/01-30/09/01

27/07/01-30/08/01

20/06/01-27/07/01

PIT RECO VERY

17/05/01-20/06/01

20/04/01-17/05/01

07/03/01-20/04/01

22/02/01-07/03/01

15/01/01-15/02/01

02/01/01-15/01/01

11/12/00-02/01/01

03/11/00-06/12/00

06/09/00-07/10/00

04/08/00-06/09/00

06/07/00-04/08/00

08/06/00-06/07/00

03/04/00-05/05/00

29/02/00-03/04/00

08/02/00-29/02/00

0.40

27/12/99-08/02/00

25/11/99-27/12/99

28/10/99-25/11/99

06/10/99-28/10/99

13/09/99-06/10/99

12/08/99-13/09/99

09/07/99-12/08/99

09/06/99-09/07/99

0.60

20/05/99-09/06/99

27/04/99-20/05/99

1.40

19/03/99-27/04/99

RESULTS

EFECTO DE LA CORROSION
C orrosin R ate Evolution as a Function of the Biocide T reatm ents at Inlet
and Outlet of the Skim m er T ank

mm/y

A
PIT RECO VERY

1.20

1.00

0.20

OULET

C = Batch of Quaternary Ammonium

PHASE A
PLANT OPERATION STARTED IN 1999.
COUPONS WHERE INSTALLED TO MONITOR BASE LINE
CORROSION RATES
DISSOLVED CO2 = 60 ppm
DISSOLVED H2S = 15 ppm
O2 < 20 ppb
SRBS = 100 col/ml
APBS = 0 col/ml
CORROSION RATES WHERE ABOUT 1.14 mm/y

PHASE B

CORROSION INHIBITION STARTED: QUATERNARY AMINE

CORROSION RATES DECREASED BELOW 0.0254 mm/y

PHASE C
ADDITIONALLY
TO THE
INHIBITOR,
WAS SELECTED
C. R. INCREASED
TO CORROSION
0.64 mm/y AT
EXIT OF IT
SKIMMER
TANK. A
BIOCIDE:

PITQUATERNARY
SRBS WHERE
10,000 col/ml
AMMONIUM:
AT EXITBATCH
AT SKIMMER
SRBS
WHERE
1,000 col/ml
AT 100 ppmTANK
WEEKLY
AT ONE
OF THE STREAMS
AND INLET OF THE
SKIMMER TANK.

H2S INCREASED FROM 15 TO 20 ppm

CORROSION RATES REMAINED HIGH AT 0.4 mm/y

SRBS STILL AT 1000 col/ml AT EXIT OF SKIMMER TANK PLANKTONIK AND
10,000 col/ml SESSILE.
BACTERIA ACTIVITY CONTINUED AND THEN:

INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF SRBS

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CONCENTRATION INCREASED TO 200ppm

CORROSION RATES REMAINED HIGH AT 0.69 mm/y

SRBS STILL AT 1000 col/ml AT EXIT OF SKIMMER AND ENTRANCE AT 100
col/ml. THE PROBLEM WAS LOCALIZED IN THE SKIMER TANK.

PHASE D
THE BIOCIDE CHANGED TO ACROLEIN.
INJECTED IN BATCHES EVERY 15 DAYS AT 50 ppm
CONCENTRATIONS.
C.R. DECREASED TO 0.23 mm/y AT THE EXIT OF THE SKIMMER TANK
AND 0.04 mm/y AT THE INLET OF THE SKIMMER TANK (also injected
upstream of the plant)

DESIRED CORROSION RATES WHERE 0.13 mm/y (5 mpy)

BATCHING FREQUENCY INCREASED TO WEEKLY.

C.R. MAINTAINED UNDER 0.13 mm/y AND BACTERIA

ACTIVITY DECREASED TO 10 100 col/ml.
FOR A PERIOD OF MORE THAN A YEAR