,

rh A honh Ltd.

Rooksellera (Now <v Hi coud-hand;

CiMBHIIHi!'.. Knglanrt

THE ITINERARY
OF

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2011 with funding from

University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/itineraryofrabb01benj

THE ITINERARY
OF

RABBI BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.

TRANSLATED AND EDITED
r.Y

A.

ASHER.

Vol.

TEXT, BIBLIOGRAPHY,

J.

AND TRANSLATION.

Hakesheth" Publishing Co.

927 Broadway,

New York

JAN

1938

/tf395

TO

HIS

EXCELLENCY

BARON
ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
THIS
WITH
IS

WORK

HIS KIND PERMISSION

MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

CONTENTS
OF THE ENGLISH PORTION
OF THIS VOLUME.
Bibliography
I.

II.

III.

Editions in

Hebrew only

...

Hebrew and Latin

Latin

11

IV. English

14

V. French

22
25
25

VI. Dutch
VII. Jewish -German

Tte Itinerary
Hebrew Preface

29

EUROPE.
The author

31

leaves Saragossa

Barcelloua

31.

Narbonne, Beziers
Montpeillicr, Lunel

Beaucaire

Bourg de

St.

Gilles

32
32
33
34
35

Aries, Marseilles

3 (J

Genoa, Pisa

37
38
41
41
42
43
44
45

Lucca,

Rome

Description of Rome
Capua

39

Sorrento
Naples, Salerno, Amalfi

Bavento, Melti, Ascoli, Trani

Bari, Taranto,

Briudisi,

Otranto

\24-

K3
V,

....

CONTENTS.

Mil

Corfu

45.

Aita, Achelous, Anatolica, Patras, Lepanto, Crissa

Negropont, Jabustrisa

Thebes,

rinthj

Walachia

Rabenica,

Zeitan,

Ciardi.ki,

Armiro, Bi .na, Salanki

:

Description of Constantinople
daliipoli,

Rodosto,
hio.

....

Drama, Abydos

Mitrizzi,

Kilia,

Mitileue

Rhodes, Cyprus

Santos,

50

....

.....

46
46
47
48
49
50
56
56
57

ASIA.
57

Corycus
Tereooe,

Antioch

Latachia,

Jebilee

58
59
59
60

Account of the Assasins

Tripoli.

DjebaiJ

61

Beyrot, Saida

Account of the Druses

61.

Tsour (Sidon)

62.

Acre, Khaifa

K'phar Thanchuin, Ccsarca, Kakun,

George

St.

65

Sebaste

Nablous, Account of the Samaritans

Mount Gilboa, Gran David (Gib'on)

Description of Jekisiialaim (Jerusalem)
Beth-Lechem
Cbebroo
.

Beith Jaberim
.ur).

Ramlebj

IVsipua, Beith Nubi

Jafia,
5(

Ibelin,
rain,

66
.

68

68

Sufurieh

....

...

....

G8

75

....

Asdoud, Ascalon

Tebnio
Gisb, MerooD, Alma, Kades, Belinas

Tiberias,

Damascus

62
63
64

83

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
86

CONTENTS.

IX

Jela'ad, Salkhat, Ba'albek

Thadmor, Cariateen

Hamah,

Reiha, Aleppo, Bales

.....

Kala' Jiaber, Racca

...

Charan, Nisibin, Jezireh ben 'Omar

Mosul and Niniveh

Rahabah, Karkisia. Juba
Chardah, 'Okbera

Bagdad

93

107

Gihiagin

Babylon, Hillah

Napacha
Sepulchre of Jcheskel. (Ezekiel)

Al-Kotsonaath, Ain Japhata

Kufa, Sura, Schafjathib

El-Jubar

Thema

112114

(Arabia)

114
115
116
117

Thanaejin
Telmas, Chaibar

Waset, Bassora, Samarra

Khuzestan, Shushan

118-120

Shushan
Rudbar, Hoi wan, Mulehet

'Amaria

History of David El Roy

Hamadan

Dabaristan, Isbahan, Shiras, Giva,

Tibet, Khazvin

120
121.122
122
127
127
Samarkhand
128
129
.

Expedition of the King of Persia against

130
the Ghuz
Island of Kish
El-Cathif, Pearl Fishery

Chulam

86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
105
105
106
107
110
110
Ill
112

136

136. 137
137. 138

138141

CONTENTS.

141143

Khan.Iy
i

143. 144

Nikpha

of

144

Gingaleb, Khnlan, Sebid

AFRICA.
Nubia, A-suau

...145

Chaluali
ilun,

Mitsraim

MiL-raim, TsoaO

147

155

Old-Mitamim
Bell

ita,

Damira, Mahaleh

Alexandria
Damietta, Suubat
Ailafa

146
147
153
153
154
158
158
159

EUROPE.
Sicily,

159
160

Messina

Palermo
una, Trapani,

Cologne,

Rome, Lucca

Germany

Bohemia, Sclavonia, France

France

161
162. 163

164
165

PREFATORY REMARKS.
which

In the present Translation,

two languages

as the genius of ihe

the vowels
to

employed

as close

will admit,

proper names are

be pronounced as follows:
a, like

a in father

bed

e,

i,

fit

o,

over

u,

full.

ch,
in

in the

is

which represents

the Scottish Loch, or the

Kh

stands

occurs.

'

before

like

the ch

german Sprache.

for d.

The hebrew
by an

n,

letter

the

y has been pointed out

english letter, wherever

it

XII

B. slands for Bar or Ben,

Hebrew

the

or

rabbinic

for son.

K. for Kabbi,

and used exactly

an epithet synonymous
like the english* 'Master',

willi

whe-

who

reas Rabbi K. distinguishes a person,

is

in

session of the highest clerical dignity in the

congregation, or of such eminent talents as universally

to

command

the

and

of Master

title

Teacher.

The

and F. attached

to

the

va-

rious readings in the Text, denote the

first

edi-

letters C.

tions of Constantinople

Wherever
perfluous,

it

and Ferrara.

word has appeared

has been put into

ever one has been added,

brackets
|

sed
des

at

where-

slands between

of

moment

are

discus-

length in the introduction, which prece-

the

which

),

he su-

].

other matters

All

it

to

second volume

we

of this

refer the reader.

work and

to

THE TRAVELS OF RABBI

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The
to

the

learned

1543,

when

stantinople;
in the
is

of

the

13th,

the

was not

centuries,

though well known

work,

present

first

before

the

year

appeared

at

Con-

piinted
edition

numerous

reprints

course of lime,

of

14 th and 15th

were

called for

which the following

a catalogue.

I.

EDITIONS IN

HEBREW ONLY.

JD*33 *31

bw ntyDO

(Constantinople, Soncini 1543). in 8vo. G4

pages, printed in the rabbinic character.
This, the
that

first

edition, is so

extremely rare,

most

diligent search,

notwithstanding the

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

have not been able

plete copy.

Royalv

it

at

has been

It

Oppenheim

'

in the

my

Bibliothvnue

inquiries

after

which met with the kindest

nowhere be found!

could

it

meet with any com-

upon

Paris, but

inquiries

tention

lo

division

of

Bodleian

the

at-

The

library

contains an incomplete copy of this rare book,

the

14 pages or one

being deficient

of

quarter of the

whole work.

unfortunate

this

of

been able

ought

lo

presses,

the

from the

issued
ibis

the rules of

Constantinople

early

but a very poor specimen

is

noticed below No.

have led the translators

ritv constitutes

as

ol

All the mistakes of

'Princcps' have unfortunately crept into the

editions

2.

fully

Like most other hebrew books,

correctness and typography.

ibis

lo

have not

as

title

have done, according

bibliography.

which

consequence

In

circumstance,

report

to

first

NTPB hd

ol

into

4.

and

error.

10.,

and

The

ra-

the only value of this edition.

Ltrxi

crm: fn rra
(Travels

3.

b"i

JO'33 3"i b v

i"jp lpttn*

nv;co

DrroN i'D n*32

R. Benjamin of blessed memory,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

house of Abraham

printed at Ferrara in the

Ben Usque

316

in the year

[1556]).

small 8vo. 64 pages, in the rabbinic character.

On

the

title

a globe in a square, surroun-

by hebrew verses; the

ded

verso of the

another M. S.,

much

many

perhaps rarer

still

indispensably ne-

is

critique of the work.

cessary for a
is

is

and having evidently been prin-

first,

ted from

the

title.

This second edition

than the

on

instances
is

its

too corrupt to be understood.

early translators,

L'Empereur,

was unknown

B. Arias Monlanus

who would have made

kes and formed a more

correct

our author, had they been able

with that of Constantinople.

No
of
at

of

the

It

present edition

have personally

and

less mista-

judgment

to

to

compare

of
it

forms the ground-

public library in France or

which

text

readings give a sense, where

Unfortunately this Edition

work

The

purer than that of the former, and in

the former

the

preface

and

translation.

Germany, most

visited or inquired

by correspondence, possesses a copy and the

1*

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

now known

only one

heim

division of the Bodleian library

Mnoa

n*uona

3.

(Travels

Brisgau

small 8vo.

nople)

we'in *v
Printed

elc.

h> p"d^ jfew rra

in

llic

reprint

edition,

it

those passages,

the

of

first

where

and has been

aller'd in

speaking of christians

in

Nazaronos probably because

Some

christian censors.

gau'

to

bear

for thus

the

do

find

it

into

onaun

was

revised

of the copies apin

Bris-

quoted by

diffe-

'Friburg

imprint

we

(Constantithe mis-

pear

il

rent authors. (Wolff Bibliolh. Ilebr. vols

IS.

395.

his

and

III,

Rabbinos espanoles

etc. p.

80) and

almost certain thai L'Empereur reprinted

is

edition

the library
in

Rodriguez de Castro Biblioleca de

los escritores
il

of

all

repeals faithfully

the former reads D^Jflnn 'the misled

b\

country

343(1583) by iheSiphroni)

takes of thai 'Princeps

the

myco

pages, in the square character.

'<\2

is

Oxford.

at

.pia an ^a

DDia

the year

in

Tliis

sp

Oppcn-

to exist is in the

Brisgau

See

from

litis,

which

of Leyden.

are rare,
letter

of

is

All

this

is

thanks

still

the

preserved in

books printed

one of ihe

raresl.

from Scalicer

to

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Buxlorff for a copy of this edition in Inslitut.

Eplst. Hebr., which although dated 1606 within

about 20 years after

the

appearance, mentions

its

book as one of great

4.

'

p^2

rarity.

to DYJCO

3"1

Ilinerarium D. Benjaminis

Batavorum apud

Elzivirios.

M. Lugduni

Fr.

1633.

24mo 203 pp.

square character.

This edition was probably

that of Friburg

reprinted

from

see above and formed

(as

well as that quoted below No. 13.) part of the

l

Respublicae Elzevir ianae' a

known

to the

celebrated

in

Dutch

the

well

amateurs of those 'Bijoux' of the

printers.

reur, the learned editor,

words

collection

text

yew

L/Empe-

changed but very few

and reserved his emenda-

tions for the notes, with

ted under No. 10.

Conslanlin

is

which the

edition

quo-

'enriched'.

Konn p^3 an to myco

arm ion m n*n pn^H ,rww rKDrw :D5nj?n
roton p\ d^d t&to ddto d^i;^ rrn i:: tom
5.

^pbn

'ja

b"i

Dwinn two

moipo

rrcpa

on

en no

d^jttp

D3W1 moipo cwnpra mr.n idd3

ioi -.in to ntio

nrx

jioi

123:

*dh

nn^ yw nnn Dmip

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

mxnb uram 'norm *sa 5>moa iroo dw

pn ^l y* apjr

omtDttHDita
.

moi mJ nni

p"d!?

d^h ^an *mnn

ffna

rurca

sician

(!)

three parts

and

memory, who

Sec

has

that

thing,

this

the

been before

most preferable,

is

first

(Editions)

scaled book

mes

of the

travelled in

new performance

are

for in

the three

all

as

in

many

in

instances like

most instances the na-

places mentioned are not known,

pleasure,

and here

thou

thing and each place under

name and
the year
Slen).

as the

far

and the perusal of the book therefore

out

of a

and has already

been printed three times, and of

this

n^za

world, in Europe, in Asia

of the

in Africa.

p iDWp

Rabbi Benjamin the Phy-

of

of blessed

dtiiwdio dd-h

jfn
.

(The Travels

^y Dipo

its

wilt

in the

with-

find

each

present

acceptation. Printed at

458 (1098)

is

common

Amsterdam

in

house of Caspar

24 mo. 05 pages.

This edition was printed together with the

'Hope of Israel' by R. Manasseh Ben

the celebrated Rabbi,
(

romwell

for the

who

Israel

exerted himself with

readmission of the Jews into

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

England

and

its

pretended ameliorations are

worse than useless;

many

translated

it is

hebrew words

difficult

labour

this

suggestion,

translations

of Arias

which being

and

pography however

Dutch

in

latin,

were very
editor.

etc.)

edition,

by Dr. Zunz

The

s.

1.

of

1734.

which
in

'

have not seen,

rowoi "too c^D-o rraa

p^a

quo-

is

Zeitschrift fur die

DKnrwH prp ppa icD-n

Wis-

p..

(Travels of R. Benjamin.

m tomycD
frnwi

m*

scholars

at

prvp

Printed under the

John Andrew Michael Magel,

the use of his

130.

a"ca;nK rurca iprnofa

.

of

ty-

nvoD

senschaft des Judenthums* Berlin 1823.

direction

often

press.

(Travels

7.

the

a beautiful specimen

is

'"D1

This

upon

and L'Empe-

Montanus

G.

led

without any

best

at

misunderstood by the ignorant

the

is

into

founded not upon any critique but

upon mere

reur,

true the editor has

is

it

Jewish german, but

value, as

this

for

celebrated uni-

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Alldorf 17G2.

versily.

50

Hessel.) small 8vo.

square character.

pp.

correct reprint of JNo.

con-

its

original.

The

Nagel, has published 14 dissertations on

our author, and

so rare that
his

list,

of this

4.

taining even every mistake of

editor,

by John Adam

printed

edition of the 'Travels' is

this

Mcusel doubled

its

See

existence.

'Lexicon deuischer Schriflsteller'

vol.

X.

1810.)

IKD^

8.

p"p2

CD12

JO'33 31 fc ftVJZD
.

(Travels
small 8vo.

etc.

t"opn ruva

printed at Sulzbach 542. [1782J)

3 2 pp.

square character.

very poor reprint of L'Empcrcurs

upon wretched gcrman

mistakes

blotting

and without the

least

edition,

paper,

full

literary

of

value,

being but a 'popular sixpenny Hook.''

... impta

!>.

(Travels of R. Benjamin.

kicw

in Austrian

An

p^a

>:n niyoo

Piinted

at

Zol-

Gallicia)

edition quoted

by the celebrated scho-

Rabbi Salomon L. Rapoport,

lar,

the llevd.

his

geographical

preface

to

in

Shalom Cohen's

Kore Iladdoroth (Warsaw 1838).

have not

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

been able

procure

to

Revd. Rabbi in a

mon

some various
in the

reprint,

this

me

letter to

which

but

edition',

readings.

9
which the

calls

'a

com-

appears to contain

Several of these occur

few quotations made use of

in the

above-

mention d preface, or rather essay, which as

well as

we

the other papers

all

possess from

the pen

of the Revd. Rabbi, prove

him

the

hebrew scholar and

of

first

am

my

proud

to

my

say that both

notes have been enriched

sistance, for

which

critic

to

Europe.

translation

by

be

and

his kind as-

here publicly render

my

best acknowledgments.

HEBREW AND

II.

10.

D.

et S. L.

Batavorum.

P.

m to my do
cum versione et

jo'fl

Ilinerarium D. Benjaminis
notis Constantini

LATIN.

L'Empereur ab Oppyck
acad.

in

Ex

officina

S. T.

Lugd. Batav.

Lugd.

Elzeviriana.

1033.

small 8vo. of 34 (unnumbered) and 234 (number'd) pages.

This

edition, as far

lation are

concern d

is

as the text

composed

of

and transNos. 4 and

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ID

12 of

this

list,

and the notes

the dissertation

contain a vast deal of antiquated learning.

ad Lector em? L'Empe-

In his 'Dissertatio

reur speaks

of Arias

Montanus'

translation

in

terms of contempt, but upon a nearer examination

it

be found that L'Empereur made more

will

mistakes, than

he ought

to

have done having

such a translation before him. Renaudol's judg-

ment

of both editors

cannot be called too se-

vere; he says in speaking of the Text: 'Le Juif

Benjamin
sable,

pas un Auteur mespri-

n'est

comme

Tonl voulu

faire

croire quelques

Scavants qui ne Tout pas enlendu, a

desquels
le

il

faut mcltre

traduire, Arias

stanlin

sur Tedition

l'aulrc,

estant
voit

un pcu

teste

ceux qui entreprirent de

Montanus,

L'Empereur.

la

lis

et

apres luy Con-

avoient travaille Tun et

faile

qui

a Constantinople,

faulive, et assez

peu

nette,

pou-

embarasser ceux qui nc scavaient pas

la

Arias Montanus

fit

des faules enormes

dans sa traduction, que

le

traducteur Hollan-

matiere.

dois n'a pas apperceiies

et

Tun

et

Taulre ayanl

mal leu plusieurs noms propres de

peuples, et de provinces,

villes,

de

en ont forme d'ima-

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

11

ginaires qui ne furent jamais',

and of the No-

tes:

Montanus

'A.

som de developper

laisse

ses

lecteurs le

L'Em-

ces difficultez: mais

pereur, voulant esclaircir son Auteur, a joint a

sa traduction,

Arabes
elJes

et

des notes chargees de citations

Hebraiques enlierement

ne sont pas

tire'es

inutiles.

Car

des Escrivains origi-

naux, ni des Geographes ou Historiens dont

ne connoissoit aucun, sinon

Nubie,
lendus.'

la

la

Elmacin, que souvent

et

il

Geographie de
il

n'a pas en-

Aneiennes Relations des hides

et

de

Chine de deux Voyageurs Mahometans qui

allerent

dans

le

neuvieme Steele; traduites

d'Arabe: avec des Remarques sur

les prin~

cipaux endroits de ces Relations. Paris 1718.

Preface, pag. xxi. et xxn.

HI.

11.

LATIN.

Itinerarium Benjamini Tudelensis: in quo

Res Memorabiles, quas ante quadringentos annos toluin fere terrarum orbem nolatis

bus dimensus vel ipse

*uae

aetatis

vidit

vel

fide

itineri-

dignis

hominibus accepit, breviler atque

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

dilucide describunlur

ex Hebraica Latinum fac-

tum Bened. Aria Monlano

Inlerprele.

Anlwerpiae. ex offieina Chr. Planlini

Archilvpographi

The
lo

who

work

ihe

firs I

the learned Christians,

lo

allhough they might understand the scrip-

hebrew were strangers

ture
is

Anas Monlanus was

celebrated

introduce tins

1MDLXXV.

regii.

and

called the rabbinic,

are

vels

written.

In

to that style,

which these

in

many

which

instances

tra-

he has

rather guessed at than faithfully translated the

text,

but nolhwilhslanding

serve respect, and

in

many

his labours de-

this,

have found

his suggestions

instances nearer the truth

than those

of later translators.

12.

Ilinerarium Benjaminis.

24mo.

Lugd. Batav. 1G33.

This neat

little

the 'Respublicae'
that
this

series.
list,

and

in

volume, which forms part of

is

The

one

text

of,
is

if

not the rarest of

that

consequence of

and convenient form

it

ratum with students and

13.

Lai. redditum

Itinerarium

of

No. 10. of

its

correctness

has become a desidecollectors of books.

Benjaminis Tudelensis ex

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

13

Versione Benedicli Ariae Montani.

sunt

Mechae

descriptiones

Subjectae

Medinae

et

Al-

nabi ex itmerariis Ludovicii Vartomanni et Jo-

hannis Wildii.

Lectorem, quam suae

stantinus

L'Empereur

et

Henningus Mullerus
This

nus

ad

Dissertatio

editioni praemisit

Con-

nonnullae ejusdem no-

Helmstadi in typographeo Calixlino excu-

tae.
dit

vero

Praefixa

lillle

the

little

new

ferred
sion,

matter in

The

it.

Arias Monlanus'

to

has given a complete

ses in
in this

which these two

editor

its

list

of all the phra-

in

and

all that

latin,

had

down

to

publication

Benjaminis Tudelensis Itinerarium ex

Versione Benedicli Ariae Montani.

sunt Descriptiones
nabi.

having pre-

L'Empereur's ver-

book the student possesses

the year of

very

is

translations differ,

been written on the subject

14.

mention'd in the

extracts

curious, although there

ll is

title,

small 8vo.

volume contains besides Monta-

translation

above

MDCXXXVI.

Ex

Mechae

Ilinerariis

Johannis Wildii.

et

Subjectae

Medinae

Ludovici Vartomanni

Praefixa

Lectorem, quam suae

Alet

vero Dissertatio ad

editioni praemisit

Con-

14

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

L'Empercur

stantinus

nonnuUae ejusdem No-

Lipsiae apud Joann. Michael. Ludov.

tac.

MDCCLXIV.

ner.

This

volume noticed

The typography

13.

finitely

superior to that of

The

Sonne

translated

into

Jew,

now

jusl

of this editon

under
is

in-

predecessor.

its

Peregrinations

of Jonas

of all the con-

ENGLISH.

IV.

15.

Teub-

8vo.

a corrected reprint

is

of the

tents
fSo.

et

by

Latin

of

Benjamin

written

in

B. Arias

the

Hebrew,
Montanus.

Discouering both the stale of the Jews und

the world, about foure

hundred and

of

Sixlie yee-

rcs since.

For

this

first

english translation see:

chase Pilgrimes, London 1025,

Liv. 9.

Chap.

5.

1437,

p.

it

is

folio,

Purvol.

II.

divided into 5

Paragraphs.
16.
of

The Travels

of R. Benjamin, the .Son

Jonas of Tudela, through Europe, Asia and

Africa,

from Spain

From me

to

China, from 11G0 to 1173.

Latin Versions of B. A. Montanus and

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

15

Constanline l'Empereur, compared with other

Translations into different Languages.

This extract of the Itinerary will be found in

and

Harris's collection of voyages

don 17448.

vol.

fol.

which

introduction

555, and the

prefixed as

well as the

The

editor

work and

of the

notes

are not devoid of interest.

treats

1,

several

of the author of the

and translations of

editions

made

the objections that have been

dit

of the author

tion;

and the true

he then goes on

ter g, will at

by

once show the

cumstances, that our

of

Remarks and

p.

The

554,

spirit of

let-

the edi-

very clear from a multitude of

is

work

ques-

an extract

following note, which will be found at

this

the cre-

to

on the foregoing Travels.'

Observations

'It

2, of

it;

stale of the

give

to

the itinerary and concludes

tor.

Lon-

to

p.

I.

is

546

travels.

cir-

author chiefly intended

to celebrate his

own Nation,

to pre-

serve an account of the different places in which

they were
to

settled,

keep up

to

their Spirits

by putting them
the Messiah.

and

in

do

all

under

mind

must confess

in his

their Captivity,

of the
I

Power

coming

of

consider this in

1G

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

a different Light from most of the Critics,

I

do not conceive

trymen ought

and though

some Doubts

how

this

him
it

his

coun-

in the opinions

may

possibly be-

as to the Fidelity of his

lations with regard to

see

man's loving

to prejudice

of his readers,

get

that a

for

the Jews,

yet

Re-

do not

can with justice be extended

to

the other Parts of this Book.'

We

regret that Mr. Harris

understood he-

brew nor gave

author, as

much

complete translation of our

we have

would have made

tion superfluous,

neither

very

reason

to believe, that this

that part of the present edi-

and would have gone

far

to

Rabbi Benjamin, Son

of

reestablish the authority of the book.

Travels

1G.

Jonah

of

of

Tudela:

Through Europe, Asia and

ancient

Kingdom

of China.
ginal

of Navarre,

Faithfully translated

Hebrew and

and Notes,

thor

and Intention

the Frontiers

from the Ori-

and Geographi-

which the true Character

In

(!)

to

from the

enriched with a Dissertation

Critical, Historical

cal.

tially

Africa,

considered.

of

the

Work,

of the

are

Au-

impar-

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

By

ihe Rev. R. Gerrans, Lecturer

Coleman

Catherine

Queen

17

and

Elisabeths Free

of Saint

Second Master

Grammar -School,

of

Saint

Olave, Southwark.

This author flourished about the year 1160

of the Christian Aera,

is

highly prized by the

Jews and other Admirers of Rabbinical Learning; and has frequently been quoted by
greatest Orientalists

that this or

ever produced, but

tion

English,

either

by Jew, or

MDCCLXXX1V.
The
the

and

he translated

most

his is 'a

sertion

'out of the

of the

work, that

Hebrew' and
and

that

this as-

has induced Dr. Chalmers in the Bi-

Bibliographers Manual
case, but

will clearly

very

London

pretends both on

faithful translation'

ograpliical Dictionary

ally the

translated into

Gentile.

this edition

in the course
it

before (to

8vo.

author of

title

any other na-

was never

Knowledge) wholly

the Editors

the

little

if

his learning

and Mr. Lowndes

to

in the

stale that this is re-

an examination of the work

prove that Mr. Gerrans understood

any thing of hebrew, and

was derived from

that

B. Arias

all

Mon-

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

L'Empereur and

lanus,

having

No.

1J))

the

denies

work

latter

(quoted

below

he had printed the

before

first

chap-

but the very division into chapters, which

ters,
is

seen

He

Barralier.

to

be found in none

which was

of the

introduced by Barratier proves

first

more strongly

the contrary, and the

and B's chapters are exactly

sertation at

and

originals

The

similar.

head of the work

the

so as

is

his
dis-

mere

abridgement of Barrator's second volume, and

those passages, which being rabbinic and not

understood, were

have been

and are

The

in

many

R.

translator.

by Barratier

by Mr. Gerrans

instances complete nonsense.

may

critical

translated

transcribed

'faithfully'

following

Gerrans'

wrong

as

specimen of Mr.

and of

his abilities as a

serve

tact

Benjamin

speaking of the

in

city of Lunel,

mentions as usual several lear-

ned jews;

Rabi

Asher

'very

learned

in

the law'
3*n

odu

nrco

nn aim

"noira &ru ran aim,,

."iron no^tf
the literal translation of

'and he

is

wi

,pnn

bmnw

which runs as follows;

a great proficient in the Talmud,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

and (there are

law and

in

19

Rabbi Moshe his brother

also)

R. Sh'muel the minister, and R.

Sh'lomo Cohen (a descendant of Aron)'

Gerrans however translates

Talmudic

skilled in the

man

This

'

Mr.

is

well

Here you

writings.

li-

kewise meet wilh that great R. Moses Gisso

(!)

and R. Samuel (Hhasan) R. Salomon (13) the

Priest' etc.

as follows:

'He

BJ*"i

chi)

from

commonly

the City

name from
died A.

is

(13)

of

by

Jews

the

(or rather Jera-

Lunel which takes

its

He

Moon

Jareach, the

rrp

he continues

called

R. Salomon Jarchi

e.

i.

note

In the

D. 1105, together with his Disciple,

who composed

those Prayers

called

which contain many

the Circle,

minft or

bitter Invecti-

ves against Christians in general, and the Church

of

Rome

mins Errors

in

as

words

his brother in
to

consider

nister,

Chronology,

long before.'
errors

This

in particular.

law

There
in

a proper

he explains

reader and

this

are

is

one of Benja-

for

>un was dead

almost as

passage!

many
Gisso,

he was ignorant enough

name.

in a nole

Chasan
to

be

Mi-

sometimes

sometimes an exculioncr!

Co-

20

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

an

hen

appellation borne by ihe descendants

Aron even

of

and

crown

to

min

an

of

was

day, he

translates priest

Mr. Gerrans

accuses Benja-

this

to
all,

ignorant enough

tain R.

he

chronology, because

error in

suppose

to

by a cer-

that

Salomon Cohen, our author could have

meant R. Salomon

Jilschaki!

It

requires igno-

rance such as Mr. Gerrans alone could boast

of to
shi

suppose any thing of the kind,

was no Cohen and only

Aron bear

appellation,

that

of his

name were

torff

Rashi did not

3)

Troyes or Luistre

2)

or

book

of

the jews,

Rashi's

church of
foolish to

any

5)

the

live at

'bitter

Rome
do

man who

Bux-

Lunel but

at

The -mno (Machazor)

prayer,

the

liturgy

invectives'

of

before

against

to

the

and would have been very

so, as

could

ini-

The jews never dared

that

belter protection than

a

allho'

was composed many years

time

introduce

common

Rashi did not

thus explained by

4)

Ra-

the descendants of

bear the apellalion of Jarchi,

tials

for 1)

church yielded them

any other authority, and

make mistakes

of this kind

dares to accuse Benjamin of ignorance, super-

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
slition,

falsehood, ihc very

21

basest

of vices

he

can possibly imagine!

the

In

course

point out a

of

lliis

few more

translation

shall

of the grossest mistakes

we

committed by Mr. Gerrans, and

this rather a duly, as his

for

we

more than 50 years

consider

has been unfortunately

the only edition acces-

sible to the english public.

The Travels

17.

Benjamin

of R.

dcla from the Latin of B. Arias

Conslanlin L'Einpereur

Tu-

of

Monlanus and

compared

with

other

Translations inlo different Languages.

This abridgement, which will be found in

Pinckcrlons 'General Collection of the best and

most interesting Voyages and Travels of !hc

world.
tains

London 180814.

such passages

been of interest

work

could travel

is

so

Rabbi Benjamin

what

lie

Mr.

staling,

most remarkable things

of this

Vol. VII. con-

appear

as

editor.

extracts by

concludes his
tbe

only
the

to

4lo.

to

to

have

Pinkerlon

that

one

be learned

of

out

the circumstance, that a person

far
to

al

the

time;

he allowes

have been an able judge of

saw, and doubts not the

veracity

of

22

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
P. has

Mr.

the travels.

enriched

ment by some very valuable remarks,

we

shall avail ourselves

of

which

our volume of notes.

in

FRENCH.

V.

Voyage du

18.

abridg-

this

celebre Benjamin, au lour

du monde, commence Tan MCLXXIII

(sic)

con-

tenant une exacte et succincte Description

ce qu'il a

vii

de plus remarquable, dans presque

toules les parties

de

ce

de

Terre; aussi bien que

la

en a apris

qu'il

de plusieurs de ses

Conlemporains dignes de
jusques
e;ogues,
Juifs et

ou

il

Tetat

ici

inconu, de

de

foi.

detail,

Conduite, des Sina-

la

Demeure

la

Avec un

et

du

N ombre

de leurs Rabins, dans tous

a ete etc. dont on aprend en

ou

de

des

les endroits

meme

terns

alors diferentes Nations

se trouvoient

avant Tagrandissement des Turcs.

Hebreu par

Ecrit premierement en

de ce Voyage
noit
tin

traduit ensuite

Arian Monlan:

en Francois.

Le

et

1'auleur

en Latin, par Be-

nouvellement du La-

tout

enrichi

des Notes,

pour Texplicalion de plusieurs passages.

The above

title

quoted

at

lenglh informes the

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

23

reader of the sources of this translation, which

be found

will
in

occupy 74 pages

to

4to. of vol 1.

Bergeron's Collection de Voyages, fails prin-

cipalement en Asie, dans

xv Siecles, a

le

la ilaye 1735,

notes are of no value, nor

accompanies

this

xn
2

vols.

xiv et

4to.

The

map which

the

is

poor piece of work.

Voyages de Rabbi Benjamin

19.

xui

de Jona

fiis

de Tudele en Europe, en Asie et en Afrique depuis

TEspagne jusqu'a

la Chine.

Ou

Ton trouve

plusieurs choses remarquables concernant l'Histoire

Geographie

la

et

des Juifs

l'elat

de THebreu

et

parliculierement

et

au douzieme

de notes

cnrichis

Traduits

siecle.

de Dis-

et

sertations Historiques et Critiques sur ces

Par

yages.

pagnie.

Vol.

title.
I

P. Barralier. Etudiant en

A Amsterdam, aux

logic.

Vol.

J.

II.

1734.
I.

vol.

depens de

to

Com-

the

the notes.

menlidn'd

dissertations

With respect

Theo-

small 8vo.

contains the voyage and

the

la

Vo-

in

the

value of the work

can do no belter than quote Gibbon's words

(Decline and Fall, Chap. LHI.

lext has

been translated

into

'The hebrew

french

by

that

24

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

marvellous Child Barralier,

who has added a

volume of crude learning'!

It is

hardly worlh

while, here to enter into the question whether

young Barratier made

some more experienced

aid of
to

the translation without the

scholar, but

it

is

be regretted that even a child should have been

biassed by his teachers against

his

and jews were suspected by him be-

catholics

no

From

appears that the testimony of roman

it

cause

persons pro-

another creed than himself.

fessing

notes

all

of their

difficult

religious belief

task

to

and

it

will

be

prove that his suspicions

generally arise from ignorance only.

Voyages de Benjamin de Tudelle autour

20.

du monde commence Fan 1173.

De

Jean du

Plan-Carpin en Tartaric, du Frere Ascelin

de ses compagnons vers

la Tartaric.

laume de Rubruques en Tartaric

en

1253

Beauvais
ges,

suivi
et

des

et

De

el

Guil-

en Chine

Additions de Vincent

de

de THistoire de Guillaume de Nau-

pour TEclaircissement des precedents Vo-

yages.

Paris,

imprime aux Frais du Gouver-

nement pour procurer du Travail aux ouvriers

Typographies.

Aoiit 1830.

in 8vo.

25

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

No. 18, and curious only on

reprint of

account of the occasion, which procured Master

Benjamin

honour

the

of

being

called

forth

again from oblivion!

DUTCH.

VI.

De Reysen van

21.
delens.

In

de

R. Benjamin Jonas

Deelen

drie

der

Int

Jan Bara.

door

overgeschrieben

Nederduyts

Werelt.

Tu-

Amsterdam, Jonas Rex. 1G66. 24mo. 117 pp.

This translation having been made from

L'Empereurs

lalin

version offers

nolhing

new

or valuable to the crilical reader.

VIII.

22.

D^phrno

JEWISH - GERMAN.

p^3

abvj jjn yio )YJ

*rn nh pi *tn

:n yic

w*n kh Tin

(These are the voyages

Tudelens the physician
velled

through

three

Amsterdam 451 (1G91)

(!)

ij>

of

^fyn ,NDn

R.

Benjamin

which he has

corners

of

the

tra-

world).

8vo.

This translation by Chaim Ben Jacob was

made from L'Empereurs

lexl,

and although the

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

2(>

edilor

was

any

rect

was

a jew, he
of

the

does he pretend

loo illiterate io cor-

L'Empereur,

errors of
to

any learning; but avows

he printed the book merely as a popular

that

for

the

dutch jews,

who

treatise

women

and children

of the

speak a dialect of their own,

mixed with german and hebrew words.

23.

Francfort on the

A mere

reprint

consequently

view
It

is

as

Mayne
of

*rn an pi

toi

(These are the Voyages

of

nor

etc.)

471. (1711) 8vo.

and

the former edition

worthless in

critical

point

a curious fact that the

Germans,

who

have written on every subject and have translated almost every thing

from

Aristotle

to

Ni-

cholas ISickleby, have no edition of these tra-

we

been able

any Swe-

vels,

nor have

dish,

Danish, Italian or Spanish translation.

to trace

THE TRAVELS OF RABBI

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA.

2*

HEBREW PREFACE.
Tins book contains the

Benjamin

the

mory 4

Tudela

of

man

This

son

of

reports

Jonah,

in the

of Navarre.

many and

was

in

distant

and wrote

countries, as related in this account

down

every place whatever he saw or what

told

him by men

mes were known

whose na-

of integrity,

in Spain.

Rabbi Benjamin also mentions some

principal

men

when he

returned he brought

wilh

me-

of blessed

kingdom

travelled through

Rabbi

of

him

to

in

the

the

places

country

of

he

of the

and

visited

along

this report

Castile

in

the

year 1)33 (1173).

memory' (abridged o. b. ill. in the

work) is an expression generally added

'Of blessed

course of this

by Jews when
Proverbs X.

7.

mentioning the 'honour'd

dead

1
.

See

30

The abovemention'd Rabbi Benjamin was

man

of

wisdom and understanding and

information; and after

were found
a true

man.

to

of

strict inquiry, his

much
words

be true and correct, for he was

TRAVELS OF

RABBI BENJAMIN
OF BLESSED MEMORY.
Thus says R. Benjamin B. Jonah

of bles-

memory:

sed
I

from the

set out

first

and proceeded

Two

down

city

Ebro

the river

days journey brought

cient city of

nowhere

to the an-

from

thence

which place there

lies

on the

whole
coast.

Barcellona,

a congregation

is

many

and similar

else in the

of Spain; the city stands

days

Tortosa.

Tarracona, which contains

buildings are found

Two

Saragossa

to

me

cyclopaean and pelasgic remains,

kingdom

of

in

of wise,

learned and princely men, for instance R. She-

and R. SrTlomo B. R. Abra-

shelh, R. Sheallhiel

ham
is

B. Chisdai

o. b.

handsome and

Merchants
parts

resort

m.

is

The

silualed

thither

of the world:

for

city

though small

on the seashore.
goods

from

all

from Greece, from Pisa,

P ge ?.

1.

32

NARBONNE.

Genoa and

BEZIERS.

from Alexandria

Sicily,

in

Egypt,

from Palestine and ihc adjacent countries.

days journey and a half brings you

Gerona, which

contains

city

to

small Jewish

congregation.

Three days further

of

eminence

on

ried

in

there.

many

pally R.

R.

From

2.

2.

Calonymos son

man

This

countries.

city

con-

very wise and noble men, princi-

Theodoros

This

thence the study of the

all

o.

of the great

m.,

b.

house of David,
page

Nardonne, a place

consequence of the studies car-

law spreads over

tains

lies

descendant

proved by

as

and noble

holds landed properly

his

of

the

pedigree,

from the so-

vereigns of the country, of which nobody can

deprive him by force.

ham

There

further R. Abra-

ihe president of the university, R. Makhir,

R. Iehuda and others of

ning, altogether the
to

is

much

number

of

merit and lear-

Jews amounts

about three hundred.

Four parasangs from thence

Beziers, containing

men, the principals

lies

ihc city of

congregation of learned

of

which are R. Shlomo

Chalaphtha and R. Joseph B. R. Nelhancl o.b.m.

M0NTPEILL1ER.

From

ihence

or Montpeillier,

the

for

it

is

two days

parts

to

Har Ga'ash

a city conveniently situated

two

purposes of trade, being within

You

parasangs from the coast.

christian

33

LUNEL.

and

there

page

3. 1.

page

3. 2.

meet with

mahometan merchants from

all

from Algarve (Portugal) Lombardy, the

roman empire, from Egypt,

Palestine,

France, Spain, and England. People of

Greece,
all

ton-

gues are met there principally in consequence

of

the traffick

The Jews

sans.

Genoese and

of the

of the Pi-

of that city belong to the wi-

and most esteemed of the present gene-

sest

R.

ration.

Reuben B. Theodoros, R. Nathan

B. R. Sekhariah, R. Sh'muel their Rabbi, R. She-

lemiah and R. Mordekhai

cipal

among them;

o. b.

others

and benevolent towards

m. are the prin-

are

also

those,

all

very rich

who

apply

for assistance.

Four parasangs

to

Lunel, a

also a holy congregation of

all

their time

town
ted

is

upon

city containing

Jews who employ

the study of the law.

the place of residence

Rabbi R. Meshullam and

This

of the celebra-

his five sons:

R.

Joseph, R. Jilschak, R. Ja'acob, R. Aharon and

34

LUNEL.

R. Asner,

all

of

does not attend

studies
page

4. i.

to

day and

He

eats meal.

which

The

and rich men.

BEAUCAIRE.

eminent scholars

are

latler is

an ascetic*,

who

any worldly business but

keeps

night,

fasts

and never

possesses an extraordinary de-

gree of knowledge of every thing relating to

talmudic learning.

R. Moshe his brother in law,

R. Sh'nuicl the Minister, R. Sh'lomo Cohen and

the physician R. Jchuda B.
origin

are

also

reign students

Thibbon

inhabitants

who

of Spanish

of Lunel.

resort thilher

All

fo-

with the in-

tention of studying the law, are supplied with

food and raiment at the public expence during

whole time

the

The Jews

of their stay

of this city

in the university.

amounting

to

about three

hundred, are wise, holy and benevolent men,

page

4. 2.

who

support their poor brethren near and

The town

stands within

far.

two parasangs from

the coast.

To Beaucaire two

and
and

parasangs

ascetic, 'one

who

this is a large

exercises himself in

ttJIlD,

is

devoted to the contemplation of divine things

for that purpose separates himself

with the world.'

Richardson's Diet.

from intercourse

BEAUCAIRE.

35

ST. GILLES.

borough, containing about four hundred Jews

and a great university under the presidency of

Abraham

the great Rabbi, R.

a scholar of the very

and

skill,

distant

who

countries

abode

find

own means and

his

he moreover

i.

from

life

which

private properly,

pg* 5

is

R. Joseph B. R. Menachem,

very considerable.
R. Benbenast,

own

in his

necessaries of

all

from

attracts students

house and are taught by him

provides them with

m.,

and ialmudic

scriptural

He

branches of learning.

o. b.

degree of eminence

first

both in the

B. David

Abraham and

R. Benjamin, R.

Moshe

R. Jilschak B. R.

m.

b.

o.

of this city,

are also very great scholars and wise men.

To Nogres
parasangs.
bitants, of

are:

or

The

Bourg de St. Gilles

principal

of the Jewish inha-

which there are about one hundred,

R. Jitschak B.

R.

Ja'acob,

Abraham

R.

B. R. Jehuda, R. FJ'asar, R. Jitschak, R.

and R. Ja'acob the son

Levi

o.

grimage

b.

three

m.

visited

tant countries

This

of the

town,

late

Moshe

Rabbi R.

place

of

even by the inhabitants of

and

islands,

is

Pil- pge
dis-

situated within three

parasangs from the sea on the very banks

of

5.

36

ARLES.

the

large

MARSEILLES.

Rhone which surrounds

river

whole Provence.

It

is

Abba Mari B. R.

of R.

the place of residence

Jilschak

its

i.

who

Raymond.

three parasangs, the principal of

two hundred

Israelites

ihan and R. Abba Mari

Three days

o.

R. Moshe, R.

are:

RShlomo,

Tobi, R. Jesha'jah,
p*s 6

m.

b.

o.

holds the office of steward to count

To Arles

the

the Rabbi

R.Na-

m.

Marseilles, a city containing

to

many eminent and

wise men.

The

three hundred

Jews form two congregations, one

of

which re-

lower town on the coast of the Me-

sides in the

diterranean and the other in the upper part, near

the fortress.

and boasts
B.

R.

The

of

latter

many

Anloli,

his

supports a great university

learned scholars, R. Shimeon

Ja'acob

brother R.

and R.

L'varo are the principals of the upper, R. Ja'a-

cob Perpiano the rich man, R. Abraham and

Pge

6.

his

son in law R. Meir, R. Jilschak

and R. Meir

those of the lower congregation.

An

trade

is

carried on in this city,

extensive

which stands on

the very coast.

Here people
also

stands

lake

ship

on the coast

for

and

Genoa,
is

which

reached

in

GENOA.

about four days.

Two

Sh'muel B. Khilam

The

there.

by the
house

is

of civil

it

and of

of the sea

From
of

senators

own

their

body.

chosen

Every

ps

7.

ps

7.

i.

carried on from the

is

The Genoese

are masters

and build vessels called galleys by

which they carry on war

ces and bring

booty, to

but

commotion war

of

reside

provided with a tower and in limes

tops of these lowers.

means

brother

his

surrounded by a wall, no

over

citizens

Jews from Ceuta, R.

and

city is

governs

king

37

PISA.

home

Genoa

in

many

pla-

a vast deal of plunder and

they are at

war wilh

the Pisans.

their city to that of Pisa is a distance

two days journey.

The

latter

is

of very

great extent, containing about ten thousand fortified

houses, from which

limes of
are

civil

commotion.

brave, no

war

is

All

carried on in

the

king nor prince

inhabitants

governs over

them, the supreme authority being vested

senators chosen
of the

by the people.

twenty Jews resident

at

Moshe, R. Chaiin and R. Joseph.

The
Pisa,

The

in

principal

are:

R.

city

has

no walls, stands about four miles from the sea

and ihe navigation

is

carried

on by means

of

38

who

vessels

ply

upon

the Arno, a river

runs through the very

To Lucca

8.

i.

them are

A
you

a large city

forty Jews, the principal of

six

days from thence brings

Rome, the metropolis

to the large city of

who

is

R. David, R. Sh'muel and R. Ja'acob.

journey of

of all

pay

which

city.

four parasangs. This

and contains about

page

ROME.

LUCCA.

The two hundred Jews

Christendom.

live there are

tribute to

very

Some

no one.

ficers in the service of

much

respected and

of

them are

of-

Pope Alexander, who

is

the principal ecclesiastic and head of the christian church.

The

principal of the

many

emi-

nent Jews resident there are R. Daniel and R.

Jechiel.

The

one of the pope's- officers,

latter is

who

a handsome, prudent and wise man,

fre-

quents the pope's palace being the steward of

his

household and minister of his private pro-

perly.
pa**

8. 2.

R. Jechiel

is

a descendant of R.

than, ihe author of the

comments.

Book Aruch and

There are further

B. Rabbi R. Sh'lomo, R.

at

Rome

Menachem

of the university, R. Jechiel

Na-

who

its

R. Joab

the president

resides in Tra-

stevere and R. Benjamin B. R. Shabthai

o. b.

m.

ROME.

The

city of

by means
through

Rome
the

of

which

Tiber

runs

you

these divisions

of

first

two parts

divided into

river

In the

it.

is

39

see the large place of worship called St. Peter

of

Rome,

there

The

Caesar.

was

the large palace of Julius

and structures entirely

upon

buildings

miles.

the face of the earth.

Rome amounts

of

You

all

other

The

ps

. *

ex-

Charles

kings

who

from the

who

are

all

twenty

Imperator,

m ah o me tans.

rejected

Rome

the palace of Titus

in

having wasted three years

in

hi9

he ought

There

is

by three hundred senators

the conquest of Jerushalaim,

to their will

called

conquer'd Spain and wrested

first

consequence of

years.

and

Pipin the father of

to king

In the outskirts of

who was

four

to

there find eighty halls of the eighty

from king Tarquin

two

from

ground cover d by ruined and inhabited

eminent

it

different

tent of

parts

numerous buildings

city contains

is

to

which

task according

have accomplished

furlher the hall of the palace

of king Vespasianus, a very large

and strong

ding; also the hall of king Galba, containing

windows, equal

in

in

number

to

buil-

3G0

the days of the

pge 9 2.

40

ROME.

The

year.

circumference of the palace

ihree miles.

was

bailie

of yore and in the palace

dred thousand
page

10. i.

fought here in times

more than

fell

whose bones

slain,

nearly

is

are

The

there even to the present day.

a hun-

hung up

king cau-

sed a representation of the bailie to be drawn,

army
all

army, the men, the horses and

against

their

were

accoutrements

sculptured

in

marble, in order to preserve a memorial of the

wars

of antiquity.

You

there

find

a cave under ground

also

containing the king and his

thrones, surrounded

in

embalmed by

good preservation

Also

Giovanni

St.

2.

constructed

to

are

The Jews

in

Rome

physicians

day.
in

which

two copper

pillars

by king Sh'lomo

name 'Sh'lomo Ben David'

each.

this

in porta

place of worship there

page io.

their

by about one hundred no-

bles of their court, all

and

queen upon

is

lalina

o.

b.

m. whose

engraved upon

told him, that every

year about the lime of ihe Dili of

Ab/

these

a The time of the destruction of both temples at

Jerusalem. The day
to all jews

and

is

is still

one of

fast

and mourning

celebrated as such by all synagogues.

ROME.
pillars

sweat

down from

You

and

that

the

water runs

them.

there see also the cave, in

which Ti-

Vespasian hid the vessels of the

tus the son of

temple,

much

so

41

CAPUA.

which he brought from Jerushahnim,

cave on the hanks of the Ti-

in another

men

ber you find the sepulchres of those holy

o.

b.

m., the ten martyrs of the kingdom.

Opposite

St.

Giovanni de Lalerano stands

Shimshon with a lance

a statue of

his hand, also that of

vid

are

statue

which
is

Da-

Con-

built

city is called after his

name,

man and

horse

cast in

Rome

gilt.

the son of

who

and of king Constantino,

stantinople,
his

Abshalom

of stone in page 11.4.

copper,

contains

many

olher

remar-

kable buildings and works, the whole of which

nobody can enumerate

Capua
city

was

is

built

four days from

by king Capis, the town

gant but the water

healthy.
reside at

Rome. This

Among

is

is

large
ele-

bad and the country un-

the three

hundred Jews,

Capua, are many very wise

who

men

of

universal fame, principally R. Konpasso and his pmh.2.

42

SORRENTO.

Saken and the Rabbi

brother R. Sh'muel, R.

who

R. David,

From
large

bears the

of Principalo.

title

thence to Puzzuolo or Sorrento, a

by Tsintsan Hadar'eser, who

built

city

David

fled in fear of king

o.

The

m.

b.

city

has been inundated in two spots by the sea.

Even

day you

this

to

may

towers of the submerged

which issues

ce 12. i.ces

the

oil

upon the

forth

city.

hot spring,

from under ground, produ-

which

called Petroleum,

is

collected

surface of the water and used in

There are

dicine.

see the streets and

me-

also the hot baths, provided

from hot subterranean springs, which here

sue from under ground.
are situated on
afflicted

the

of these

baths

seashore and whoever

is

with any desease generally experien-

ces great relief

if

not certain cure from the use

During the summer season

of these waters.

persons

Two

is-

afflicted

with

complains

flock

all

thither

from the whole of Lombardy.

From
miles

This
page

vi. 2.

place

this

by a

man may

travel fifteen

causeway under the mountains.

way was

the founder

of

constructed by king Romulus,

Rome, who

feared David king

SALERNO.

NAPLES.
of Israel

and Joab his general and constructed

buildings bolh

The

upon and under

Naples

city of

on

situated

the

tified

built

by the Greeks.

R. Eliah

Hor

43

AMALFI.

is

the mountains.

very strongly

and

coast

originally

R. Chiskiah, R. Shalom,

Cohen and R.

Jilschak

from mount

are the principal of the five hundred

who

for-

Jews

live in the city.

One days journey

brings

you

Salerno,

to

the principal medical university of Christendom.

The number

of

Jews amounts

among which

dred,

R. Malkhi Tsedek,

to

about six hun-

R. Jehuda B. R. Jilschak,
the grand Rabbi, originally pge

from Siponle, R. Sh'lomo Cohen, R.

jevani,

Elija

R. Abraham Narboni and R.

Ha-

Thamon

deserve particular notice, being wise and lear-

The

ned men.

cily is

surrounded by a wall

from the landside, one part of

on the shore of the

top of the

hill is

Half a day
habitants of
cipals:

and

to

sea.

it

The

however stands
fortress

very strong.
Amalfi, a cily

which you

find

among

benevolent

or

the in-

twenty Jews, prin-

R. Chananel ihc physician,

the

on the

noble

Abu

R. Elisha'
- al - (iid.

13. i.

44

BAVENTO. MELFI. ASCOLI. TRANI.

The

population

christian

of

country

this

mostly addicted to trade, they do not

ground, but buy every thing
P*e 13 2

for

is

the

till

money, because

they reside on high mountains and upon rocky

abounds however,

fruit

hills;

land being

the

well supplied with vineyards, olivegroves, gar-

Nobody

dens and orchards.

dares

wage war

with them.

One day

Bavento, a large

to

city

situated

between the coast and a high mountain.

The

congregation of Jews numbers about two hundred, principals R.

R.

Abraham

Two
pago 14.

i.

b.

o.

days

to

with

scripture,

Calonymos, R. Sarach and

m.

Pul a

of

two hundred Jews

of

Melfi
about

in Apulia, the

which R. Achima'als, R. Nathan and R. Tsadok are the

principal.

One days journey

of the forty

R.

lilo,

Tsemach

Two
grims

Jews who

days

who

to

his

to

Ascoli, the principal

live

there are

R. Kon-

son in law and R. Joseph.

Trani on the

coast.

All the pil-

travel to Jerushalaim assemble here

JesaiaLXVI. 19.

TARANTO. BRINDISI. OTRANTO.

BARI.

in

consequence of the convenience of

The

the

Israelites,

principal

port

about two

city contains a congregation of

hundred

ils

45

whom

of

are

R. Eliiah, R. Nathan the lecturer and R. Ja'a-

Trani

cob.

a large and elegant town.

is

One days journey

the

large

Nicolas di Bari,

page 14. 2.

which was destroyed by king

city

William of

to St.

The

Sicily.

place

still

lies in

ruins

and contains neither Jewish nor christian inhabitants.

One days journey and

this is

bitants

the frontier

are Greeks,

town
the

principal of the three

there are: R. Mali, R.

One days journey

coast,

containing

a half to Taranto,

of Calabria, the inhacity

is

and the

large

hundred Jews who

Nathan and R.
to

about

Brindisi
ten

live

Jisrael.

on the sea

Jews,

who

are

dyers.

Two

days

to

Otranto on

grecian sea, the principal

of

the coast of the

its

five

hundred

Jewish inhabitants are R. M'nachem, R. Khaleb,

R. Meier and R. Mali.

From

thence you cross

to the island of

over

in

two days

Corfu, containing but one Jew,

page *5.

<

4G ARTA. ACHELOUS. ANATOLICA. PATRAS, LEPANTO.

name

a dyer of the

Unto

of R. Joseph.

this

places reaches the kingdom of Sicily.

Two

days journey by sea bring you to the

coast of Arta,

Manuel king
v* g t 15.

2.

the confines

on

of Greece,

of the empire

of

this coast lies a vil-

lage with about a hundred Jewish inhabitants,

the principal of

them are R. Sh'lachiah andR.

Hercules.

Two

days

to

Achelous, with ten Jews, prin-

cipal: R. Shabthai.

Half a day to Anatolica on the

One days journey by

is

the city

of Anlipalros

of the four kings

The

der.
re 16.

l.

dings

sea to Patras.

king of Greece,

fifty

This

one

rose after king Alexan-

city contains large

and about

Jitschak,

who

gulf.

Jews

and ancient
reside

there.

buil-

R. Ja'acob and R. Sh'muel are the

principal of them.

Half a day by sea

The

principal of the

to

Lepanto on

hundred Jews who reside

there are R. Gisri, R.

Shalom and R. Abraham.

One days journey and

Two

hundred Jews

the coast

live

a half to

there

Crissa.

by themselves

on mount Parnassus and carry on agriculture

THEBES

CORINTH.

upon
R.

own

iheir

47

NEOROPONT.

land and property; R. Sh'lomo,

Chaim and R.

Jeda'iah are the principal

of them.

Three days

to the city

of

Corinth which

pg 16.

2.

contains about three hundred Jews, principals:

R. Leon, R. Ja'acob and R. Chiskiah.

Three days
with about

the

to

two

large

city

thousand Jewish

of

Thebes

inhabitants.

These are the most eminent manufacturers

and purple cloth in

silk

Among

Greece.

all

of

them are many eminent lalmudic scholars and

men

as

famous as any of the present genera-

The

tion

principal

of

Rabbi R. Aharon Koli,

them

Chija,

No

scholars like

brother R. Moshe,

his

them are

to

whole grecian empire except

be met with in the

at Constantinople. pg*i7.

journey of three days brings you to Ne-

gropont, a large

city

merchants resort from

hundred Jews
are

great

R. Eliiah Tareteno and R. Joktan.

R.

the

are:

R.

Eliiah

who

on the coast
all parts.

reside

Psalteri,

there

to

Of
the

R. 'Emanuel

which

the

two

principal

and R.

Khaleb.

From

thence to Jabustrisa

is

one days jour-

48

RABENICA.

This

ney.

cily

ZEITUN.
is

situated

WALACHIA
on ihe coast and

contains about one hundred Jews, the principal

whom

of

R. Joseph, R. Sh'muel and R.

are:

Nethaniah.

Radenica

distant

is

one days journey and

contains about one hundred Jews.

mti7.2.R. El'asar

R. Joseph,

and R. Jilschak are the principal

of Uiem.

Sinon Potamo or Zeitun

ney further
principal

of

Here are

is

one days jour-

R. Sh'lomo and R. Ja'acob are the

fifty

its

Jewish inhabitants.

the confines of Walachia, a country

the inhabitants of

which are called Vlachi. They

are 'as nimble as deer'* and descend from their

mountains

into

the plains of Greece committing

robberies and making booty.

to

1.

ventures

make war upon them, nor can any king

them

P*e is

Nobody

to

submission, and they

the

christian

ish

origin

faith.

they

do not profess

Their names are of Jew-

and some even say they have been

Jews, wliich nation they

ever

bring

meet an

2 Samuel

II.

18.

call brethren.

Israelite

they

Whenrob

but

GARDICKI. ARMIRO. BISSINA. SALUNKI.

never

kill

him, as they do the

49

They

Greeks.

profess no religious creed.

From

ihence

it

is

two days

to Gardicki,

ruined place, containing but few Jewish or grecian inhabitants.

Two
cial cily

days further slands the large commerof Armiro,

on the

coast.

It

is

fre-

quented by the Venetians, the Pisans, the Ge-

noese and

many

transact business.

about

tains

who

other merchants,
It is

a large

there

and con-

cily

hundred Jewish inhabitants;

four

page is.

2.

Joseph the elder and

principals: R. Shiloh, R.

R. Sh'lomo the president.

One day

Bissina;

to

the

principal

of the

hundred Jews who reside there are the Rabbi

R. Shabtha, R. Sh'lomo and R. Ja'acob.

The town

of

journey by sea,

Salunki
it

was

by king Seleucus,

built

one of the four greek nobles

Alexander,

about

five

is

very large

hundred Jewish

two days

distant

is

who

cily

rose

after

and contains

inhabitants.

The Rabbi

R. Sh'muel and his children are eminent scholars

denl

and

lie

is

Jews by

appointed provost of the resi- r*

the kings

command

His son in
3

! <

50
law

MITRIZZI. DRAMA. ABYDOS. CONSTANTINOPLE.

Shabthai, R. EJiiah and R. IMikhacl also

11.

The Jews

reside there.
in ihis place

and

are

hy

live

much

oppressed

ihe exercise

of han-

dicrafts.

Mitrizzi, distant Iwo days journey, contains

about twenty Jews.

R. Makliir

R. Jescha'iah,

and R. Eliab are the principal of them.

Drama,

distant

from hence two days journey

about one hundred and forty Jews;

contains

principals: R. Mikhael and R. Joseph.

From

thence one days journey

poli, with about

Distant

page 19. 2

Christo-

to

twenty Jewish inhabitants.

days journey

three

by sea stands Abvdos, on

from thence

the coast.

Five days journey by the mountains

to the

large city of Constantinople.

This

cilv,

empire

cian

peror,

the metropolis of the

is

also the residence

king Manuel.

Twelve

govern the whole empire by

every one of them inhabits
stantinople and
of his

the

own.

title

possesses

The

first

of Praeposilus

of

of the

princely
his

whole gre-

at

Con-

and

cities

nobles

bears

fortresses

magnus;

officers

command and

palace

these

em-

the second

is

CONSTANTINOPLE.

Mega Domeslicus,

called

Megas Dukas,

ihe fourth

ma gnus,

names

the

amounts

stantinople
city

the

third

tlie

Oeconoinus

fifth

the city of

of

to eighteen miles,

hounded hy the

is

Dominus,
1.

arms

two

p*20.

2.

Con-

one half

continent,

the

which meet

other

hy the

here:

the one being a branch or outlet of the

sea,

page 20.

of the other are similar to

The circumference

these.

of

ihe

of

russian, the other of the Spanish sea.

Great

stir

and bustle prevails

at Constanti-

nople in consequence of the conflux of

merchants

by

sea,

who

from

of trade.

resort thither, both

all

parts of the

world

by land and
for

Merchants from Babylon

Mesopotamia,- from

Media

and

many

purposes

and from

Persia,

from

Egypt and Palestine as well as from Russia,

Hungary, Palzinakia, Budia, Lombardy and Spain
arc
is

met with here and

in

this

respect the city

equalled only by Bagdad, the metropolis

the

Mahometans.
At Constantinople

called St. Sophia

the

of

Pope

of the

is

the

place of worship

and the metropolitan seat of

Greeks,

with the Pope of Rome.

who
It

are at

variance

contains as

many

52

CONSTANTINOPLE.
The year numbers days and possesses

altars as

innumerable

riches.

These are augmented every year by

ihe

contributions of the two islands and of the adi

age 2i.i.

jacenl towns and villages.

ces

of

equal

by

worship

St.

pillars

Sophia

whole world do not

in

the

in

riches.

of gold

rable lamps of the

and

is

It

is

ornamented

and by innume-

silver

same precious

The Hippodrome

other pla-

the

All

public

materials.

near

place

the wall of the palace, set aside for the sports

Every year

of the king.

the Nazarene
joicings.

On

is

the birthday

celebrated there

these

see representations

all

the nations,

page

21. 2.

and wild asses as well as

trained to fight

and

all

this

of the

who

in-

Lions, bears, leopards

birds, that

sport, the equal of

is

have been

carried

which

on

in

is

the

to

be

pre-

king and the queen.

King 'Emanuel has

his residence

there

each other, are also exhibited,

met with nowhere,

sence

re-

world and sur-

habit the different parts of the

prising feats of jugglery.

by public

you may

occasions
of

of Jisho

built

a large palace for

on the sea shore, besides the pa-

CONSTANTINOPLE.

by

lace built

53

predecessors, this edifice

his

is

called Blachernes.

The

and walls

pillars

wilh sterling gold.

The

wars

All the

own wars

as well as his
tures.

of this palace are cover

of the ancients

are represented in pic-

throne in this palace

ornamented wilh precious

crown hangs over

is

of gold and

stones.

the throne

golden

suspended on apa g o22.

i.

chain of the same material, the length of which

exactly admits the emperor to

crown

is

under

it.

This

ornamented wilh precious stones of

inestimable value.

diamonds

sit

that,

Such

is

the lustre of these

even without any

they illumine the

room

in

oilier

which they are

light,

kept.

Other objects of curiosity are met with here

which nobody can adequately

The
tinople

tribute,

which

every year, from

consisting of silks
fills

many

lowers.

are equalled
that

the

every day

venue

is

to

arises

collected at Constanall

parts

of

Greece

and purple cloths and gold,

These

nowhere

tribute

describe.

of

riches

and buildings

in the world.

the

city

twenty thousand

alone

They say
amounts

florins; this re-

from rents of hoslclrics and ba-

rge22.

2.

CONSTANTINOPLE.

T)4

zanrs and of

llie

duties paid

and by land.

arrive l>y sea

The Cheeks who

extremely rich

and

possess

their

country

1,

abundance

They

The

like princes.

all

sorts

of bread,

of delica-

meal and wine

their

wealth.

arc well skilled in the greek sciences and

comfortable, 'every

live

dress in gar-

upon earth equals

and nothing

of

they ride upon horses and

rich producing

cies as well
page 23.

They

appearance they are

is

wealth

great

ornamented by gold and other

silk,

valuable materials;
in

country arc

ihc

inhabit

gold and precious stones.

ments of

by mcrclianls who

man under

his vine

and

his fig tree"'

The Greeks
they

call

hire soldiers of

barbarians,

for

the

all

nations

whom

purpose of car-

rying on their wars with the Sultan of the

garmiin

who

no martial

are

spirit

called

Turks.

themselves

and

Tho-

They have
like

women

arc unfit for warlike enlerprizcs.

No Jew

dwells in the city with them, ha-

ving been expelled beyond the one arm of the

a.

Mioha. IV. 4.

CONSTANTINOPLE.

They

sea.

>$

by the channel

are shut in

of So-

phia on one side and they can reach the city

by water

only,

whenever they want

to visit

The number

the purpose of trade.

Constantinople amounts

it

2.

for

Jews

of

page 23.

at

two thousand rab-

to

baniles and five hundred carailes, a they live on

The

one spot but a wall divides them.

who

cipal of the rabbaniles,

law,

may be

prin-

are learned in the

Rabbi R. Ablalion, R.

called: the

'Obadiah, R. Aharon Khuspo, R. Joseph Sargeno

and R. Eliakim the

manufacturers of

Many

elder.

silk

cloth,

them are

of

many

others

are

merchants, some of them being extremely rich

but no

Jew

is

allowed

ride

to

except R. Sh'lomo Hamitsri

physician and by

joy

many

whose

who

is

influence ihe

advantages even

a horse

the

king's

Jews en-

in their stale of

very severely

pression.

This slate

them and

the haired against

is

upon

them

is

felt

op-

by

enhanced

by the praclice of the tanners, who pour out

their filthy

a.

The former

thority of the

by the

water

latter.

in the slrecls

and even

respect and conform with

bc-

the au-

rabbink explanations, which arc rejected

pg<> 24.

1.

5G

ROOOSTO. GALLIPOLI.
the

fore

KILIA. MITILENE.

become

ihus defiled,

Their yoke

Greeks.

be beaten in

p^c n.

sorts

2 rich,

ihe

is

slreels

severely
lliey

heing

by the

fell

are exposed to

and must submit

to

who

good, benevolent and religious men,

The

the

to

bad treatment, but the Jews are

of

bear ihe misfortunes

lity.

of hatred

objects

Jews, both good and bad,

all

who

very doors of the Jews,

quarter

of the exile

with humi-

by the Jews

inhabited

is

called Pera.

Two

days from Constantinople stands Ro-

dosto, containing a congregation of about four

bundled Jews, the principal

of

which are: R.

Moshe, R. Abiiah and R. Ja'acob.

To

Gallipoli two days.

dred Jews

of

this

city

Of the two hun-

the principal

Eliiah Kapid, R. Shablhai the

chak Megas;

this

little

term means

are:

and R.
'tall'

R.

Jits-

in

the

greek language.

we 25.

1.

To

(Kales or) Kilia two days.

cipal of the fifty

Jews who

inhabit

The

prin-

that place

are R. Jehudah, R. Ja'acob and R. Shm'aiah.

Two

days

to

Mitilene,

one of the islands

7
57

CHIO. SAMOS. RHODES. CYPRUS. CORYCUS.

Ten

of the sea.

places

island contain

of this

Jewish congregations.

Three days from thence

land of

Cmo,

situated the is-

is

containing about four hundred

Jews, the principal of which arc R. Eliiah, R.

Theman and

The

R. Shabthai.

which

trees

yield mastic are found here.

Two
about

days

the

to

island

hundred Jews.

three

Samos

of

Principals

many

To Rhodes,

Four days
nitic

Jews

to

three days

by sea

They

Chananel and R.
Cyprus.

Eliiah.

Besides the rabbathere

is

community

are Epicureans and the

is

To Corycis two
fines of the

'

Cypri-

Jews ex-

profaned and thai of the sun-

day kept holy by these

Aram, which is

or

The evening

communicate them every where.

of the sabbath

is-

reside here

of heretic Jews, called Kaphrossin,

ans'.

P a e 25. 2.

the princi-

Jews who

this island,

in

R.

congregations of Jews.

pal of the four hundred

are: R. Aba, R.

These

Sh'maria, R. 'Obadiah and R. Joel.

lands contain

with

sectarians.

days, this

called Armenia.

is

the frontier of

Here are

the con-

empire of Toros, king of the moan-

r a s

36

58

TERSOOS.

tains,

ANTIOCH.

unlo the cily of Dhuehia

try of ihe

Two
situated

The

and unlo ihe coun-

Togarmim who

days

on

to

the

large

are called Turks.

Mahnislras which

Thus

coast.

empire of the Javaniles

who

arc called Greeks.

stands on the hanks

It

which

river flows

country

the

2.

of the

Chamalh

of

summit

height, on the

a well.

The

the water

two

Makloub,

down from mount Lebanon,

by a very high mountain.

this

distant

is

founded by king Anliochus, and

page 26.

Tersoos

is

reaches the

far

of Antiocii

cily

days.

from

whose sway reaches

sovereign of Armenia,

inspector

of

the
is

cily

was

overlooked

wall surrounds

which

is

silualcd

the well distributes

of

by subterranean aquaducls and pro-

vides the houses of the principal inhabitants of

The

the cily therewith.

is

surrounded by the

other side of the cily

This place

river.

is

very

strongly fortified and in the possession of Prince

Boemond

Poilcvin,

surnamed

tains

about ten Jews,

who

rers,

the principal of

them

1c

Baube.

Il

con-

are glass-manufacluarc:

R. Mordckhai,

R. Chaiim and R. Jislunacl.

Two

days from

thence

lo

Lega which

is

LATACHIA.

JEDILEE.

Latachia with about two

hundred Jews,

which R. Chiia and R. Joseph are

Two

days

Jebilee,

to

the

of

who

called Assassins,

Gad a

Ba'al

of

which are

do not believe in the

mohammedanism, but

te-

in those of one,

whom

they consider like unto the prophet Khar-

math.

They

He

fulfil

whether

do,

goes by the

it

whatever he commands them

be a matter of

name

or their old man,

of

of

is

of

the

Kadmus,

land

of their

the

His

Kedcmoth b

the

The As-

of Sichon.

by

man and make

old

all

regulated.

sassins arc faithful to one another

mand

or death.

by whose commands

in the cily

scripture, in

life

Sheikh - al - Chashishin,

acts of these mountaineers arc

scat

the

com-

themselves

the dread of every one, because their devotion

goes
to

enough gladly

far

kill

even kings,

if

to

risk their lives,

commanded

The

extent of their country

ney.

They

a.

are at

war with

is

to

and

do so/

eight days jour-

the christians, cal-

I),
Mil. 5.
ibid.
XII. 7.
\\i. 37. LCbron.VI.64. c. seeNotea

Joshua XI. 17.

XIII. is.

i.

principal.

llie

In this vicinity resides the nation

to

page 27.

mount Lebanon.

Scripture under

nets of

59

ASSASSINS.

page 27.

2.

60

DJEBAIL.

Franks

led

which

and

with

Tarahlous

is

Some

ihe

count

time ago Tripoli

numbers

by

led

was

by

line

which they were buried.

this

were

kil-

More than

killed in

Pales-

earthquake.

One days journey

to the other

Djebail which

the Gebal of the children of 'Ainmon; 4

was

contains about one hundred and

Jews and

the

supreme

govern d by seven Genoese,

command

is

one of them, Julianus

vested in

You

Embriaco by name.

it

fifty

is

by an

many Jews and

of the inhabitants

twenty thousand persons were

i.

visited

the falling houses and walls, under the

ruins of

pa 5 e28.

Tripoli,

Sham.

el

earthquake, which destroyed

Gentiles,

of

there

find

the an-

cient place of

worship of the children of 'Am-

nion, the idol

of this

people

sits

upon a ca-

thedra or throne, constructed of stone and richly

two female

gill;
i-agc 2. 2.

his side,

the

left,

figures

one being on the

and before

which the children

a.

occupy the

JoshuaXiII.5.

it

of

right,

stands

'Amnion

an

seats

on

the other

on

altar,

upon

offer'd sacrifices

Kin^sV. 32. Ezcch.XXVII.9.

BEYRUT.

and burned incense

contains about

DRUSES.

SAIDA.

61

The

in limes of yore.

two hundred Jews the

city

princi-

which are R. Meir, R. Ja'acob and R.

pal of

Szimchah, and stands on the coast of the sea

of the holy land.

Two
The

days

to

principal of

Beyrut, which

Beeroth.*

is

Jewish inhabitants are

its fifty

R. Sh'lomo, R. 'Obadiah and R. Joseph.

One days journey

of scripture

b
;

Saida which

to

a large city with

is

Tsidon

about twenty

Jewish inhabitants.

Within twenty miles resides a nation

war with

are

at

the

name

are called

they

of

summits

the

the

ridges

distance
territory.

a.

of

and

religion.

the

of

the rocks,

no king or prince.

ject to

father

no

inhabitants

nation

this

heathens

confess

on

the

of three days

This nation

cohabits with

is

They

Druses.

Their abodes are

mountains

and

in

and they are sub-

Mount Hermon,

very

own

b.

of Tsidon;

unbelievers because

journey,

his

Joshua XVIII. 25.

is

who

confines

their

incestuous;

daughter,

JoshuaXI.

3.

XIX.

and

28.

page 29.

1.

G2
pa f e 29 2.

DRUSES.

once every year

celebrate

lo

men and women assemble

all

festival

and

eating

after

TSOUR.

upon which
hold

they

drinking

occasion,

promis-

cuous intercourse.

They say

body

transferred lo ihc

is

whereas
a

that ihc soul of a virtuous

that of the vicious

dog or some

is their folly.'

child,

transmigrates into

animal.

oilier

newborn

of a

man

'This iheir

way

Jews have no permanent residence among

them, some tradesmen however and a few dytravel

ers
to

carry

through the

on

their

country

trades

or

they return lo their homes

ness
page 30.

i.

the

is

done.

The Druses

goods and
their

in the climbing

nobody ventures

lo

war with them.

One days journey

lo

beautiful city, the port of

This port

is

New

Tsour, a very

which

is

in ihc

very

guarded by two lowers,

within which the vessels ride at anchor.

a.

busi-

are friendly towards

of hills and mountains, that

town.

sell

when

Jews; they arc so nimble

carry on

occasionally,

Psalms XLIX. 13.

The

of the

officers

from lower

ACRE.

customs

draw

chain

iron

this is

ef-

any thieves or robbers

escape by boats or by
lo

an

lower every nighl, thereby

lo

fectually preventing

equal

G3

TSOUR.

means.

other

met with nowhere upon

About four hundred Jews reside

lent place, the principal of

to

port
earth.

in this excel- pse

which arc

30. 2.

Judge

the

R. Ephraiin Milsri, R. Meier of Carcasson, and

The

R. Abraham, the elder of the community.

Jews

of

turers

of

Tsoun

the far

purple dye
If

you mounts

you may see

ed'

also

is

and manufac-

are shipowners

renowned
found
the

in

tyrian

the remains of

of

New

Tsour,

'Tyre the crown-

which was inundated by the sea,

about the distance of a stones

serve the lowers, ihe markets,

on the bottom of the

of

INew Tsolr

to

which traders

One day

a.

Isaiah

to

resort

from

Acre, which

sea.

XXIII

all
is

is

ob-

the streets and page 31.1

very commercial,

is

it

throw from the

new town; and whoever embarks may

the halls

the

vicinity.

this

walls

glass

The

city

and one

parts.

Acco

of Scrip-

G4

ACRE.

on the confines

of the

cily is the frontier

town

hire,'

This
in

KHAIFA.

consequence of

the mediterranean and of

place

principal

grims

who

called

Nahr

on the shore of

large port,

disembarcalion

of

of

Kelb runs near the

the

is

pil-

all

Jerushalaim by sea.

visit

el

its

and

of Palestine

situation

its

of Asher.

Iribe

river

which

city

contains about two hundred Jewish inhabitants;

pse3i 2

R. Tsadok, R. Jepheth and R. Jona are

the

principal of them*

To

One

parasangs.

is

Galh Hachepher, b three

side of this cily

on the other

coast,

the

which

Kiiaifa,

mount Kharmel.

Under

it

the

is

is

situated

overlooked by

mountain are many

Jewish sepulchres and near the summit

cavern ofElijahu, upon

christians

built a

which they

this site,

summit

have

of the hill

tuation of the altar

jahu

o.

b.

m.

a.

Judges

XVIII. 30.

I.

place

of worship

near

still

which was

31.

b.

and on the
trace the si-

rebuilt

in the time of king

is

the

Two

call St. Elias,

which

is

be peace.

whom

you may

the circumference of

on

by

Eli-

and

Achab

about four yards.

Joshua XIX. 13.

c.

I.

Kings

K'PHAR THANCHUM. CESAREA. KAKUN.

The

GEORGE. 65

Mukattua runs down the mountain

river

and along

base.

its

Four parasangs
is

ST.

to

Kh'phar Thanchum, which

p*g* 32.

i.

page

2.

Kh'phar Nachum, identical with Meon, the

place of abode of Nabal the Carmelite.*

Six Parasangs to Cesarea, the Galh of the

Philislines of scripture,

by about ten

inhabited

Jews and two hundred Cuthaeans. The

are Samaritan Jews,

The

city

is

commonly

Emperor

called

it

and was
Cesarea

built

by king

honor of the

in

or Caesar.

To Kakun,
days journey;

To

called Samaritans.

very elegant and beautiful, situa-

ted on the sea shore,

Herod who

latter

the K'eilah of scripture

in this place are

St. George, the

One Jew

days journey.

half a

no Jews.

ancient Luz, d
only, a dyer

half a

by pro-

fession, lives there.

To Sebaste
ancient

one days journey.

Shomron 6 where you may

This
still

is

the

trace

the site of the palace of Achab, king of Israel.

a.

On

this

passage and

lume of Notes,
d.

Judges

I.

26.

b.

1
e.

its

Sam. VI.
I.

my

vo-

Joshua XV.

4 4.

translation sec
1

7.

c.

Kings XVI. 24.

32.

SEBASTE.

()G

was formerly

It

NABLOUS.

a very strong city, and

tuated on the mount,

in a fine

is

si-

country richly

waler'd and surrounded by gardens,

orchards,

vineyards and olivegroves, no Jews live there.

To Naulous,

the ancient

Ephraim,* two parasangs.

This place contains

no Jewish inhabitants and

valley between

who

in

mount Gerizim and mount

the

'Ebal.

observe the mosaic law only, and are cal-

led Samaritans.
of

situated

is

the abode of about one hundred Culhaeans,

It is

page 33. i.

Sh'khcm on mount

Aharon the

they

call

They have

priests,

priest, of blessed

descendants

memory,

whom

These do not intermarry

Aharoniin.

with any other than priestly families; but they

are priests only of their
crifices

and burnt

own

offerings in their

mount Gerizim. They do

the

words

sing on
is

of scripture

',

this in

Thou

who

offer sa-

synagogue on

accordance with

shall put the bles-

mount Gerizim, and they pretend

the holy temple e

On

Joshua

XX.

7.

b.

that this

passover and holidays

they offer burnt offerings

a.

law,

on the

Deut. XI. 29.

altar,

c.

which

To which

place according to the tenets of the tahnudic Jews, the

offerings

are

confined

and since the destruction

which have been discontinued.

of

NABLOUS.

on mount Gerizim/ from

they have erected

stones put

the
after

67

up

by the children

they had crossed the Jordan. 1

of

Israel

They

pre-

page 33.

2.

page 34.

1.

tend to be of the tribe of Ephraim and are in

possession of the

tomb

Joseph the righteous,

of

the son of our father Ja'acob,

peace, as

is

whom

upon

be

proved by the following passage of

scripture' 'the bones of Joseph,

which the

chil-

dren of Israel brought up with them from Egypt,

they buried in Sh'kheni.

The Samaritans do
letters

the

not possess the three

n He, n Chelh and V 'Ajin; the

name

of our father

He

of

Abraham, and they have

the

Chelh of the name of our

father Jilschak, in

consequence of which they

no glory

are devoid of piety,

Ja'acob, for

name

of

Instead

of

the 'Ajin of the

they want

humility.

these letters they always put an Aleph,

you may know

gin, for they

that they are not of

know

the

law

by which

Jewish ori-

of Moslic,

except

these three letters.

This sect carefully avoides being defiled by

XXVII.
Joshua XXIV. 32.
a.

c.

Deut.

4.

see

notes.

b.

Ibid.

MOUNT

08

GRAN DAVID.

AJALON.

GILBOA.

touching corpses, bones, ihose killed by accident

or graves, and ihey change iheir daily garments

whenever they

visit their

occasion

wash

they

Mount Gerizim

pc34.

between these two

Mount GiLBOA ,a

on

is

dry

lies

like

or-

stone

in the val-

hills.

from

which

Jelbon, the country

wells and

in

Nablous

cily of

Four parasangs

'2.

rich

is

put

their daily habits.

mount 'Ebal

chards, whereas

ley

body and

their

These are

other clothes.

and rock, the

synagogue, upon which

thence

christians

is

call

situated

Monlo

very barren hereabout

is

Five parasangs further

is

the valley of Aja-

LON, b called by the christians Val de Luna.

One parasang

to

Gran David, formerly

large cily of Gil/on.

It

the

contains no Jewish in-

habitants.

From
laim,

thence three parasangs to Jerusha-

which

cily

by three walls.
pulation

a.

1.6,21.
c.

I.

is
It

composed

small and strongly

contains
of

Joshua X.

numerous po-

Jacobites

Armenians,

4. XXXI. 18. II. Sam.

Joshua VII. 12; at present Yalo. Smith.

Sam. XXVIII.
b.

fortified

2.

JERUSHALAIM.

GJ
(

Greeks, Georgians, Franks and in fact of people of

all

tongues.

The dyeing house

is

rented by the year and

the exclusive privilege of carrying on this trade

is

purchased from the king by the Jews of Je-

two hundred

rusiialaim,

corner of the

cily,

of

which dwell

in

p 5 e 35.

t.

page 35.

2.

one

under the lower of David.

About ten yards

base

of the

of this

buil-

ding are very ancient, having been constructed

by our ancestors,

the remaining

was

part

ded by the Mahometans and the

ad-

cily contains

no building stronger than ihe tower of David.

There

are

at

Jerusiialaim

two

hospitals,

which support four hundred knights and

shelter

the

to

sick;

every thing they

in

of

death;

the

may

these

are

provided with

want, both during

second house

is

afford

life

and

called hospital

Sal'mon being the palace originally

built

by

king Sh'lomo.

This hospital also harbours and furnishes

four hundred knights,

who

are

wage war, over and above

arrive

other

from
parts

the
of

country

to

those knights

who

Franks

and

of

Christendom.

ever ready

the

Those generally

70

JERUSIIALAIM.

vow upon

have taken a

themselves to slay a

year or two and they remain until the period

of their

The

vow

expired.

is

called Sepul-

large place of worship,

chre and containing the sepulchre of that man,'

page

36.

i.

is

visited

hy

all

Jerushalaim
called gale of
of

pilgrims.

with four gales,

furnished

is

Abraham,

Jehoshaphal; the

of David, of

stands

latter

place of the holy temple, which

'Omar Ben Al-Khalaab erected a

it

opposite

the

occupied at

is

Templo Domino.

present by a building called

some cupola over

Tsion and

large and hand-

and nobody

allowed

is

to

introduce any image or painting into this place

which
of

it

is

set aside for

you see

the

prayers

western

Avail,

walls which formed the holy

ancient temple,
page 36.

2.

aU

Jews

it

is

called

In front

only.

one of the

of holies

gale of

of the

mercy and

resort lliilhcr to say their prayers near

the wall of the courl yard.

At Jerushalaim

you

also

see

the

stables

which were erected by Sh lomo b and which

a.

IV. 20.

Jesus

is

thus called by the Talmud,

b.

I.

Kings

JERUSHALAIM.

71

Immense

stones have

formed part of

his house.

been employed

in this fabric, the like of

is

nowhere

You

else to

be met with.

which the

sacrifices

ter^ in ancient times and

name upon an
If

day vestiges

further see to this

canal, near

all

of the

were slaugh-

jews inscribe

their

adjacent wall.

you leave

the city

by the gate

you may see the

shaphal,

which

pillar

of Jeho-

erected on

Ab-

shaloms place a and the sepulchre of king 'Usia b

which

and the great spring of the Shiloach

Upon

runs into the brook Kidron.

you see
of

this

a large building erected in

spring

the times

our forefathers.

Very

lillle

water

is

found

at Jerusiialajm,

the inhabitants generally drink rain water,

which

ihcv collect in their houses.

From
ler

the valley of Jehoshaphat the travel-

immediately ascends the mount of

tills

valley

and

llie

II.

between

the

city

mount, from which the dead sea

seen.

clearly

a.

only intervenes

olives, as

Two

parasangs

Sam. XVIII. 18.

b.

from

U. Kings

the

is

sea

XV. 17.

j.a

ge

37.

1.

72

JERUSHALAIM.

stands ihc salt pillar into

i>age37. 2

which Lois wife was

metamorphosed/ and although

tinually lick

You

tains ils original stale.

upon

spect

grows again and re-

the pillar

it,

also

whole valley

llie

the sheep con-

of

have a prodead sea

the

and of the hrook of Shitlim b even as

far as

mount N'bo."

Mount Tsion
upon

this

is

also near Jerusiialaim

acclivity stands

and

no building except a

place of worship of the Nazarenes.

The

tra-

veller further sees there three Jewish cemeteries,

where formerly
the sepulchres

the dead

were

had stones with

some

buried,

inscriptions

of

upon

them, but the christians destroy these monu-

ments and use these stones

in

building their

houses.

Jerusiialaim
page 38.

i.

is

surrounded by high moun-

tains,

and on mount Tsion are the sepulchres

of the

house of David and those of the kings

who

reigned after him.

In consequence of the

following circumstance however,

hardly
a.

to

be

recognized

Gen. XIX. 26.

XXII. 49.

at

place

this

is

present:

Fifteen

18.

Deuter.

b. Joel III.

c.

73

JERUSHALAIM.

years ago, one

of the

walls

worship on mount Tsion

fell

down

the patriarch order'd

the priest

commanded

stones from

take

to

place

of the

to

of

which

He

repair.

the

original

wall of Tsion and to employ thein for that pur-

pose

which

command was

twenty journey -men were hired

ges,

who

tain

their

at staled

who were

Two

of these la-

intimate friends,

upon a

cer-

day treated one another, and repaired

work

meal.

after their friendly

seer questioned

them about

The

meals.

which

They

still

perform their

mouth

one another

their fellow labourers

to

to

until

were

meet with one, which

of a cavern.

enter

the

for treasure, in pursuit of

onward

the
at

then continued to break out sto-

nes and happen' d

the

to

over-

days work, and would employ thereupon

time, during

page 38. 2.

their tardiness, but

they answer'd that they would

med

wa-

broke stones from the very founda-

tions of the walls of Tsion.

bourers,

About

oheyed.

for-

They agreed with

cave and

to

search

which they proceeded

they reached a

large hall,

sup-

ported by pillars of marble, encrusted with gold

and

silver,

and before which stood

4

table, pft 39

1.

74

JERUSIIALAIM.

This was

with a golden sceplre and crown.

ihe sepulchre of David, king of Israel,

which ihey saw

of

left

similar stale and

kings of Jehuda,

so

of

Sh'lomo

in

on the sepulchres of

who were

saw locked

further

thai

ihe

lo

a
all

buried there.

They

trunks, the contents of

which

nobody knew and desired

to

enter the

hall;

but a blast of wind like a storm issued forth

from the mouth of the cavern, strong enough

lo

throw them down, almost

There they lay

ground.

on

lifeless,

when

until evening,

another wind rushed forth, from which

heard a voice,

human

like that of

aloud: get up and go forth from

Pgc 39.

2.

men came
proceeded

had happen'd

mon' d

the patriarch
jlo

into his

slanlini,

them.

two labourers

full

ascetic,

lo

repeal

viously reported. R.

of fear,

This ecclesiastic sumel

Con-

one of the mourners

and caused the

what they had pre-

Abraham thereupon

the patriarch that they

sepulchres of the house

The

and reported what

of the downfall of Jerushalaim

med

this place.

presence R. Abraham

a pious

they

being, calling

out in great haste and

to

the

of

infor-

had discover'd ihe

David and

of the

BETH-LECHEM.

The

kings of Jehuda.

75

following morning the la-

bourers were sent for again,

but they were

found stretched on their beds and

full

still

of r*s*

fear;

they declared that they would not at-

tempt

to

go again

to the cave,

as

was

it

to

any one. The pa-

triarch order'd the place

to

be walled up, so

as to hide

it

effectually

ham

told

Two
Lechem

me

R. Abra-

all this.

parasangs from Jerushalaim

of Jehuda, called

half a mile of it,

the

from every one unto

The above -mention' d

the present day.

where

monument

is

Beth - lechem

several roads

which points

This

of Rachel.

out

the

cupola, which rests

upon

It

of the

Gen.

XXXV.

within
stands

grave

number

cover'd by a

four pillars and every

monument.

dyers by profession, live at

a.

is

passes there, inscribes his

stones

Belh-

monument has been con-

of the children of Ja'acob.

the

meet/

structed of eleven stones, equal to the

Jew who

not

it

to discover

God's will

io.

name on

Twelve Jews,

Beth -Lechem,

19. 20.

4'

the

P a 5 e 40. 2.

CHEBRON.

70

country abounds wilh

rivulels, wells

and springs

of water.

Six parasangs

name was

city of that

ruins at

lies in

town

ship called St.

Gentiles

have erected

Abraham and Sarah,

and

of Ja'acob

in the field of

place

of

wor-

six

sepulchres
lo

of Jilschak

and Leah

The

synagogue.

which they pretended

place,

and

hill

Abraham, which during the time

Mahomedans was

of the
p 5 e 41.1.

even

the large

is

ancient

whereas the modern

present,

Here

on the

situated

stands in the valley,

Makhphela.*

The

Chebron.

lo

be

in

this

those

and Kibekah

the pilgrims are told,

that they are the sepulchres of the fathers

money
come,

is

a.

is

opened, which

is

and

descends into a

empty, traverses a second

at

who

and wilh a burning candle

his hands, the visitor

stale

any Jew

from the times of our forefathers

rest in peace,

which

if

and

gives an additional fee lo the kee-

per of the cave, an iron door

dates

But

extorted from them.

who

of

last

reaches a

Gen. XX1I1. 10.

third,

in

first

cave,

in the

same

which con-

BEITH JABERIM.

CHEBRON.

Abraham, Jitschak

tains six sepulchres: that of

and Ja'acob and

other.

bear

the

thus

inscriptions,

upon

Ribekah and Leah,

of Sarah,

one opposite the

All

letters

Abraham

that of

77

these

sepulchres

being

engraved,

'this is the

pg 4 1.2.

sepul-

Abraham upon whom be

chre of our father

peace' even so upon that of Jitschak and upon

all

the other sepulchres.

lamp burns

in the

cave and upon the sepulchres continually, both

and you there see tubs

night and day,

with the bones of

of the

house of

nes of their
to leave

On

Israelites, for

a custom

is

Israel to bring thither the bo-

relicts

them

it

filled

and of

there, unto this day.

the confines

of the

field

of

page 42.

Makhphela

stands the house of our father Abraham,

rests in peace, before

which house there

spring and in honor of Abraham, nobody

lowed

to

construct any building on that

Five parasangs
cient Maresha,*

in

to Beitii

Joshua

XV.

who
is
is

al-

site.

Jaberim, the an-

which place there are but

three Jewish inhabitants.

a.

and

their forefathers

44.

1.

/8

ST.

SAMUEL.

Five parasangs

which

ros,

is

BE1TH NUBI.

PESIPUA.

Toron de los Caballe-

to

Shunem,* inhabited by three hun-

dred Jews.

Three parasangs
the ancient
Pge 42.

2.

Shiloh, b within

When

Jenishalaim.

which

two parasangs

Mahomedans, ihey

the

sepulchre of Shmu'el

discover'd the

of

the christians took Ramleh,

Ramah, from

is

Samuel of Shiloh,

to St.

the

Ra-

malhi c near the Jewish synagogue and remo-

ved

his remains to Shiloh,

where they erected

a large place of worship upon them, called St.

Samuel

of Shiloh to the present day.

Three parasangs
b'alh Shaoul,

to Pesipua,

which

or Geb'a Binjamhv, d

it

is

Gi-

contains

no Jews.

Three parasangs
page 43

Nob

Nubi, which

to Beitii

the city of the priests.*

is

In the middle of

the road are the

two rocks of Jehonathan, the

name

which

of one

other Sene.

of

is

Bolsets and

The two Jews who

of the

live

here

are dyers.

a.
c.

Joshua XIX.

ISam.I.

XX.

10.

and

Kiugs

foil.

XV.

18.
d.

22.

b.

Judges

XXI.

19.

Joshua XVIII. 24. Judges

e.

Sam. XXII. 19.

RAMLEH. JAFFA. IBELIN. ASDOUD.

Three parasangs
rama, where you
forefathers

upon

Ramleh, which

to

this is evident

The

the stones.

city contains

about three

considerable,

two miles

in

vicinity has

its

by our

from the inscriptions

Jews and was formerly very

Jewish cemelry in

Ha-

is

find walls erected

slill

79

ASCALON

extent.

Five parasangs

Jaffa, the ancient Ja-

to

pho* on the coast; one Jew only, a dyer by

profession, lives there.

Three parasangs
quity,

where

be traced

merly

may

still

Here was

Ephraim.

city

of

the

Philistines,

and containing no Jews.

the priest

o.

bra, distant

a.

b.

m. and

c.

is

in fact

by 'Esra
Bene-

originally called

about four parasangs from ancient

which

Joshua

XXVI. 6.

present

at

Two parasangs to Ascalon, which

New Ascalon, built on the coast

Ascalon d

the

parasangs to Pulmis, or Asdoud, for-

in ruins,

the

anti-

contains no Jews.

frontier of the tribe of

Two

Jabneh b of

the site of the schools

it

to Ibelin,

lies

XIX.

46.

in ruins at present.

2Chron.II. 16.

Joshua XIII.

3.

d.

ibid.

b.

This

2Ch

Judges

1.

on.

18.

P a s 43.

2.

80
cily

vge 44.

GEORGE.

ST.

SERAIN.

SUFURIEH.

very large and handsome,

is

from

all

trade,

it

fines of

parts

resort

thither

for

merchants

purposes of

heing conveniently situated on the con-

Egypt. Of rabhanile Jews there are about

two hundred; R. Tsemach, R. Aharon and R.

Sh'lomo being the principal of them, besides
about forty Karaites and about three hundred

Culheans or Samaritans.
fountain,

called Bir Ibrahim -al-Khalil,

was dug

in the

From

el,

tain

lime of the Philistines.

a half to Serain, the ancient Jis-

a cily containing a remarkably large foun-

one Jewish inhabitant, a dyer by profession.

Three parasangs

The

of antiquity.

bylon,

Sufurieii, the Tsippori

who came

Rabenu Hak-

back from Ba-

and of Jonah ben Ami thai the prophet

shown

tain,

to

sepulchres of

2.kadosh, of R. Chija,

are

is

in

One day and

re

which

thence back to St. George, which

Lydda and

pge44.

In the cily stands a

here; they are buried in the

which

also

contains

numerous other

pulchres.

a.

Joshua

XIX.

18.

moun-

2 Sam.

II. 9.

se-

Five parasangs
situated

name

to

This city

Tiberias.

Here are the

falls

of Tibe-

of the Jordan, in con-

sequence of which the place

bears

also

the

Ashdolh Hapisga, b which means 'the

name

of

place

where

Jordan

Asphaltes,

their fall'; 6

the rapid rivers have

afterwards

which

empties

them

are:

itself

in

lake

the dead sea.

is

fifty

Jews, the prin-

R.Abraham

the astronomer

Tiberias contains about

cipal of

is

on the Jordan, which here bears the

of sea of Khinnereth,* or lake

rias.

the

81

TEBNIN.

TIBERIAS.

R. Mukhlhar and R. Jilschak.

The

hot waters, which spout forth from un-

der ground, are called the

warm

baths of Ti-

BERIAS.

In the vicinity

B. J'plmneh and

the

is

synagogue

among numerous

of

Khaleb

other Jewish

sepulchres, those of R. Jochanan B. Sakliai and

of R.

Jehonathan B. Levi; they are

all

situa-

ted in lower Galilee.

Two

a.

(days) Parasangs

Numbers XLIII.

see Gcsenius

nil^.

11.

to

Tebnin, the an-

b. Deut. 111.

17. IV. 49.

page 45.

1.

82

GISH.

ALMA.

KADES.

Thimnalha,* where you

cient

of

MEROON.

BELINAS.

find the sepulchre

Shmu'el (Shim* on) the just and many other

sepulchres of Israelites.

One day

lo

Gish,

which

Gush Chaleb,

is

wilh about twenty Jewish inhabitants.

Six parasangs

cave near

in a

15

2.

this

ciples,

also

those

is

Maron;

place are the sepulchres of

and Shamai and of twenty of

Hillel
pagc

Meroon, which

lo

of R.

their dis-

Benjamin B. Jephet

and of R. Jehuda B. B'thera.

Six parasangs to 'Alma, containing

wish inhabitants and a large cemelry

fifty

Je-

of the

Israelites.

Half a day to Kades, which

thali

is

KadeshNaph-

on the banks of the Jordan, the sepul-

chres of R. EPasar B. 'Arach, of R. EPasar B.

'Asariah,

of

Chuni Hama'agal, of R. Shim'on

B. Gamliel, of R. Jose Haglili and of Barak

B.

Abino'am

are

here;

place

the

contains

no Jews.
page 46.1.

days

a.

Joshua

XIX.

3 7.

journey

to

Belinas,

XV. 10. XIX. 43.

XXI. 32. Judges IV.

b.
6.

the

ancient

Joshua XII. 22.

BELINAS

Dan;*

DAMASCUS.

the traveller here

may

83

see a cave, from

which the Jordan issues and three miles from

whence
of

waters with those

this river unites its

Amon,

the

rivulet

of the

ancient land

of Moab.
In

of ihe

front

may

cave you

slill

trace

vestiges of the altar of Mikha's

image, which

was adored by

of

Dan

in

times

site

of

the

altar

the

there

of yore;

children
the

also

is

erected by Jarob'am B. N'bat in honor of the

golden

and here were the confines of the

calf,

b
land of Israel toward the hinder sea.

Two

days from thence

and the

city

INureddin,

to

town

frontier

Damascus, a large
empire of

of the

king of the Thogarmim, which are

vulgarly called Turks.

This place

is

very large

and handsome, enclosed by a wall and sur-

rounded by a beautiful country, which

in

circuit of fifteen miles presents the richest gar-

a.

b.

Joshua

inn^n D%

mediterranean;

XIX.

4 7.

Judges

this

is

temps of our author

at

XVIII.

29.

means

the

one of the many abortive

at-

sec Deut. XI. 24.

where

it

comparative geography.

page 46.

i.

84

DAMASCUS.

dens and orchards, in such quantity and beauty as

be without equal upon earth.

lo

The

rivers

Amana* and

Parpar, b the sour-

ces of wliich are on the

Hermon,

which

run

the

leans,)

city

Ainana follows

its

course

(a

down

mount on
here;

through Damascus

and the waters are conducted by pipes

i-age 47. i.

the

into the

houses of the principal inhabitants as well as

into the streets

and markets.

considerable trade

merchants of

is

carried on here

The Parpar runs

countries.

all

by

between the gardens and orchards

in the out-

and richly supplies them with water.

skirls

Damascus contains a mahomedan Mosque,

called

Synagogue

'the

of

Damascus,

building

is

equalled nowhere upon earth.

say that

it

was

craft.

it

is

built

of glass

This wall contains as

many

there are days in the solar year

gradually throws

a.

modem

II.

by witch-

openings as

and the sun

light into the openings.

its

Kings V. 12. Greek name:

arabic

dern name:

They

Ben Hadad c and

the palace of

one wall of

that

which

el

Barady.

Faige.

c.

b.

II.

Chrysorhoas]
Kings V. 12. mo-

Jerem.XLIX. 27.AmosI.

4.

85

DAMASCUS.

These are divided

numher

to the

hy

what time
richly

it

hours of the

of the

every

contrivance

this

The

is.

twelve degrees, equal

into

hody

palace

day

page \i.

2.

page 43.

1.

and

may know

contains houses

ornamented with gold and

silver,

formed

tubs and of a size to allow three persons

like

lo bathe in

them

at once.

building

In this

also preserved the rib of a giant,

is

which mea-

sures nine spans in length and two in breadth,

and which belonged

of the

name

This

of

an ancient giant king,

to

Abkhamas.

name was found engraved upon

slone of his tomb, which also contained the in-

formation that he reigned over the whole world,

Many

of the three thousand

habit this city are learned

Jews who

men and

rich;

init

is

the residence of the president of the university

of Palestine

by name R.

whom, Sar Shalom,

is

'Esra,

the brother of

the principal of the Je-

wish court of law; of R. Joseph,

fiflli

in the university; of

who

ranges

R. Malsliach, the lec-

turer and master of the schools; also of R. Meir,

a flower of the learned;
lull],

who may

of R. Joseph Ibn Pi-

be called the prop of the uni-

86

DAMASCUS.

versily, of R.

Heman

dok

elder and of R. Tsa-

tlie

The

physician.

the

BA'ALBEK.

contains

city

also

two hundred Karaites and about four hundred

P*g 48.

2.

Samaritans ,

these

all

sects live

upon

friendly

terms, but they do not intermarry.

One days journey from

which

them

the principal of
is

Jela'ad

to

and contains about sixty Jews,

Gil'ad'

is

thence

The

R. Tsadok.

is

city

and surrounded by gar-

large, richly water'd

dens and orchards.

Half a days journey further stands Salkhat,
the city of Salkhah of scripture. b

From

thence

This

journey.

in scripture as

i.

'Ba'alalh

Sh'lomo

of Pharao. ,c

The

enormous

in length

Hos. VI. 8.

is

II.

mentioned
of

Le-

daughter

constructed

in

breadth

of

no binding

together

and peo-

Numb. XXXII. 26. 29. 39.

Deut.III. 10. JoshuaXI1.5. I.Chron. V. 11.

IX. 18.

days

measuring twenty spans

size,

b.

the

for

built

material holds these stones

a.

is

the valley

in

palace

and twelve

half a

is

which

the city,

banon, which

stones of
page 49.

is

Ba'albek

to

Chron. VIII. 6.

c.

I.Kings

thadmor.

ba'albek.

87

cariateen.

pie pretend, that the building could have been

erected only by ihe help of Ashmedai.

great spring takes

side of the city, through

like those

of a

employed

in the

rise

its

which

the

at
its

upper

waters rush

They

considerable river.

working of several

are

mills,

si-

tuated within the city, which also encloses nu-

merous gardens and orchards.

Thadmor

ShTomo

in the desert*

of equally

was

also

large stones;

built

by

city

this

is

surrounded by a wall and stands in the desert,

far

from any inhabited place,

ney

distant

is

four days jour-

from the abovemenlion'd Ba'alalh

and contains two thousand warlike Jews. These

are at

war with

the christians and with the ara-

bian subjects of ISureddin and aid their neigh-

bours the mahomedans;

R. Jitschak Haj'vani,

R. Nathan and R. 'Usiel are their principals.

Half a day

thaim; b one

to

Jew

Cariateen which

only, a dyer

by

is

Kirja-

profession,

li-

ves there.

a.

b.

I.

Kings

IX.

Joshua XIII. 19.

18.

II.

Chron.

VIII.

4.

page 49.

2.

88

REIHA

IIAMAH.

One day

lo

LAMDIN.

ALEPPO.

Hamah, the ancient Chamalh,*

on the Orontes, under mount Lebanon.

Some

lime ago

earthquake,
Pgo 50.

i.

thousand

in

men

al

died in one

a journey

Aram Tsoba

by an

of

which

fifteen

day, leaving only

R. 'Ulah Hacohen and the

which

to Reiiia

Three parasangs
is

visited

Galeb Umokhalar are the principal.

Half a day

it

was

consequence

seventy survivors.

Sheikh Abu

this city

of

to

Chalsor. b

is

Lamdin, from whence

two days

This

of scripture.*

Aleppo, the

to

city is the re-

sidence of King Nureddin, in which his palace

is

a building fortified

situated,

monly high
liver,

wall.

2.

There being neither spring nor

the inhabitants are obliged lo drink rain-

water, which
rage 50

by an uncom-

is

collected

cistern, called in arabic

ihe fifteen hundred

every house in a

in

The

Algub.

Jews who

live in

principal of

Aleppo are

R. IMoshe el-Coslandini, R. Jisrael and R. Shelh.

To Bales which
tes,

two days.
a.

1.

X.

11.
G.

Numb.

Even

XIII. 21.

II.

Kings

8.

d.

isP'lhora d on the Euphraat present

XXXIV.

8.

you
b.

there

still

Joshua XI.

XV. 29. c. Psalms LX. 2. II. Sam.

Numb. XXII. 5. Deut. XXIII. 4.

find

remain* of the lower

(may

name

the

built in

89

RACCA.

BALES.

Biram Ben Be'or

of

wicked rot B ) which he

of the

accordance with the hours of the day. b

This place contains about ten Jews. c

1

Half a day to Kala Jiaber, which

Sela'

is

This city remained in the power

Midbarah.

when

of the Arabs even at the time,

garmim or Turks took

their country

persed them in the desert;

two thousand Jews,

of

to

dis-

about

which R. Tsidkiah, R.

Chia and R. Sh'lomo are the

One day

and

contains

it

Tho-

the

principal.

Racca, which

is

Khalneh d on

the confines of Mesopotamia, being the frontier

town between
the

Thogarmim or Turks

ven hundred Jewish

whom
a.
c.

see

and the empire of

that country
5

7.

contains about se-

inhabitants, the principal of

are: R. Sakhai, R.

Proverbs X.

it

b.

Nadib who

is

blind*

See above, Damascus,

yZD a term not understood by former translators,

Baralier and Gerrans, and signifying the number
}

of adult males, requisite to constitute a congregation

and

to allow

in public,

d.

of the performance

of certain

Gen. X. 10. Amos VI. 2.

e.

prayers

Mr.Gerrans,

who understood no rabbinic hcbrew, translates

much enlightcn'd'. s.p. 1)2. of his translation.

'the

pg5i.i

90

CHORAN.

and R. Joseph;

one

by 'Esra the

built

JEZIREH BEN 'OMAR.

NISIBIN.

synagogues was

of the

when he

scribe,

returned to

Jerushalaim from Babylon.

One day

Choran;*

of

twenty Jewish inhabitants also possess a sy-

its
Pge5i.2.

to the ancient place

nagogue erected by
to construct

any building, on the

the house of our father

even the

scripture.*

site,

where

situated;

respect to the place

thither to pray.

days journey from thence

mouth

the

allowed

is

Abraham was

Mahomed ans pay

and resort

Two

Nobody

'Esra.

of the

its

two hundred Jews dwell near

days

on
of

course through

the Kizii Ozein ; about

itself in

To Nisibin two

El-Khabour, the Chabor

This river takes

Media and loses

is

it is

this place.

a large city, richly

waler'd and contains about one thousand Jews.

Two
Pge52. l.in

days

to Jezireii

ben 'omar, an island

the Tigris, on the foot of

mount Ararat and

four miles distant from the place, on which the

a.

b.

the

XVII.
I.

3.

Gen. XI. 31. H.KingsXIX. 12.Ezcch.XXVI.23.

name of the place is omitted in the text c. II. Kings
6.

III.

compare: Ezech.
15. 23. X. 15. 22; Chabot as gr. and lat.
XVIII.

1.

I.Chron. V. 26.

MOSUL.
ark of

Noah

moved

llie

rested;

91

NINIVEH.

'Omar Ben Ai Khatab

ark from the summit

mountains and made a mosque of

There
a

still

Ab. a

by the Jews

The

two

of the
it.

exists in the vicinity of the ark

synagogue of 'Esra

visited

re-

the

of the cily

Jezireh 'Omar

city of

which

is

on the 9 th.

of

scribe,

Ben Al- Kha-

tab contains about four thousand Jews, prinMubchar, R. Joseph and R. Chiia.

cipals: R.

Two

days from thence stands Mosul, men-

tion'd in scripture as:

Ashur the great, which

contains about seven thousand Jews, the principal of

whom

are R. Sakhai, the Prince, a des-

cendant of king David and R. Joseph, surnamed

'Borhan

al

Phulkh'

who

is

astronomer of Seifed-

the brother of Nureddin, king of

din,

This

cus.

Persia,

is

city,

situated

of great extent

on

the

Damas-

confines

and very ancient;

stands on the banks of the Tigris and

is

of
it

com-

bined by a bridge with Niniveh.

Although the

latter lies in ruins,

numerous inhabited

a.

sec p. 40. note.

villages

there are

and small town-

p*g52.

2.

92

RAHABAK.

on

ships

ph 53.

l.

Niniveh

site.

ils

KARKISIA

JUBA.
distant

is

one para-

sang from the town of Arbiil and stands on

Mosul

the Tigris.

contains the synagogues of

'Obadiah, of Jonah ben Amilhai and of

Nachum

Haelkoshi.

Three days

Rahabah, which

to

is

'Recho-

bolh by the river' * Euphrates and contains about

two thousand Jews, the

principal of

whom

R. Chiskiiah, R. Ehud and R. Jitschak.

city is

surrounded by a wall,

some, large and well

The

very hand-

is

the

fortified;

are:

environs

abound with gardens and orchards.

One day
mish b
P ge 53.

2.

ning

on the banks of the Euphrates, contaiabout

hundred Jewish

five

principals: R. Jitschak

Two
in

the ancient Kharkh'-

to Karkisia,

days

Neharde'a,

Jews, some

The Rabbi

to

and R. Elchanan.

Juba, which

containing about
of

a.

is

Pumbeditha

two thousand

them being eminent

R. Chen, R.

scholars.

Moshe and R. Eliakim

Here the

are the principal of them.

may

inhabitants;

traveller

see the sepulchres of R. Jehuda and R.

Gen.

XXXVI.

XLVI.2. U. Chron.

37.

XXXV.

b.

20.

Isaiah

X.

9.

Jercm.

OKBERA.

CHARDAH.

Sh'muel opposite
erected during

to

93

BAGDAD.

two synagogues, which they

their

lives,

the

also

sepulchre

of R. Boslhenai, the prince of the captivity, of

R. Nathan and of R.

B. Papa.

whom

thousand Jews of

1.

R. Saken, R.

Joseph and R. N'lhanel are the

Two

page 54.

Chardah or Chadrah with

Five days to
fifteen

Nachman

principal.

days to Okbera, the city which was

built

by Jekhoniah king

tains

about ten thousand Jews, the principal of

whom are R.
Two days

of Jehuda;*

it

con-

Jehoshua' and R. Nathan.

from thence stands Bagdad, the

large metropolis of the Khalif

Emir

Mume-

al

nin b al 'Abassi of the family of their prophet,

who is the chief of the mahomedan religion.

All mahomedan kings acknowledge him and he
holds the

same

dignity

Pope enjoys over

The

over them, which the

the christians.

palace of the Khalif at

miles in extent,

it

Kings

the faithful.

XXIV.

three

8.

and

all

and ornamental and

sorts of beasts, as well as a

a.

is

contains a large park of

sorts of trees, both useful

all

Bagdad

foil.

b.

pond

of water

Commander of

page 54. 2.

94

BAGDAD.

led ihilher from

the

river Tigris;

ever the Khalif desires

to

and when-

enjoy himself and to

sport and to carouse, birds, beasts

him and

are prepared for

whom
rage 55.

he

wards the Jews, many

nation; he

that

fishes

councillors,

invites to his palace.

This great Abasside

t.

his

for

and

extremely kind to-

is

being of

of his officers

understands

languages,

all

is

well versed in the mosaic law and reads and

writes the

He

hebrew language.

enjoys nothing, but what he

the labour of his

own hands and

earns by

therefore

ma-

nufactures coverlets which he stamps with his

and which

seal

market;

his officers

these

sell

the

purchased

are

articles

in

public

by the

nobles of the land and from their produce his

necessaries are provided.

The

Khalif

is

an excellent man, trustworthy

and kind-hearted towards every one, but generally invisible to the

P g55. 2.

grims, which

come

on

way

tries

to

their

be presented

from the palace:

to

mahomedans. The

hither
to

pil-

from distant coun-

Mekha

in

Yemen,

desire

him and thus address him

'Our Lord,

light of the

ma-

95

BAGDAD.

homedans and splendor

of our

show

religion,

us the brightness of thy countenance', hut he

His servants and

heeds not their words.

cers then approach and pray:

those men,

thy peace to

fest

distant

and

lands

desire

of thy glory

rises

and puts one corner of

of the

and

window, which

pilgrims.

One

after

is

'0 Lord, mani-

who come from

such petilion he

garment out

his

eagerly kissed by the

of the lords then addresses

thus: 'go in peace, for our Lord,

the

mahomedans,

you

his blessing.'

by them equal
on

their

way,

well pleased

is

to their
full

message

pg 56

i.

them

the light

and

phj* 56

of

gives

This prince being esteemed

prophet, they proceed

of joy at the

sed to them by the lord,

the

sha-

the

shelter in

dow

offi-

words addres-

who communicated

of peace.

All the brothers

and other members of the

Khalifs family, are accustomed to kiss his gar-

ments, and every one of them possesses a palace within that of the Khalif, but they are
fetter'd
is

by chains of

appointed

their rising

iron,

and a special

over every household

in

rebellion against the

to

all

officer

prevent

great king.

OG

BAGDAD.

These measures are enacted

in

consequence of

an occurence, which took place some lime ago

and upon which occasion the brothers rebelled

and elected a king among themselves;
vent

this in

members

future

it

was

to

decreed, that

pre-

all

the

of the Khalifa family should be chai-

ned, in order to prevent their rebellious intentions.

his

Every one

palace,

is

of them, however, resides in

there

much

possess villages and towns,

honor'd and they

the rents of

which

are collected for ihem by their stewards-, they

eat

and drink and lead a merry

The

palace of the great king contains large

buildings, pillars of gold

i>k57.

life.

and

silver,

his

palace

and treasu-

res* of precious stones.

The

Khalif

leaves

every year,

viz.

Ramadan.

Upon

at the
this

assemble from distant

occasion
parts,

in

many
order

his

a.

which are composed

to

have

dressed in
of gold

rojfCnO synouimous with D^TD^O,

Gen. XL1I1. 23.

visitors

countenance.

then bestrides the royal mule,

kingly robes,

once

lime of the feast called

an opportunity of beholding

He

but

and

treasure.

97

BAGDAD.

On

silver cloth.

his

head he wears a turban,

ornamented with precious

but over this turban

able value ;

black

See

all

dia,

will be

on the day of death.

of Persia

of

goes from

the

the Bolsra gale,

metropolitan Mosque.

All

procession are dressed in

men and women.

The

those
silk

streets

palace

which

who dance

before the great

is

the
in

and purple, both

and squares are
parlies

king, called

loudly saluted by the assembled

:

to

who walk

by singing, rejoicings 3 and by

lif.

di-

months journey from Arabia.

Mosque on

enliven'd

Me-

and even of Tibet, a country

This procession

He is
who cry

of Arabia,

'Blessed art thou our Lord and

Kha-

crowd
King

he ihereupon kisses his garment and by holding

it

in his

a.

iage 57. 2.

and

nobles, array d in rich dresses

upon horses, princes

stant three

the

thrown a

is

accompanied by a numerous retinue of

mahomedan
riding

inestim-

wordly honor

this

converted into darkness

is

of

and as much

as a sign of humility

veil,

as to say:

He

stones

hand, acknowledges and returns the

pn, Psalms XXXIII. 1

joy fulness,

ibid.

XCVI1I.

8.

page 58.

i.

98

BAGDAD.

The

compliment.

court of the mosque,

wooden

pulpit

The

them.

him and

upon which

He

the

camel, which

to

P ag 58. 2.

meat
and

leaves
palace,

the

led

thither

until

bank

which

by the hands

is

purpose,

distributed

of

it

to

rejoiced

of

their

therewith.

holy king

He

then

to

his

along the banks of the Tigris, the no-

of the

year round,

river
to

so

his palace again, for a

is

all

the

prevent any one trea-

The

Khalif never leaves

whole year.

a pious and benevolent

buildings

boats

and the palh on the

carefully guarded

is

as

in

building; he never returns

this

ding in his footsteps.

erected

piety,

kills

Mosque, and returns alone,

he enters

He

for

eager to taste of the

are

by the way he came,

i.

that

for

Mahomedans accompanying him

ble

P ge 59

and

blessing

his

offering,

who

much

are

pray

and

These send porlions

nobles.

killed

rise,

whole assembly answer: Amen!

is

their friends

mounts

law unto

their

great kindness

his

this is their

the

on, into the

the Khalif

Mahomedans

pronounces

then

and

where

and expounds

learned

praise

moves

procession

on the other

man and

has

side of the ri-

BAGDAD.

on the banks of an arm

ver,

which runs on one

dings include

many

to

be cured.

who

'Dar
all

- al -

who

expense, until his cure

is

further

who

are

met

with, par-

every one of

season,

when he
this

is

allowed

return to

to

purpose they are regularly

examined once a month by the kings

appointed for thai purpose

All this

pure charily, towards

a.

Dar-al-Morabittan

of those

officers,

and when they are

be possessed of reason they are imme-

to

diately liberated.
in

called

secured by iron chains until his rea-

home. For

found

fed

Maraphlan,* in which are locked up

son returns,
his

is

completed.

is

the large building,

ticularly during the hot

is

sixty medical

claims assistance

those insane persons

whom

resort thither in or-

and other necessaries;

kings stores with spices

There

buil-

well provided from the

all

and every patient

These

large houses, streets and ho-

There are about

warehouses here,

at the king's

of the Euphrates,

side of Ihe city.

stelries for the sick poor,

der

00

who

ving mad.

all

is

done by the king

who come

to

Bagdad,

in arabic, littcrally:

require being chained,

i.

WOhsson

5*

e.

abode

of the ra-

P a ge 59.

100

BAGDAD.

eilher

and

or insane, for ihe king

ill

his intenlion is excellent in this respect.

Bagdad
page 6o

i.

man

a pious

is

is

inhabited by about one thousand

Jews, who enjoy peace,

comfort

much

and

honor under the government of the great king.

Among them

are very wise

dents of the colleges,

men and

presi-

whose occupation

is

the

study of the mosaic law.

The

city contains ten colleges,

pal of the great college

1

Ben

principal

Eli,

The

cob.

the

the Rabbi R.

is

of the

college

provost of the leviles

is

princi-

Sh'muel

Geon

Ja\i-

the presi-

dent of the second, R. Daniel the master of

the third

sides the fourlh,

fifth

R. El'asar the fellow, pre-

college.

college.

He

R. El'asar
is

possesses a pedigree
page

60. 2.

prophet

and

Sh'muel,

his brothers

sung

in the

sixth,

the

master of the studies and

of his

who
know
fellow,

descent from

rests in peace,

its

is

existence.

the

the

and he

the melodies, that

temple during

sadiah, principal

Ben Tsemach

were

R. Cha-

master of the

R. Chagai the prince, the principal of the

seventh and R. 'Esra the president of the eighth

college.

R. Abraham, called

Abu

Tahir, presi-

101

BAGDAD.

des over the ninth and R. Sakhai B. Bosthenai,

master of the studies, over the tenth college. All

these are called Batlanim 'the Idle

occupation

sole

public business.

consists

because

During every day

they dispense justice to

of the

the Jewish inhabi-

tants of the country, except

on monday, which

aside

set

dency
lege

for

who on

Ja'acob,

justice to every applicant

master of the col-

that

and

is

day dispenses

assisted therein

by the ten Batlanim, presidents of the

The

1.

assemblies under the presi-

of the -Rabbi Sh'muel,

Geon

g c6!.

week

all

is

ta

discharge of

the

in

their

principal of

Daniel Ben Chisdai,

all

colleges.

these however,

who

bears

the

is

titles

Prince of the Captivity and Lord and

R.
of:

who

possesses a pedigree, which proves his descent

The Jews

from king David.

Prince of the captivity

'Saidna

Ben Daoud

and he holds great

call

him 'Lord,

and the mahomedans:

noble descendant

command

over

of David,
all

Jewish

congregations under the authority of the Emir

al

Mumenin (Commander of the faithful) the Lord

of the Mahomedans, who has commanded to respect him, and has confirmed his

power by gran-

P a s6i.

2.

102

BAGDAD.

him

ling

Every one

a seal of office.

jects,

whether he be Jew or Mahomcdan or

other

faith, is

commanded

to rise in the

and

of ihe Prince of the captivity

respectfully under penally of one

Whenever he pays
is

rage

r;a.

of his sub-

'make
as

and

gentiles

way

becomes

before

crier

presence

him

lo salute

hundred

stripes.

the king,

to

he

his dignity

upon

sions he rides

commands

aloud:

our Lord the son of David

1

'A'milu ta-

in arabic:

nk La-Saidna Ben Daud.'

composed

any

numerous horsemen, both Jews

escorted by

.and

a visit

of

Upon, these occa-

a horse

of embroidcr'd silk;

and

his

on

his

dress

is

head he

wears a large turban, covcr'd by a while cloth

and surmounted by a chain or diadem.

The

authority of the Prince of

the Cap-

tivity extends over the following countries viz:

Mesopotamia;

over

which
page 62.

2.

the

is

Persia;

Yemen; Diarbekh;

Land

of

the country

Kola

near

iron

gales,

all

S'ba

Armenia and

mount Ararat

of ibc Alaniahs,

by mountains and has no

Khorassan;

which

is

over

shut in

outlet except

by the

which were made by Alexander;

over Sikbia and

all

the provinces of the

Turk-

BAGDAD.

mans unlo

ihe

103

Aspisian mountains;

over the

country of the Georgians unlo the river Oxus,

(ihese are the Girgasliim* of scripture

and as

lieve in Christianity)

of the provinces

Permission
vity

to

is

and

different

countries

slers,

of

to

far as the frontiers

of Tibet

and

India.

granled by the Prince of Capti-

the Jewish

all

all

cities

and be-

to

whom

congregations of these
rabbis

elect

and mini-

appear before him in order

receive consecration b and the permission to

officiate,

valuable

upon which occasions presents and

gifts

are offer'd to

him even from the

remotest countries.

The Prince

of

the Captivity

possesses

gardens and orchards in Babylonia and

hoslelries,

extensive landed property inherited from his fo-

He

enjoys

Jewish

which nobody dares deprive him.

of

refathers,

a certain yearly income from the

hoslelries,

the

markets and the mer-

chandise of the counlry, which

a.

b.

Gen.

n^CD,

X. 16.

the

XV.

21.

is

levied in form

JoshuaXXV.il.

ceremony of consecration, performed by

the Prince of captivity, consisted in his laying his hands

on the heads of the candidates.

ige 63= i.

104

BAGDAD.

and above what

of a lax, over

him from

the

man

very

is

an excellent scholar and so hospitable that

rich,

numerous
Pge 63.

countries;

foreign

presented lo

is

Israelites dine at his table

every day.

At the time of the installation of the Prince

i.

of the Captivity he spends considerable sums in

presents lo the king, or Khalif, his princes and
nobles.

The ceremony

performed by ihe act of

is

Kha-

the laying on of the hands of the king or

li/,

after

king's

which the Prince

abode

lo his

slale carriage

own

rides

home from

the

house, seated in a royal

and accompanied by the sound of

various musical instruments; he afterwards lays

his

hands on* the gentlemen of the university.

Many

l.

Jews

and very rich,

lars
page 64

of the

of

the

Bagdad

are good scho-

city contains

twenty-

eight Jewish synagogues, silualed partly in

dad and partly

in

Al-Khorkh, on the other side

of ihe river Tigris,

vides the

cily.

PmxcE

the

wilh

a.

pillars

of

which runs through and

The

di-

metropolitan synagogue of

the Captivity

of richly

Reinstate.

Bag-

colour'd

is

ornamented

marble,

plated

BAGDAD.

with gold and silver; on the

bed verses of the psalms

The

ten marble

pillars are inscri-

in

steps

of gold.

letters

the holy ark a

ascent to

105

G1HIAGIN.

composed

is

of

on the uppermost of which

are the stalls set apart for the Prince of the

Captivity and the other princes of the house

of David.

The circumference

of the

cily of

measures three miles, the country

situated

is

is

rich in

palm

for

merchants of

all

which

it ?* 64.

gardens and

- trees,

orchards so that nothing equals

tamia

in

Bagdad

in

it

Mesopo-

countries resort thither

purposes of trade and

it

contains

many wise

philosophers, well skilled in sciences, and magicians, proficient in all sorts of witchcraft.

Two

days from thence stands Gihiagin or

Ras-al-Aien, which
it

'the great cily'-,

contains about five thousand

Jews and

In a house near the

synagogue.

the sepulchre of c
it,

Resen

is

and

in a

a large

synagogue

is

cave below

that of his twelve disciples.

a.

The

are deposited

place,
;

it

is

of the congregation,

where the

rolls

of the Pentateuch

generally elevated above the seats

b.

Gen. X. 12.

c.

The name

10G
page 65.

i.

BABYLON.

HILLAH.

To Babylon one day; this

Babel* and now lies in ruins
still

exlend

Of

thirty miles.

buchadnetsar the ruins arc

people are afraid

enter

to

but the streets

the palace of
to

slill

serpents and scorpions, by which

Twenty thousand Jews

worship

in the

in peace.

quity,
is

synagogue

having been

perform their

of

who

remote

by Daniel

built

traveller

may

rests
anti-

himself;

it

also behold the pa-

lace of Nebuchadnetsar with

2.

within about

of Daniel,
is

infested.

constructed of solid stones and bricks.

Here the

page G5.

be seen, but

it is

live

who

This synagogue

Ne-

on account of the

it

twenty miles from thence,

the ancient

is

the burning fiery

furnace b into which were thrown Chananiah,

Mishael and 'Asariah/

to

it is

a valley well

known

every one.

Hillah, which

a distance of five miles,

is at

contains about ten thousand

gogues, one of which

sepulchre

is

that of R.

in front of

is

omitted in

II.

Kiugs XVII. 24.

III. 6.

is

all

11. 15. 17.

editions,

XX.
c.

Jews and

it,

another

four syna-

Meier whose
is

Gen. X. 10.

a.

12. MichalV. 10.

ibid.

I.

that

6.

II.

17.

ofR.

XL
b.

9.

Dan.

HILLAH.

Ski Ben Chama and R.

is

worship

M'iri; public

performed daily in these synagogues.

The tower
is

107

NAPACIIA.

by the dispersed generation*

built

four miles from thence.

bricks called Al-ajur;

It

constructed of

is

the base measures

two hundred and

miles, the breadlh

forty yards

and the hight about one hundred canna.

ral

spi- page

06.

passage, built into the tower (from ten to

ten yards,) b leads

there

heavenly
its

up

to the

summit from which

a prospect of twenty miles, the coun-

is

try being

to

two

one wide plain and quite

fire,

level.

which struck the Tower,

The

split it

very foundation.

Half a day from thence,

contains

at

two hundred Jews,

of R. Jilschak

Napacha,

Napacha, which

is

the

front

in

synagogue

of

which

is

his sepulchre.

Three parasangs from thence on

of the Euphrates, stands the

prophet
rests in

fronted

a.

J'ciieskel,

peace.

by

The

XI.

b.

synagogue of the

commonly Ezekiel, who

place of the synagogue

sixty lowers, the

Gen.

the banks

is

room between every

see notes.

rsc

Cg

>

108

SEPULCHRE OF

two of which

CHESKEL.

also occupied

is

by a synagogue

in ihe court of the largest stands the

behind

the

is

il

Busi the Cohen.

sepulchre

This

it

was

Ben

of J'cheskel

monument

a large cupola and the building

some;

ark and

cover d by

is

very hand-

is

erected by J'khoniah king of Je-

huda and the

thirty

five

who

thousand Jews

went along with him, when Evil M'rodakh

leased

him from

between the

The name

river

i.

kings

name

is

present day, and

ple

resort

considerM holy even

is

one of those,

the

at

the

to the

which peo-

to

the Prince of

season of

the Captivity and the

XXV.

year

which are attended even

dents of the colleges of Bagdad.

Kings

new

to

Great rejoicings take place

there about this time,

II.

who

those

that of J'cheskel last.

and atonement day. b

a.

all

river.

from remote countries in order

pray, particularly

by

and of

re-

situated

are inscribed on the wall,

first,

This place

which was

Chaboras and another

of J'khoniah

came with him

page g:.

the prison,

presi-

The assem-

27. Jerem. LH. 31.

b.

These

days are celebrated on the first and tenth of Thishri

(about the end of Sept. or beginning of Oct.)

109

SEPULCHRE OF j'CHESKEL.
bly

so large thai their temporary abodes co-

is

ver twenty two miles of open ground, and at-

many

tracts

market or

On

w ho

merchants,

day of atonement the proper lesson

is

read from a very large manuscript

Pentateuch of J'eheskel's

A lamp

own

handwriting. 3

burns night and day on the se-

pulchre of the prophet and has

always been

kept burning, since the day he lighted

the

oil

keep a

fair.

the

day

of the

arabian

it

himself;

and wicks are renewed as often as ne-

cessary.

large house belonging to the sanc-

tuary contains a very numerous collection of

some

books,

them as ancient as the second,

of

some even coeval with

the

whoever

the custom that

first

temple,

dies childless,

The

thes his books to this sanctuary.

tants

of the country

to

being

bequeainhabi-

lead to the sepulchre,

all

Jews who come from Media and Per-

foreign
sia

it

visit

it

in

consequence

of

vows

they

have performed.

The
a.

(p.

noble

mahomcdans

Neither Baratier (vol.

I.

also resort thither

p.

161.) nor Gcrrans

107.) understood the meaning of

this

passage.

page 67.

110
page gs

AL

KOTSONAATH.

AIN JAPHATA.

pray, because ihey hold the prophet J'ches-

lo

whom

upon

kel,

and they
pulchre

be peace, in great veneration

call this place

is

also

visited

Y\ ilhin half a mile

'Dar M'licha;* the se-

by

of the

all

devout Arabs.

synagogue are the

1

sepulchres of Chananiah, Mishael and Asar iah, b

Even

each of them cover'd by a large cupola.

in

limes

ventures

Jew nor mahomedan

of

war

lo

despoil and profanale the sepulchre

neither

of J'cheskel.

Three miles from thence stands the

cily of

Al-Kotso.\aatii with three hundred Jewish

i

age 68.

2.

habitants

in-

and the sepulchres of R. Papa, R.

Huna, R. Joseph Sinai and R. Joseph B. Chama,

in

in front of

which Jews

To

each of which

is

a synagogue,

daily pray.

Ain Japhata three parasangs,

conlains the sepulchre of the prophet

the Elkoshilc
village,

who

rests in peace.

this

place

iNachum

In a persian

day from thence are the sepulchres

of R. Chisdai, R. 'Akiba

and R. Dossa and

in

another village, situated at half a days distance

a.

Agreable abode,

b.

Daniel

111. 1 2.

David, R. Jliudah,

those of R.

in llie desert,

Ill

SHAFJATHIB.

SURA.

KUFA.

Aba and on

R. Kubreh, R. S'chora and R.

King

river Lega, a distance of one day, that of

Zidkiiahu

a
,

who

rests

in

peace; the

ihe

latter

is page go.

i.

ornamented by a large cupola.

To Kufa one

day, this city

seventy thousand Jews

King Jkhoniah, which

and

contains about

sepulchre

the

consists of a large buil-

ding with a synagogue in front of

To Sura one day and

a half; this

it.

is

the place

iheThalmudMalhaM'chasia and was

called in

merly the residence of the princes of the

vity

and of the principals of the

following sepulchres are at Sura

and of

Rabenu Hai,

his son

of

for-

capti-

colleges.

The

that ofR.Shrira

that of

Rabenu

S'a-

diah-al-Fajumi, of R. Sh'niuel B. Chophni the Co-

hen and
liah the

that of

Z'phaniahu B. Kluishi B. Geda-

prophet and of

captivity,

many

other princes of the

descendants of the house of David,

who

formerly resided there, before the city was ruined.

Two
this

days from

place

a.

II.

is

Kings

thence to Siiafjatiiib.

synagogue, which the

XXIV. 17

In

Israelites

page go.

2.

EL - JUBAR.

112

THEMA.

erected with earlh and slones brought from Je-

rushalaim and which they called 'the transplan1

ted of N'harde'a.

One day and

bar,

a half from thence

Pombedilha

or

on

the

river

is

El Ju-

Euphrates,

which contains about three thousand Jews and

Rah

the synagogues, sepulchres and colleges of

and Sh'muel.
page

:o.

Twenty one days journey through

of Sh'ba or Al-

mia

of the Jews,

who

Rekhab,"

men

vernment

is

try

is

of

are called B'ne (Children of)

The

Thcma.

is

Go-

seal of their

atTHEMA b or Tehama, where

Governor Rabbi Chanan

and

This city

Yemen, from which Mesopota-

a northerly direction, are the abodes

lies in

Prince

the desert

their

resides.

large and the extent of their coun-

sixteen days journey towards the northern

mountain range. They possess large and strong

cities

and are not subject

but undertake

to

any of the

warlike expeditions into

gentiles,

distant

provinces with the Arabians their neighbours and

a.
I.

II.

Chron.

Kings X. 15. 23.

II.

55.

sec Gcsenius Lex.

b.

Isai.

Jcrem.XXXV.2. and
XXI. 14. Jcr. XXV.

scq.

23.

THEMA.
allies

lake the spoil

lo

113

and

to take the prey.' a page70.

These Arabians are Bedouins, who

live in tents

and have no fixed abode, and

who

are in the habit of undertaking marauding

ex-

in the deserts

are a terror to their neighbours;

some

being very extensive,

The Jews

Yemen.

peditions in the province of

of

2.

their

them

country
cultivate

the land and rear cattle.

A number
spend

of studious

and learned men,

maintained by the tithes of

which

and

poor

the

eat

of Jerushalaim.

These

no meat and abstain from wine, dress

ways
ses

mourners of

called:

ascetics,

mourners

Tsion, and:

produce, part of

all

employed towards sustaining the

also

is

law are

the study of the

their lives in

who

in black

and keep

Sabbaths

and

live in

fasts. all

and holy

and devoully

a.

Isaiah

these days

X.

6.

God

pray

compassion on them
b.

lives

their

days. b

implore the mercy of

exile

caves or

for

They

in

low hou-

except

on

continually

the

for

al-

Jews

in

He may have
sake of His own

that

the

Fasting bcicg prohibited

on

by the Thalraud. This proves Niebuhr's sup-

position that they were Thalinudists,

to

be correct.

page 71.1.

114

THEMA.

greal

name, 1

prayers

The

mon who,

of

who

Tehama and

iheir

in

of Telmas.

about one hundred thou-

are govcrn'd

by Prince Sal-

as well as his brother Prince

Chanan

descendants of the royal house of David,

are

who

rcsls in peace,

pedigrees.
?.

Jews

lallcr contains

sand Jews,

page 71.

and Ihey also include

ihe

all

THANAEJM.

decisions

doubtful

In

of the

set aside forty

which

is

proved by

cases they

The
tropolis,

villages

the

solicit

Prince of the Captivity b and

days of every year, during which

they go in rent clolhes and keep

for all the

their

Jews who

live

fasts

and pray

in exile.

province of which Thanaejm

is

me-

the

contains forty cities and two hundred

and one hundred small towns and

is

in-

habited by about three hundred thousand Jews.

Thanaejm
teen

is

a very strong city, being

square miles in extent and large enough

lo allow agriculture to

a.

entirely
(p.

fif-

I.

Sam. XII. 22.

misunderstood

be carried on within

b.
this

Baratier (vol.

sentence,

I.

p.

its

170)

Mr. Gerrans

111.) of course translated like Baratier, neither of

them knowing
binic hebrew.

the

meaning of the word rn^N$

in rab-

TELMAS.

115

CHAIBAR.

boundaries; wilhin which are also siluated the

of Prince

palace

Sal'mon and many gardens

and orchards.

Telmas
nitude

Jews,

i>ge72

mag-

also a cily of considerable

is

i.

contains about one hundred thousand

it

strongly fortified and situated between

is

Many

two very high mountains.

tants are well informed,

Telmas

distance from

of

wise and

its

inhabi-

The

rich.

to Ciiaibar is three

days

journey.

reported that these

is

It

Tribes

M'nashe

of
,

Reuben, Gad and

who were

led

Jews

are

of the

half the Tribe of

away

Shalmanesser king of Ashur and

captives

who

by

repai-

red into these mountainous regions, where they

erected

They

ties.

abovenamed large and strong

the

carry on

and are not

easily

their situation,

ci-

war with many kingdoms

to

be reached because of

which requires a march

of eigh-

teen days through uninhabited deserts and thus

renders them

Chaibar
tains

among

tants

many

difficult of access.

is

also a

its

fifty

very large

cily

and con-

thousand Jewish inhabi-

learned scholars.

The people

of

page 72

2.

110

WASET.

ihis cily

are valiant and engaged in wars with

the inhabitants of

BASSORA.

SAMARRA.

Mesopotamia, with those

the northern districts and with those of

who

near them; the

live

of

Yemen,

province bor-

latter

ders on India.
a distance of twenty five days journey

is

It

from the country of these Jews

on the river Virah

Waset

1.

Yemen, which

in

place

about three thousand Jews,

contains
rage 73.

to

is

seven days and contains

distant

about ten thousand Jews, R. JN'dain

is

of this

number.
Five days

two thousand

to

Bassora on the Tigris, with

many

Israelites,

whom

of

are

learned and wealthy.

Two

days

to

marra or Shat - el - arab.

of

Persia

The

and contains

place,

fifteen

is

the frontier

hundred Jews.

where he died on

from Jerushalaim

The name of a

his

King Artaxerxes,

to

ihe sepulchre a large

a.

This

sepulchre of 'Ezra the priest and scribe

in this

Pf ;3. 2

on the River Sa-

is

journey

in front of

synagogue and a mahome-

city appears to

be omitted here.

KMUZESTAN.

dan mosque have been

mark
by

erected, the latter as a

which 'Ezra

of the veneration, in

the

117

SHUSHAN.

mahomedans, who are very

wards the Jews and resort

is

held

friendly to-

thither to pray.

Four miles from thence begins Khuzestan,

1

Elam a

wever

of scripture, a large province, b

which ho-

but partially inhabited, a portion of

is

Among

lying in ruins.

the latter are

it

the re-

mains of Shushan the Metropolis and palace

of

King Achashverosh, which

large and

handsome buildings

of ancient date.

seven thousand Jewish inhabitants possess

Its

fourteen synagogues
is

contains very

still

the sepulchre of Daniel

The

river

Ulai

of

in front

divides

who

the

one of which
rests in peace.

parts

which are connected by a bridge;

of

which

it,

the markets, to

a.

city

that portion

inhabited by the Jews, contains

is

it

all

trade

is

confined and there

Esra IV. 9. Dan. VIII. 2.

note 4. accuses

of the

our author

b.

Baratier

I.

172.

of ignorance because he

(Baralier) did not know that ni'HO means province

in hebrew: As it is however the syriac and arable for
c*7y,

min,

it is

e.

very frequently used in that sense by BenjaNehein.

I.

1.

Esther

I.

2.

page 74.

118

SIIUSHAX.

dwell

all

river

they

prived

the

of

the

abovenamed

no gardens nor
gave

circumstances

ra^crj 2

rise

by ihe

fostcr'd

they are

and who

lo

remove

but

was

il

w as
r

rests

in

buried on their

side.

parlies

for

their

until

'

came

lo

stipulated

upon

souls

become

for permission

other side,

ihe

that the coffin,

bones,

should

adhered

to

be
side.

this

this

Numb. XXI.

4. 5.

w ar

the

two

lasted

strife

and

by which

they
it

was

which contained Dadeposited

Both

alternately

parlies faith-

arrangement, which was

the interference of

Shah Ben Shah, who governs

a.

which

loath'

a mutual agreement,

however interrupted by
jar

lo

length of lime;

every year on either

fully

poor

the

sepulchre

rejected

the

of

who

and was carried on between

arose

niel's

the

honour and

belief lhat all

was made hy

request

which

jealousy,

remains of the Prophet Daniel,

peace,

and

These

orchards.

lo

de-

advantages

from the possession

originated

riches

because

poor,

of ihe

side

oilier

are

have even

was

on the

rich;

Judg. XVI. 16.

all

San-

Persia

119

SHUSHAN.

and holds supreme power over

This prince

kings.

is

forty five of

its

called in arabic: Sultan* ps*"5.

t.

al-Fars-al-Khabir a and his empire extends from

the banks

of

Shat-el-arab unto the

of the

Samarkand and

city of

the Kizil Ozein, incloses the

Nishapur, the

cities

of

Media, and the

Chaphton mountains and reaches as

bet, in the forests of

druped

is

met

with,

which country

far as Ti-

that

qua-

which yields the musk the

of his empire

extent

city

is

four months

and four

days journey.

When
Persia,
fin

this

came

of Daniel

great
to

Emperor, Sanjar king

Shushan and saw

was removed from

of

that the cof-

side

to side,

he crossed the bridge with a very numerous

retinue and accompanied

medans and inquired

proceedings.

Upon

by Jews and maho-

into the

being told what

related above, he declared that

tory

to

the

reason of those

it

was deroga-

honor of Daniel and commanded

that the distance

between the two banks should

be exactly measured, that Daniel's

a.

we have

Supreme commander of

Persia.

coffin

should

pg 75.

120

HO L WAN.

RUDBAR.

be deposited

and

that

it

MULEHET.

made

another coffin,

in

of glass,

should be suspended from the very

1

middle of the bridge, fasten d by chains of

was erected on

place of public worship

very

spot,

open

who

every one,

to

say his prayers, whether he be

tile
i>g* 76. i.

and the

coffin of

Daniel

is

that in

be allowed

the

desired lo

Jew

or Gen-

suspended from

The King com-

the bridge unto this very day.

manded

iron.

honor of Daniel nobody should

lo fish in the river,

one mile on each

side of the coffin.

Three days

Rudbar* with twenty thou-

lo

sand Jews, among

lars

whom

and rich men, but

there are

who

many

scho-

generally live un-

der great oppression.

Two
you

days

find the

lo

the river

lo

ihe district

possessors of which are

believe in the tenels of
2.

the

summit
a.

Persia,

of high

Rutlbar

which

near which

abodes of about four thousand Jews.

Four days

page 76.

Holwan

is

lie

of

sect

Mulehet, the

who

Mahomet, but

do not
live

on

mountains and pay obe-

a name, applied to

many

districts iu

along the banks of a river.

Geogr. Soc. IX. 56. note.

Journal

AMARU.

MULEHET.

commands

dience to the

of the old

man

in the

Four congregations

country of the Assassins.

of

121

Jews dwell among them and combine with

them

in their wars.

They do
kings

the

tains,

not acknowledge the authority of

of Persia,

whence they

booty and to take

their

mountain

but live on their

occasionally descend to

spoil,

Some

in this country,

are

make

with which they retire to

beyond the reach

fortresses,

their assailants.

moun-

of the

Jews,

who

of

live

excellent scholars and

all

acknowledge the authorily of the Prince of the

captivity,

who

resides at

Bagdad

Five days from thence

to

in Babylonia.

'Amaru with

five

and twenty thousand Jews.

This congregation PH9

forms part of those, which

live in the

tains of

Chaphton and which amount

moun-

to

more

than one hundred, extending to the frontiers of

Media.

These Jews are descendants

were

originally

led

into

of those,

captivity

who

by king

Shalmanesser,* they speak the syriac language

a.

H. Kings XVII. 3. XVUI.

9.

77.

i.

AMARU.

122

and among ihem are many excellent thalmuneighbours lo those of

dic scholars; they are

the cily

of 'Amaria,

which

situated

is

within

one days journey of the empire of Persia, the

king of which they obey and to

This

a tribute.

is

collected

amounts here as well as

page 77. 2.

countries

to

one and one

male inhabitant

they pay

by a deputy and

in

all

mahomedan

equal
golden Maravedi
each

one Amiri
third

whom

of gold

lo

for

age of

of the

fifteen

and up-

wards.

About

name

of

fifteen

David El Roy

who had
tivity

man

of the

of the cily of 'Amaria,

studied under the Prince of ihe cap-

Chisdai and under

college of

and

years ago there rose a

'Eli the

Geon Ja'acob

who became an

president of the

in the cily of

excellent

Bagdad

scholar, being

well versed in the mosaic law, in the decisions

of the rabbins, and in the lhalmud; understan-

ding also the profane

sciences,

the language

and the writings of the Mahomedans and ihe

rage 78.

i.

scriptures of the magicians

and enchanters. He

made up

in

his

mind

to rise

the king of Persia, to

rebellion against

combine ihe Jews who

AMARU-

mountains of Chaphton and with

the

in

live

123

engage in war with

them

to

king

the

conquest

gentiles,

all

Jerushalaim

of

his

mafinal

object.

He

gave signs

to the

and assured them

cles

from the yoke of the

Jews
siah.'

When

and

deliver

to

Some

gentiles,'

him and

did believe in

mira-

false

me

Lord has sent

'the

conquer Jerushalaim

to

Jews by

of the

him 'Mes-

called

the king of Persia

you

became

ac-

quainted wilh these circumstances, he sent and

summoned David
ter

went without

into

fear

was asked: Art thou

lat-

and when they met he

Jews?

the king of the

which he made answer and

this the

The

his presence.

said:

to

am! Upon

king immediatly commanded, that he

should be secured and put into prison in that

place,

where

the

imprisoned for
baristan,
is

who

are

situated in the city of

Da-

captives

life,

are

on the banks of the

kept

Kizil Ozein,

which

a broad river.
After a lapse of three days,

sat in council lo take

and

when

the king

the advice of his nobles

officers respecting the

Jews,

who had
G*

re-

page 78.

2.

24

AMAR1A.
against

belled

among them, having

prison
page

without

the

liheraled

aid

himself from

When

any one.

of

who

him he inquired:

king beheld

rat. the

David appear'd

authority,

his

has

brought thee hither or

who

berty? to which David

made answer: my own

has set thee

at

wisdom and

sublility,* for verily I neither fear

thee nor

thy servants.

tely

see

all

commanded

that

The

king immedia-

he should be made cap-

him not and

are

aware of

presence

his

only by hearing the sound of his voice.

king was very

much

The

astonished at David's ex-

who

ceeding wisdom,

thus

addressed him:

now go my own way! and he went

wed by the king and all his nobles
2.

we

but his servants answer'd and said:

tive,

pa 5 e 79.

li-

out follo-

and ser-

vants to the banks of the river, where he took

his shawl, spread

sed

it

visible

it

thereupon.

and

all

a.

XII. 5.

At that

the water

and cros-

moment he became

the servants of the king

cross the river on

sued by them

upon

his

shawl

in boats but

he

saw him

was pur-

without success, and

WinCim, counsel, wicked

XX. 18. XXIV. 6.

or wise, Prov.

I.

5.

AMARU.
they

confessed, that

all

He

could equal him.

to 'Amaria, a dislance

the help

ted to

no magician upon earth

very day travelled

that

of ten days journey

Shem Hamphorash a and

of the

astonished

the

125

Jews

that

all

by

rela-

had hap-

pen'd to him.

This King of Persia afterwards sent

Emir

Mumenin,

el

cipal of the

to the

the Khalif of Bagdad, prin-

Mahomedans,

to solicit the influence pg*

of the Prince of the captivity

and

of the presi-

dents of the colleges in order to check the pro-

ceedings of David El Roy, and threatening to

put to death

The

all

Jews who

inhabited his empire.

congregations of Persia were very severely

dealt with about that lime

and sent

the Prince of the captivity and

of the colleges at

pose:

Why

will

Bagdad

the

presidents

following pur-

to the

you allow us

letters to

to

die

and

all

Shcm hamphorash literally the explained

letters of the word Jehovah in their full explanation a mystery known but to very few, and by
which wonders may be executed. The wonders performed by Jesus are ascribed by the Thalmud to his
a.

name, the

knowledge of

this

mystery.

so.

AMARU.

126

the congregations of this empire; restrain the

deeds of

this

man and

prevent

The Prince

shedding of innocent blood.

Pge so.

2.

captivity

the

of the

and the president of the colleges here-

upon addressed David

'Be

thereby

it

in letters

known unto

thee

which run thus:

that

time of

the

our redemption has not yet arrived and that

we

have not yet seen the signs* hy which

is to

man

manifest itself and

We

shall prevail.

that

therefore

it

by strength no

command

thee

course thou hast adopted, on

to discontinue the

pain of being excommunicated from

Copies of these

letters

the Prince of the

Jews

seph the astronomer,

were

Sakhai,

sent to

in Mosul,

who

all Israel.'

is

and

called

to

R. Jo-

Borhan-

al-Fulkh c and also resides there, with the request

to

forward them

to

David El Roy.

The

menlion'd Prince and the astronomer added

page 8i.

i.

ters of their

exhorted him

own,
;

in

p.

Psalms

91. ante.

let-

which they advised and

but he nevertheless continued in

his criminal career.

a.

last

LXXIV.

This he carried on until

9.

b.

I.

Sam.

II.

8.

c.

see

AMARU.

HAMADAN.

name

a certain Prince of the

127

of Sin -el- Din, a

a vassal of the king of Persia, and a Turk by

birth, cut

law

of

it

David El Roy,

thousand

florins

vid El Roy.

he went
killed

and

by sending

short

to

if

for the father-in-

whom

to

he

offered ten

he would secretly

kill

Da-

This agreement being concluded,

David's house while he slept and

him on

his bed, thus destroying his plans

evil designs.

Notwithstanding

of the king of Persia

still

this the

wrath

continued against the

who lived in the mountains and in his

country, who in their turn craved the influence
Jews,

of the Prince of the captivity with the

Persia. Their petitions

King

of

and humble prayers were

supported by a present of one hundred talents

of gold, in consideration of

King

the

was

of Persia

which the anger of

was subdued and

the land

tranquillized.

From

that

of ten days;

mount

this

was

and contains about

a.

to

fifty

Hamadan

is

a journey

the Metropolis of

thousand Jews.

sec: Dcsguigncs Hist, des

Media

In front

Inns Ilia- p. 1G9.

page si.

-i.

128
of

DABARISTAtf.

ISBAHAN.

6HIRAS.

one of the synagogues

is

the

GIVA.

sepulchre of

Mord'khai and Esther.

Four days from thence stands Dabaristan

on the river Kizil Ozein

contains about four

it

thousand Jewish inhabitants.

page

82.

The

city of

journey,

it is

Isbahan

is

seven days

distant

the metropolis and residence, being

twelve miles in extent and containing about

teen thousand Jews.
this city

and of

all

fif-

Sar Shalom, the Rabbi of

other towns of the persian

empire, has been promoted to the dignity by

the Prince of the captivity.

Four days

distant stands Shiras, or fars, a

large city with about ten thousand Jews.

Seven days from thence

page 82.

2.

on the banks of the Oxus, containing about

city

eight thousand Jews.

is

to GivA, a a large

Very

extensive

commerce

which

resort tra-

carried on in this place, to

ders of

countries and languages; the coun-

all

try about

it

is

very

flat.

Five days from thence, on the frontiers of

the

kingdom stands Samarkhand, a

a.

sec notes.

city of

con-

siderable magnitude,

129

KHAZVIN.

TIBET.

which contains about

The Prince Rabbi 'Obadiah

thousand Jews.

learned men.

Four days from thence

Tibet, in the
beast

forests

which country

of

the mountains of

Khazvin on the

Kizil Ozein, a journey of eight

Jews

of those parts,

who

by four Uabes of

Dan,

that

of S'bulan

being part of the

captivity

into

that

first

and twenty days.

Nisapur are inha-

Israel,

and

the tribe

viz.

that

exiles

of

of Naphthali,

who were

by Shalmanesser king

as reported in scripture:*

river pg

live in Persia at pre-

sent, report that the cities of

bited

the province of

is

found which yields the musk.

is

To

is

which includes

the governor of the community,

many wise and

fifty

of

carried

Ashur

he banish d them

to

Lachlach and Chabor, the mountains of Gozen,

the mountains of Media.

The

extent of their country

is

twenty days

and XVIII. 11. where

these verses are thus render d by the authorized translation: And the King of Assyria did carry away
Israel unto Assyria, and put them in Halah and in
a.

II.

Habor by
Medes.

Kings XVII. 6.

the river Gozan,

and

in

the cities

of

th<

83.

130

KHAZVIN.

many lowns and

journey and they possess

pagc 83.

2.

the mountains, the river Kizil Ozein

ties in

kes their boundary on one side,

Prince,

who

bears Uie

ma-

and they are

subject to no nation, but are govern'd

own

ci-

name

of

by

their

Rabbi Jo-

seph Amarkh'la Halevi. a

Some

cany on

others

them

of these

way

excellent scholars,

and a number of

war with

of the desert.

liance with the

This

agriculture

are engaged in

Cuth, by

who

Jews are

Caphar Tarac

the country of

They

are in al-

or infidel Turcs,

adore the wind and live in the desert.

is

a nation,

who

eat

no bread and drink no

wine, but devour the meat raw and quite unP age84. i.

prepared; they have no noses, but draw breath

through two small holes and eat

all

sorts of

meat, whether from clean or unclean beasts, and

they are on very friendly terms with the Jews.

About eighteen years ago,

a.

Of

this nation inva-

the Tribe of Levi, the descendants of which

are divided into Lcviim and Khohaniin and are the

only Jews

who

a certain tribe,

to this
all

day

claim

others having

extinct in the course of time.

the descent from

mixed and become

KHAZVIN.

numerous host and took

Persia with a

(led

of Rai,

the city

which they smote with the

edge of the sword' a took

turned

the spoil and re-

all

Nothing similar was

deserts.

their

to

131

seen before in the kingdom of Persia; and

king

the

with
for,

he

said

will

country became

that

the

in

time

my

of

go and will extinguish

He

raised the

empire, collected

quiry whether

kindled,

predecessors

page 84.

2.

ever issued from the desert;

like this

the earth.

acquainted

was

occurrence, his wrath

this

no host
I

of

when

all

war-cry

in the

troops and

his

he could

would show him

name from

their

made

in-

any guide, that

find

where

the place,

whole

his

ennemies

pitched their tents.

A man was met

the king:

'I

retreat for

mised

to

will

am

enrich

with,

show

if

to

and the king pro-

he would

show him

the way.

provisions

would be necessary

Upon

spoke thus

the place of their

thee

one of them

him

who

act thus

and

how many
this long way

inquiry
for

through the desert, the spy answerd: take with

a.

Dent

XIII.

VUI. 24. X. 28.

1G.

XX.

13.

Joshua VI. 21.

P g65.

1.

132

KHAZVIN.

you bread and water

will

find

for

days, as you

fifteen

no provisions whatever before you

reach their country. This advice being acted up

to,

they travelled fifteen days in the desert and

met with nothing

as they

sustenance, they

became extremely

men and

and

visions

that could serve for

spoke

'what becomes of thy promise to

enemy

my

way'

2.

the

cut off by the kings

Orders were issued

page 85.

one,

who had any

them with
table

to

him:

show us our

no other reply being made than;

have mistaken

was

The

beasts began to die.

king sent for the spy and thus

short of pro-

his

'I

head of the spy

command.
the host that every

to

provisions

left,

should share

companion, but every thing ea-

was consumed, even

the beasts, and after

travelling thirteen additional days in the desert

they at

last

reached the mountains ofKhazvin,

where the Jews

They

arrived

dwell.

there and

encamped

in

the

gardens and orchards and near the springs, which

are in the vicinity of the river Kizil Ozein.

being the

fruit

season, they

and destroyed much, but no

made

free with

living being

It
it

came

133

KHAZV1N.
forward.

On

the mountains however, they dis-

cover'd cities

and many towers and the king

commanded two
inquire the

name

go and

of his servants to

to pg

86. 1.

which inhabited

of the nation

these mountains and to cross over to them, either

by swimming the

in boats or

last discover'd

river.

They

at

a large bridge, fortified by towers

and secured by a locked

gale,

and on the other

side of the bridge a considerable city.

They shouted on
until at last a

their

man come

they wanted or to

whom

forth, to inquire

they belonged.

what

They

make themselves under-

could not, however,

stood

of the bridge

side

and fetched an interpreter

who

spoke

both languages ; the queries being repeated they

replied:

we

are the

Persia and have

and whose
Jews,

servants

who you
The answer was we

come

subjects.

king of

of the

to inquire,

we acknowledge no

are
are

king or prince of

the gentiles, but are subjects of a Jewish prince.

Upon

inquiries after the Ghuzi, the

rac or infidel Turks,

'verily
to

they are our

the
allies

Caphar Ta-

Jews made answer:

and whoever seeks

harm them, we consider our own enemy.

pge 86

2.

134

KHAZVIN.

The two men relumed and

king of Persia,

who became much

particularly so,

when

the jews

The

i.

you,

or infidel
if

you

but

and

superiority

but

entreat

to

harrass me, but allow

phar Tarac

much
of

my

my enemy

provision as
host.

make war

enemies;

and

my

ven-

my

in

present position;

act

kindly

me

to fight

and

want

The Jews

Jews

well aware of your

my

in

battle.

Caphar Tarac

the

all

am

me

you

him
to

my

are

destroy

for

over

two days

will certainly take

will

the

and

afraid,

offer

come

not

who

me,

own kingdom,

to

against

Turks,

attack

geance

am

'I

ihis to the

after a lapse of

a herald

sent

king said:

against
rages;,

reported

and

with the Ca-

also to sell

for the

lo

me

as

maintenance

look counsel

themselves and determined

not to

among

comply with

the

request of the king of Persia for the sake of

page 87. 2.

his Jewish subjects.

The

king and

were consequently admitted

the Jews, and

all

country of

into the

during his stay of

his host

fifteen

he was treated with most honorable

days

distinction

and respect.

The Jews however meanwhile

sent infor-

135

KHAZVIN.

mation

to their

Caphar Tarac, and

the

allies,

made them acquainted with

the abovemention'd

circumstances; these took possession of

all

the

mountain passes and assembled a considerable

host, consisting of all the inhabitants of that de-

and when the king of Persia went

sert

them

give

forth to

Caphar Tarac conquer'd,

bailie, the

and slew so many of the Persians, that

killed

the king escaped to his country with only very

few

followers.

One

of the

king enticed a

Name

of R.

carried this

horsemen

Jew

Moshe,

man

of the retinue of the

of that

country,

the

of

go along with him; he

to

along with him into Persia

and there made him a

slave.

Upon

a certain

day however, the king was the spectator

sports,

carried on for his

amusement, and con-

sisting principally of the excercise

the
this

bow; among
R. Moshe.

man by

all

The

of handling

competitors none excelled

king enquired after this

the help of an interpreter and

what had happen'd

forcibly carried

to

of

was

told

him and how he had been

away from

his country

by the

horseman, upon learning which the king not

page 88.

\.

13G

KHAZVIN.

KHUZISTAN.

KISH.

only immedially granted him his liberty, but

gave him a dress of honor, composed of

and

fine linen,

was

posal
page 88.

2.

made

would renounce

to

R. Moshe, that

proif

treated

with

he

Per-

his religion for that of the

he should be

sians

and many other presents.

also

silk

utmost

the

kindness, should gain considerable riches and be

made
'I

the king's steward, but he refused and said

cannot

The

make up my mind

to

any such step

1
.

king however placed him in the house of

Rabbi Sar Shalom of the Ispahan congre-

the

gation

who

in the course of

father-in-law.

lime

became

his

This very R. Moshe related

all

these things unto me.

From

thence

Khuzistan, which
runs

returned to
lies

downward and

on the
falls

the country

of

Tigris, this river

into

the Indian sea

(persian gulfJ in the vicinity of an island callage 89.

l.

led Kish.
les

The

extent of this island

is

six

mi-

and the inhabitants do not carry on any

agriculture

principally because they have no

rivers,

nor more than one spring

island

and are consequently obliged

rain water.

in the
to

whole
drink

EL-CATHIF.

K1SH.

however a considerable market, being

It is

which the indian merchants and

the point, to

those

137

of the islands

commodities;

bring their

while the traders of Mesopotamia,

Persia import
flax; cotton;
let;

hemp; mash; a wheat;

rye and

1*

pulse,

and purple

sort of silk

all

all

which

Yemen and
cloths,

barley; mil-

other sorts of comestibles

articles

and

form objects of exchange

those from India import great quantities of spices and the inhabitants of the island live

by what

they gain in their capacity of brokers to both par-

The

ties.

island contains about five

Ten days passage by

a city with about
vicinity

this

twenty

the

fourth

sea

pearls

are

El-cathif,

Israelites.

In

found: about the

of Nisan c large

month

of the

lies

thousand

five

hundred Jews.

drops of rain are observed upon the surface of

the water,

which are swallow'd by the

'Mash, which

a.

tuta p. 107.

is

a sort of pea" Lee's Ibn Ba-

Abdollatiph

Sacy's Ed. p. 119. Edrisi:

p.

117,

These authors,

the articles inentionM above.

c.

in

April.

reptiles,

calls

it

'Masch

1
,

see

cle

Mach,
1.

c.

b.

see Jaubert's Ed.

enumerate most of

]nn. Ezech. IV.

9.

page 89.

138

CHULAM.

after this they close their shells

the bottom of the sea

month

1,

dive with the

them up with them,

which they are opened and the

ken

from

collect these reptiles

the bottom and bring

ter

upon

fall

about the middle of the

some people

of Thishri,*

assistance of ropes,
page 90.

and

af-

pearls ta-

out.

Seven days from thence

Chulam, on the

is

confines of the country of the sun-worshippers

They

are descendants of Khush, b are addicted

to astrology

and are

This nation

all black.

very trustworthy in matters of

is

and whenever foreign merchants enter

trade

their port, three secretaries of the king

dially repair

on board

their vessels, write

names and report them

their

imme-

to

him.

down

The

king

thereupon grants them security for their propage 90.

2.

perty,
fields

which they may even leave

without any guard.

One
ket,

found

a.

open

in the

of the king's officers

and receives goods

anywhere

in October,

that

sits

in the

mar-

may have been

and which he returns

b.

Negroes; see Gesenins

to

t&iD.

CHULAM.
those

who

applicants,

This custom

them.

is

139

can minutely describe

observed in the whole

empire of the king.

From
of the

summer

year,* during the

the heat

is

whole

From

extreme.

the

hour of ihe day b people shut themselves

third

up

new

easter to

in their

houses

which

until the evening, at

time every body goes out.

The

streets

and

markets are lighted up and the inhabitants

em-

ploy

upon

the night

all

which

their business,

they are prevented from doing in the day time,

in

consequence of the excessive heat.

The pepper grows

which bear

in this country; the trees,

planted in the

this fruit are

fields,

which surround the towns, and every one knows

his

plantation.

The

pepper

is

lect

they put

it,

trees

originally white, but

water upon

it;

it

it

into

a.

i.

becomes
e.

when

basins

in order to

and more substantial,

it

they col-

and pour hot

make

in the course of

it

hard

which

of a black colour.

from April to October.

clock in the morning.

and the

small

then exposed to the heat

is

and dried

of the sun

process

are

b.

nine

o"

pg 91.

140

CHULAM.

Cinnamon, Ginger and many other kinds of

grow

spices also
page 9i.

The

2.

in this country.

inhabitants do not bury their dead but

embalm them with

upon

stools

certain

spices,

and cover them with cloths, every

family keeping apart.

The

bones

corpses

and

as

these

beings, every one of

and

all

the

them

put

flesh dries

the

resemble living

them recognises

members

upon

of his family

his parents

for

many

years to come.

These people worship the sun; about

a mile from every town
page 92.

i.

lliey

half

have large pla-

ces of worship and every morning they run to-

wards the

rising sun;

every place of worship

contains a representation

of that luminary,

so

constructed by machinery* that upon the rising

of the sun

it

turns round with a great noise,

at

which moments both men and women take up

their censers

and burn incense

in

honor of

their

'This their

way

is

their

deity.

All the cities

lliis

folly.

and countries inhabited by these

people contain only about one hundred Jews,

a.

Our author

b.

Psalms XLIX. 14.

calls

it

F]1EPD,

Witchcraft.

KHANDY.

who

141

are of black colour as well as the other

The Jews

inhabitants.

vers of the

law and possess the Pentateuch, the

Prophets and some

mud

and

The

good men, obser-

are

its

of the Thai-

decisions.

island of

days journey.

knowledge

little

Khandy

The

is distant

inhabitants are

twenty two

page 92. 2.

worship-

fire

pers called Druzes and twenty three thousand

Jews

live

among

everywhere

priests

to their idols

of prayer,

a large

fire is

thro

it

and

consecrated
expert ne-

priests are

whom

be met

are to

In front of the altar of their

you

see a deep ditch, in which

continually kept burning

Elahula, Deity.

call

the houses

like of

with no -where.

house

in

and those

cromancers, the

These Druzes have

them.

into

They

this

this

they

pass their children

ditch

they also

throw

their dead.

Some of
vow to burn

themselves alive

devotee declares
liis

country take a

the great of this

to

his

and

children

if

and kindred

intention to do so, they all applaud

say: 'happy shall thou be, and

it

any such

him and

shall be well

p*e 93.

142

KHANDY.

with thee.* Whenever the appointed day

sumptuous

ves, they prepare a

devotee upon his horse

afoot

He
page 93.

2.

if

he be poor,

throws

if

feast,

arri-

mount

the

he be rich or lead him

to the brink

himself into the

of the ditch.

and

fire

all

his

kindred manifest their joy by the playing of in-

consumed. Within

struments until he

is

three days of this

ceremony two

pal

to his

priests

repair

entirely

of the princi-

house and thus ad-

dress his children: prepare the house, for to day

you

will

be visited by your

falher,

manifest his wishes unto you.

selected
lo

among

The

image

P 5 e 94. i.

town and

of the

dead

wife and children inquire after his state in

the other world and he answers:

my

will

Witnesses are

the inhabitants of the

the devil appears in the

who

'I

have met

companions, but they have not admitted

into their

company, before

debts to

my

makes a

will, divides his

friends

and neighbours,' he then

goods among

dren and commands them

he owes and

a.

Psalms

have discharged

me
my

to receive

CXXVIU.

his chil-

to discharge all debts

what people owe him

2.

143

CHINA.
this will is written

to

down by

go his way, and he

is

the witnesses

not seen any more.

In consequence of these lies and deceit,

which

the priests pass off as magic, they retain a strong

hold upon the people and

make them

that their equal

met with upon

From
ted in

not to be

is

thence the passage to China

days, this country

forty

and some say

that the star

tes in the sea

which bounds

Sea

called

of Nikpha.

a storm rages in

reach

his

vessel

it

the

their provisions

vessels

fale

by

the

it

how

lost in this
to

is

violent

no mariner can

is

the

page 94. 2.

storm

impossible to

the passengers

consume

Many

way, but people

save themselves from this

following contrivance:

bullocks hides along with

this

and which

it,

and then die miserably.

have been

have learned

eastward

lies

and whenever

crew and

is effec-

Sometimes so

this sea,

earth.

Orion predomina-

lids sea, that

throws a ship into

govern

believe,

They

take

them and whenever

storm arises and throws them into the sea

of Nikpha, they

a.

sew themselves up

blank occurs here in both

first

in the hides, pg

Editions.

^s.

1.

144

KHULAN.

GINGALEH.

SEBID.

taking care lo have a knife in iheir hand, and

being secured against the sea water, they throw

themselves into the ocean; here they are soon
perceived by a large eagle called
takes

them

for cattle, darts

down, takes them

in

and cariies them upon dry land,

in his gripe

where he

which

griffin,

deposits

in a dale, there

his

hill

or

The

prey.

avails himself of his knife

the

kill

burthen on a

consume

to

man however, now

therewith to

his

bird,

creeps forth from

the hide and tries to reach an inhabited coun-

Many

try.
page 95.2.

people have

been

saved by

this

stratagem.

Gingaleh

whereas

it

reach

it

to

is

but three days distant by land,

requires

a journey of fifteen days

by

this

one thousand

sea;

place

contains about

Israelites.

To Khulan

seven days by sea, no Jews

live there.

Twelve days from thence

to

Sebid,

which

contains but few Jews.

Eight days from thence

a.

litterally

is

continental India.

Middle India/

ma'atum.

which

is

145

assuan..

'Aden and in scripture 'Aden

called

in Thelasar\ a

nubia,

This country

very mountai-

is

nous and contains many independent Jews,

are not subject to

but possess

cities

of the mountains,

power

the

of the

from whence they descend

Ma'atum

are at war.

is

kingdom and

a christian

gentiles,

and fortresses on the summits

the country of Ma'atum, with

into

who

pg* 96.

which they

also called Nubia, is

the inhabitants are cal-

led Nubians.

The Jews

generally take spoil and plunder

from them, which they carry into

the possession

tain fastnesses,

them almost unconquerable.

of 'Aden visit

To

the country of

The road

ney.

Egypt and

on the banks

vern d by a king,

a.

3.

II.

Many

Jews

of the

Persia.

tlie

which comes down here

blacks. This country

whom

XIX.

is

go-

they call Sullan-al-Cha-

of the inhabitants

Kings

pgPDj Kilos,
and Gescoias.

which makes

leads through the desert of Sh'ba,

from the country of

b.

moun-

Assuan twenty days jour-

of the Nile, b

bash and some

of

their

12.

resemble beasts

Isaiah

XXXVII.

see Castelli auuot. sainar. ad

12.

ExotL

II.

p&* 96

2.

140
in

ASSUAN.

They

every respect.

on the banks of the

CHALUAH.
eat the herbs,

which grow

go naked

in the fields

Nile,

and have no notions

like

stance, they cohabit with their

whomever

with

they

cessively hot and

when

invade their country,

and

figs,

and sold

the people

is

ex-

Assuan

of

like bait,

thereby

These are made captive

coun-

in the adjoining

where they are known

tries,

and

sisters

they carry wheat, raisins

Egypt and

in

own

for in-

The country

which they throw out

alluring the natives.

F ape 97.

find.

men,

olher

black

as

slaves,

being the descendants of Cham."

From Assuan
place contains
is

to Ciialuaii

twelve days

verse the desert Al-Tsahara in

way

which

is

to

Savila,

a.

Gen. X.

VI.
7.

This de-

exposed

of being buried

alive

those which escape, however,

Gen.

days on

mountains of sand and whenever

imminent danger
sand

tra-

the Chavila of scripture, b

a storm arises, the caravans arc

b.

who

fifty

country of Ganah.

in the

sert contains

this

about three hundred Jews and

the starling point of the caravans,

their

I.

10.

Chron.

XI. 25.,
I.

9.

sec

to the

by the

cany

Gesenius

iron,

on.

CHALUAH.

FAJUHM.

copper, different sorts of

and

gold

precious

thence in exchange.

ward

of

Khush

fruits,

stones

147

MITSRAIM.

pulse and

salt

brought

from

are

This country

page 9

r. 2.

west-

lies

or Abyssinia.

Thirteen days journey from Chaluah stands

Kuts, a
thirty

on the

city

frontiers of

Egypt, with

thousand Jewish inhabitants.

To Fajuhm

five

days, this

Pilhom, a con-

is

about twentv Jews and some remains of

tains

the buildings

erected

bv our

from

thence

forefathers

even

to this day.

Four
Memphis;
the

days

this large

Nilvis,

city stands

called Al-Nil,

Mitsraim

to

or

on the banks of

and contains about

two thousand Jews.

Here are two synagogues, one

of the con-

gregation of Palestine, called the Syrian, the other

of the babylonian

Jews (or those oflrac.) They

follow different customs regarding the

of the Pentateuch into Parashiolh

a.

Exort.

I.

11.

b.

into

5 4 Purashioth

tom

of the babylonians

of

division

and S darim. L

The Pentateuch

is

divided

Portions each, and the cusas described in

practised at present almost universally.

V *

the text

is

page 98.

1.

148

MITSRAIM.

The Babylonians
as

ihe

is

read one Parasha every week,

custom throughout Spain, and

finish the

whole of the Pentateuch every year, whereas

page 98.

2.

the Syrians have ihe custom of dividing every

Parasha

into three

lecture of the

S'darim and concluding the

whole once

in three years.

They

uphold however the long -established custom

assemble both congregations and
blic

to

to

perform pu-

service together, as well on the day of the

joy of the law as on that of the dispensation

of the law.'

Rabbi N'lhanel, the Lord of Lords,

is

the

and

in

his

president

of the Jewish university

capacity of primate of

all

the Jewish congrega-

tions of Egypt, excercises

the right of electing

Rabanim b and

ministers.

cers of the great king,

of

Tso'an

who

He

is

one of the

resides in the fortress

in the city of Mitsraim,

metropolis of

all

The former

offi-

those Arabians,

which

is

the

who obey

the

day of
XVI.
the
(Deut.
13
15) the
latter with the feast of weeks (ibid. 9.).
b. See the
explanation of this term in my volume of notes.
a.

is

celebrated on the last

feast of Tabernacles

149

tso'an.

Emir-

al -

Mumenin*

the

of

sect

of 'Ali

Ben

page

991.

All the inhabitants of his country are

Abilaleb.

called rebels, because they rcbell'd

against the

Emir-al-Mumenin a Al-'Abassi who

Bagdad and

there

continual

is

resides at

haired

be-

tween them.

The
because

residence
it

most

appear' d

was

Tso'an

of

selected,

convenient.

The

prince appears in public twice every year; once

at the

time of their great holiday and the se-

moment

cond time

at the

the Nile.

Tso'an

is

inclosed by a wall,

open and

reas Mitsraim

is

portion of

the city

it;

of the innundalion of

the Nile

washes one

large, containing

is

whe-

many

markets and bazaars and very wealthy Jewish

inhabitants.

page 99.

Bain, frost or

snow

the climate being very

is

almost

warm.

flows once every year, in the

innundales the
lo

ter

The

here,

river over-

month

of Elul, b

whole country and moistens

the extent of fifteen days journey.

it

The wa-

remains standing on the land during that

a.

b.

unknown

Commander

August.

of the

faithful,

sec

page 222.

2.

150

MITSRAIM.

and ihe following month, whereby

made

ten'd and

marble

yards of

I.

protrude above the level of

height sufficient to cover the

that

it

one half only of the

that

pillar,

pillar

be cover'd,

measures the

is

Mitsraim

in these

river has risen so

ring and

of

2.

every

Tso'an and in

is

for the

repealed every day.

the water submerges the

whole

pil-

produces great plenty in the whole land

whole country

page 100.

in

cer-

and so much!'; the measu-

Egypt; the river

fifteen

yet dry.

words: 'Praise God,

proclamation

Whenever

shows

it

rise of the river

day and makes proclamation

it

they know-

days journey, whereas

one half of the country

tain officer

lar,

to a

rises

has innundalcd the whole land of Egypt

to the extent of fifteen

if

skill,

an island; twelve

in front of

and whenever the water

the river
page 100.

conslrucled with great

pillar,

this pillar

mois-

is

for agriculture.

fit

has been erected

it

is

rises

by degrees

innundaled

to

until the

the extent of

days journey.

The

proprietors of land cause ditches to be

dug along

their fields, into

swept with the

which the

rising waters

fishes are

and when the

ri-

151

MITSIUIM.

ver retires into

trenches,

are

its

bed the

by

whom

all

over the country.

them

sell

to merchants,

they are cured and sold in

The

fat of

is

of the land instead of

and they

oil,

used by the rich

Those who

and drink Nile water

after

this state

these fishes,

with which they abound,

lamps therewith.

in the

by the proprietors and

collected

used for food; others

remain

fish

it,

light their

of

eat

need not

the fish
fear

any

bad consequences, the water being an excellent preventive thereof.

who

Persons

inquire

rise of the Nile, are told

it

is

at

the

reason of the

by the Egyptians

caused by the heavy rains, which

that

fall in

the country of Abyssinia, the Chavila of scripture,

and which

Egypt;

is

elevated above the level of

this forces the river

out of

innundales the whole country.

overflowing of the Nile

neither
in

sow nor reap

the land

'and

bed and

Whenever

the

suspended, they can

the famine

Is

sore

'

The time

ft.

is

its

for

Gen. XLI1I.

sowing

in

Egypt

is

the

month

pa ge ioi.

i.

15-

TSO\\N.

Marchcshvan, a

of

the

Nissan* the wheat.

and

in

the

following fruits arc

has

river

usual bed, in Adar

inlo ils

page 101. 2

after

ihey cut barley

In the

ripe:

retired

same month
kind

of

acid

plum, called cherry; nuts; cucumbers; gourds;

St.

bread/ beans;

John's

pease; as well as

all

spelt

-corn;

chick-

such as:

sorts of herbs,

purslain; asparagus or fennel'; grapes;

lellice;

coriander; succory; cabbage; and wine.

the

whole

the country

things,

and orchards are waler'd partly

gardens

the

abounds with good

Upon

from wells and partly from the Nile. e

Above Mitsraim

One

arms.

of

the Nile

them goes

isKhaphthor* and there

to

divides inlo four

Damiella, which

falls inlo

the sea, a se-

cond flows towards Rashid or Roselta, which

pa 5 e 102.

i.

is

near Alexandria, and ihere

November,

a.

Siliqua

in

translation

b.

March,

c.

falls

inlo the sea;

April,

d.

Carob-

Caroube or Carouge, frcneh} this

traditional among Jews and it has been

latin,
is

employed, although Abdollatif does not mention

fruit

sea
in

as one indigenous

the

Amos

in

Egypt,

e.

"rlJO

this

littcrally

See the note on this appellation of the Nile

2d.

IX.

vol.
7.

of this work.

f.

Jerem. XLVI1.

4.

153

OLD MITSRAIM.
the third

takes

the

direction

Ashmun,

of

the

large city on the frontier of Egypt.

The hanks
both sides by
enliven'd

of these four
cities,

arms are

towns and

by numerous

lined

villages

travellers,

who

on

and are
journey

both by river and by land; in fact upon the

whole earth there

no country as populous

is

and as well cultivated as Egypt, which

is

ample

good

territory

and

of

full

sorts

all

of

of

things.

From Newof

Old Mitsraim

to

two parasangs. The

is

a distance

latter lies in ruins,

but

may

still

the sites of the walls and the houses

be traced

at

this

as also the granaries of

day,

Joseph, of which there

is

a large number.

The pyramids, winch

arc

seen

here

are

constructed by witchcraft and in no oilier country or other place

They

arc

is

composed

any thing equal

of stones

to

them.

and cement and

are very substantial.

the outskirts of the city

In

cient

synagogue

upon

whom

man

is

of our

be peace.

the overseer

is

great

An

the very an-

master Moshe,

old,

and clerk of

very learned
this

place of

iag* 102. 2.

154

BELBEIS.

public worship; he

Old

sar.

From
r^e

103.

is

IMitsraim

MAHALEH.

DAM1RA.

SEFITA.

called Al Sheikh

is

Ihree miles in extent.

thence lo the land

i.parasangs

it

Goshen*

of

called Belbeis,

is

Abuna-

is

eight

a large city

and contains about three thousand Jewish

in-

habitants.

Half a day

lo

cient Ra'amses, b

'Iskiil

which

Ain al Shems, the anin ruins.

is

Here are

remains of the buildings, erected by our fore-

and lower-like buildings constructed of

fathers,

bricks.

One days journey

two hundred Jews

To

lo

Al

Boutidg

about

live here.

Sefita half a day; about two hundred

Jews.

To Damira

about seven hundred Jews.

tains
i.a

6 eio3

To

2.

four parasangs; this place con-

Maiialeii,

raelites,

Two

with about

Is-

days from thence stands Alexandria!!,

XLV.

who

built this

ex-

XLVI. 28. 34. XLVII. 27.

I).
Gen.XLVlI.il. Exorf. 1. 11.
Exod.lX.26.
3 7. Numb. XXXIII. 3. 5.

a.

XII.

hundred

five days.

Alexander the Macedonian,

L. 8.

five

Gen.

10.

55

called

it

ALEXANDRIA.

Iremely strong and handsome

city,

own name.

after his

In the outskirts

of the city

was

the school

of Aristotle, the teacher of Alexander ; the buil-

ding is

still

very handsome and large and

divided

into

many

apartments by marble

is

pil-

about twenty schools, to which

lars; there are

people flocked from

all

parts

of the world, in

order to study the aristotelian philosophy.

The

city

upon

built

is

arches,

which are

hollow below, the streets are straight and some

them are of such

of

overlook them

not

from the Rosetla

i^ge 101.

t,

ioi

2.

extent, that the eye can-

once; that which runs

at

to the

Sea-gale

is

a full mile

in lenglh.

The
a

pier,

port of Alexandriah

which exlends

Here

is

summit

also erected

ror.

of

side,

of Alexandriah,

on

a glass mir-

which approached with

hostile

Greece and from the western

could be observed at

by means of

sea.

high tower, called

which was placed

All vessels,

intentions from

formed partly by

a mile into the

lighthouse, in arabic Minar

the

is

fifly

this glass mirror,

days distance

and precautions

F se

15G

ALEXANDRIA.

were Inkcn against

Many

measures.

of Alexander

death

ihe

after

their

name ofTod'ros
treme cunning.

The

commanded by

vessel

were

grecians

the Egyptians at the lime and the

of Egypt, consisting

garments.

He

rode

of

anchor

at

the customary station

ror,

who

in

of

view
all

the

ex-

subject to

the king

to

and

gold

silver,

abovenamed

Shipper brought a valuable present

arrived

there

man of
(Theodoros), who was of

grecian

pagc 105.

years

silk

of the mir-

merchantmen

and the keeper of the lighthouse as

arrived,

well as his servants were invited every day by

him, until they became very intimate and paid

one another frequent

day the keeper and

ted to

much

Upon

his servants

all

to

was

fell

into a

were

invi-

plied

seized

by

sound sleep;

the shipper

break the mirror, after which

left

the port that

the

christians

very night.

began

to

visit

From

so

this

and

feat

his

they

that time

Alexandria with

small and large vessels and look

103. 2

certain

with wine, that both he and his servants

opportunity

i.a fi e

sumptuous meal and were

became drunk and

crew

visits.

the large is-

land of Crete as well as Cyprus, which are in

157

ALEXANDRIA.

possession of ihe greeks unto this day; and the

Egyptians have not been able to withstand the

Greeks ever

The

lighthouse

men;

ring

since.

it

it

is

still

observed

which serves

The

city is

from Valcnlia;
Amalfi;

Sicilia;

Pioussillon

bears

night

as a guide to

to

mariners.

all

People from

nations.

all

kingdoms

christian

at

one

very mercantile and affords an

excellent market
all

to all seafa-

at the distance of

hundred miles by day, and

light,

mark

resort

Alexandria,

to

Lombardy; Apulia;

Tuscany;
Ilakuvia;

page ioa

i.

page iog.

2.

Spain;

Catalonia;

Germany; Saxony; Denmark; Eng-

land; Flandres;

Hainaull;

Normandy; France;

Poilou; Anjou; Burgundy; Mediana; Provence;

Genoa; Pisa; Gascogne; Aragon and

From

the

JN'avarra.

west you meet Mahoincdans

from

Andalusia, Algarvc, Africa and Arabia; as well

as

from the

Abyssinia,

countries

towards India, Savila,

Nubia, \emcn, Mesopotamia, and

Syria, besides

Greeks and Turks.

dia they import all soils

of spices,

bought by christian merchants.

From

In-

which are

The

city

is

158

DAMIETTA.

ALEXANDRIA.
of buslle

full

SUNDAT.

and every nation has

own

its

fonteccho* there.

On

the

seashore

is

upon which are depicted

beasts, all in

page 107.

the

who

sorts of birds

all

tomb of

king

it

tomb

and

supposed, that

is

of very

is

spans,

fifteen

by

it

ancient dale,

reigned even before the flood.

of the

sepulchre,

very ancient characters, which no-

body can decipher, but

is

marble

The

length

six in breadth.

Alexandria contains about three thousand

Jews.

ToDamietta, which isKhaphlhor, b two

days;

place contains about two hundred Jews.

this

Half a day from thence to Sunbat, the inhabitants

of

which sow

and weave

flax

fine

Est Fonticus domus grandis iu qua et nego-

a.

merces eorutn conservantur ubi et forum rerum venalium habent. Breidcnbach. A mer-

ciatones

et

chants store-house, chiefs shop, or warehouse.

London 1611.

rios iialian Dictionary.

considers this
tator

to

word

FloMuratori

as of arabic extraction, the auno-

Joinville (du

Cagne) derives

it

from funda,

a purse, and adduces in allucidation, that of bourse,

meeting

a public place for

the

Archaeohgia

XXI.

note

f.

vol.

of

p. 366.

merchants.
b.

See

p.

See

152.

150

AILAH. R'PHIDIM. SINAI. TENNIS. MESSINA,

linen,

which forms a very considerable

article

of exportation.

Four days

which

to Ailah,

is

Elim; a

it

be-

longs to the Bedouin Arabs.

Two

days

which

to R'piiidim,

inhabited

is

by Arabians and contains no Jews.

One day
possess
the

mount,

The

base

the

at

call

and

distant five days

is

sea

Sinai;

is

monks

is

lliis

Sinai;

moun-

the

Egyptians

from Mitsraim.

one

sea

a large

speak the chal-

in possession of the

small,

mounl

syrian

which

who

Tour

it

tain is

The Red

of

inhabitants,

dean language,

is

The

Sinai.

2.

place of worship on the summit of

village.

Mount

to

pageio?.

is

days journey

an arm of

from

the

In-

dian sea.

Back

to

Damietta, from whence by sea

to

Tennis, the ancient Chancs, 1 an island of the

sea, containing

about forty Israelites; here are

the confines of the empire of Egypt.

From

papeio&i.

thence in twenty days by sea to Mes-

sina on the shore of the island of Sicily,

a.

XXX.

Exod. XVI.
4.

1.

Numb. XXXIII.

0.

b.

which
Isaiah

1G0
is

SICILY.

on the

situated

of the sea

PALERMO.

which divides the Continent of Ca-

from the island of

labria

This

Sicily.

about two hundred Jews and

tains

an arm

called Lunir,

strait

is

city

con-

beautifully

situated in a country,

abounding with gardens

and orchards and

of

full

good

things.

Most of the pilgrims, who embark

for Jc-

rushalaim, assemble here, because this city affords the best opportunity for

Two
2.

good passage.

days from thence stands Palermo, a

large city being

papc 108.

two square miles

in extent.

It

contains the large palace of king William and

by about

inhabited

fifteen

many

christians

try

rich in wells

is

and mahomedans.

and barley and

and orchards;

hundred Jews

is

it

and

The coun-

and springs, grows wheat

well

is

is

gardens

supplied with

in fact the best in the

whole

island of Sicily.

The
palace

a.

lace

city is the seal of the Viceroy,

is

Al-hacina a and

called

fcJLua^sJl

both the

first

and rtt"H vb*

dently corrupted.

arabic,

in

editions,

(F.

S.

i.

e.

castle,

whose

contains

all

fortified

pa-

which read n^'iTi^XCC.)

instead of:

Munk.

n:^r^K

arc

evi-

ROME.

TRAPANI.

CATANIA.

161

LUCCA.

spring sur-

sorts of fruit trees as also a great

rounded by a wall and a reservoir called AlBehira, in which abundance of fish are preserved.

The

silver

and gold and ever ready

king's vessels are

ornamented with
for

amu-

the

sement of himself and his women.

There
of

further a

is

P a g eio9.

\.

page <o9.

2.

large palace, the walls

which are richly ornamented with paintings

and with gold and

silver.

The pavement

marble and rich mosaick representing

of figures;

in

the

building equal to

The

all

whole country there

is

of

sorts
is

no

this.

island begins at Messina,

where many

pilgrims

meet, extends

jMasara;

Pantaleone and Trapani, being

to

Catania; Syracuse;
six

days in circumference.

Near Trapani

found the stone called, Co-

is

in arable Al-Murgan.

ral,

From thence you cross over and

Rome in three days from Rome by land
;

reach
in five

days

to

Lucca, from whence you get in twelve

days

to

Bardin by mount Mauricnne and over

he passes of

Here are

Italy.

the confines of

Germany,

a coun-

162

COLOGNE.

try

Germany

congregations of
great

the

river

the empire
page

no

1.

ney and

Rhine, from Cologne, where

commences unto Cassanburg,

is

fact

countries

the

Israelites,

all

situated

on

Coblence, Andeknacij, Kaub,

Worms

Kartania, Bingen,
In

days jour-

is fifteen

Germany, which con-

cities in

congregations of

the river Moselle

the

Ashkenas by the Jews.

called

These are the

lain

inhabit the banks of

Germany, which

frontier of

The Jewish

and mountains.

of hills

full

GERMANY.

Jews

and Mistran.
dispersed

are

and whoever hinders,

over

that Israel

all
is

not collected, shall never see any good sign and

not live with

shall

which

the

Lord has appointed

our captivity and

pa gt

no.

2.

ted, a
I

to exalt the

to

at

These

cities

Jews and
contain

the congregations

the

horn of his anoin-

will

shall say:

assemble them.

many eminent

are

time,

be a limit of

every one shall come forth and

will lead the

lars,

And

Israel.

scho-

on the best terms

with one another and are friendly towards the

far

and near; whenever

a.

I.

Sam.

II.

10-

a traveller visits

them

163

GERMANY.

they are rejoiced thereat and hospitably receive

They

him.

good

spirit,

Lord

the

and say: be of

are full of hopes

dear brethren, for the salvation of

be quick

will

like

an eye; and indeed were

it

the twinkling of

we had

not that

doubted hitherto that the end of our captivity

we

had not yet arrived,

bled long ago,

but

this

message
of the

gives

turtle

arrive

and

is

impossible

warning,*

we

then

will ever say

Lord be exalted

before

and the sound of the

the time of song arrive

cooing

should have assem-

b
!

They send

thef"*e111,1

will

the

name

letters to

one another by which they exhort themselves

to

Those

hold firm in the mosaic law.

that

spend their lime as mourners of the downfall

of Tsion and the destruction of Jerushalaim are

always dressed

mercy before

in black

the Lord,

clothes
for

the

and pray
sake

of

for

their

brethren.

Beside the

cities,

which

we have

already

mention'd as being in Germany, there are fur-

ASTRANSBURG, DuiDISBURG

ther

tt.

Solom. Song

II.

12.

I).

MaNTERN, Pi-

Psalms

XXXV.

27.

BOHEMIA.

lf>4

Bamberg, Tsor, and Regexsburg on the

singas,

confines of ihe empire;

page in.

2.

many

rich

llicse

cilies

contain

the country of Bohemia, cal-

is

Here hegins Sclavonic,

led Prague.

Jews who

inhabit

inhabitants

sell

which

also

is

all

and learned Jews.

Further on

the

FRANCE.

SCLAVONIA.

their

it

hy

called

Kh'na'an, because the

children

applicable

to

to

all

nations,

people

the

of

Russia.

The
ing

latter

from

country

is

gales

of

the

very extensive, reach-

Prague

to

those o

Kiev, a large city on the confines of the empire.

The country
of forests;

in

the

verges are met,

mine.
page

1 1-2.

1.

In

latter

who

the

it;

to

beast called Vai-

is

intense

so

that

leave his house in conse-

so far the

The kingdom

full

yield the sable fur or er-

winter the cold

nobody ventures
quence of

very mountainous and

is

kingdom

of Russia.

of France, called hy the

Jews

Tsarphat, reaches from the town of Alsodo to

Paris, the metropolis of
extent.

This

belongs

to

city,

it

and has

six

days

in

situated on the river Seine

king Louis and contains

ned men, the equal

of

which are

many
to

lear-

be met

165

FRANCE.

nowhere upon earth, they em-

vvilh at present

ploy

all

are hospitahle to

terms with

May

Lord

the

study of the law,

the

travellers

all

their

all

passion towards
fil

upon

their time

and on

friendly

Jewish brethren.

mercy be

in his

full

of

com-

them and us and may he

ful- page

towards both the words of his holy scrip-

XXX.

ture:

(Deuler

Cod

will turn

3.)

Then

thy captivity,

the

Lord thy

and have com-

passion upon thee, and will return and gather

thee from

all

God hath

scallerd thee,

the nations, whither the

Amen.

Amen.

Amen.

s.

Lord thy

112. 2.

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