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Mark Fischer
Contents
Introduction
Maxwellian PML
Non-Maxwellian PML
Introduction
Non-Maxwellian PML using complex coordinate stretching
xi 7 x
i =
xi
si (
xi )d
xi
with
si (
xi ) = ai (
xi ) + ii (
xi )/
1
1
/x
/ x
s1
2 = s12 /x2
/ x
3
1
/ x
3
/x
s3
H
~
E
~
H
~
~
iH
~
iE
Maxwellian PML
Maxwellian PML
Maxwells equations in time harmonic form:
~
E
~
H
~
E
~
H
~ M H
~
iH
~ + E E
~
iE
with
M : magnetic conductivity
x +
x
E
i
0
0
x +
0
0
E : electric conductivity
0
y +
0
x
M
i
0
y
E
0
y +
0
0
z
z + iE
0
y
M
0
z
M
z + i
=
== 0
0
0
0
0
b
0
0
c
=
== 0
0
0
0
0
b
0
0
c
~
H
~
i0 H
~
E
~
i0 E
~ r, t)
H(~
~ i(~k~rt)
Ee
~ i(~k~rt)
He
ky
kz
k0 bc sin cos
k0 ac sin sin
k0 ab cos
Example
free space
0, 0
PML
Dispersion relation:
Er, Hr
r
Et, Ht
i
x
Ei, Hi
kx
k0 bc sin
ky
kz
k0 ab cos
~ i, H
~i
E
~r, H
~r
E
~ t, H
~t
E
te
Example
free space
0, 0
PML
Dispersion relation:
Er, Hr
r
Et, Ht
i
x
Ei, Hi
kx
k0 bc sin
ky
kz
k0 ab cos
~ i, H
~i
E
~r, H
~r
E
~ t, H
~t
E
te
bc sin t
TM and TE waves
TM
Hr
Hr
Et
z
Er
i
Hi
Ht
Er
Ht
r
Ei
TE
t
Hi
Et
i
Ei
TM and TE waves
TM
TE
Hr
Et
Hr
Er
Er
Ht
r
Ei
Ht
Hi
Hi
Et
i
Ei
TM
b
a
cos t cos i
q
=
cos i + ab cos t
TE
cos i
cos i +
q
q
b
a
cos t
b
a
cos t
Imposing
bc = 1
and
a=b
the interface will be perfectly reflectionless for any frequency, angle of incidence
and polarization.
We now write a = b = 1c = + i
~ t (~r, t) = Ee
~ k0 cos t z eik0 (sin t x+ cos t z) eit
E
penetration depth =
1
k0 cos t
Physical Interpretation
optical axis
uniaxial crystal
k-surface
interface
electric conductivity E = 0 S
magnetic conductivity M = 0 S
S= 0
0
0
0
2 +
2
z - component is negative Jz = 2 +
2 Ez
Next Step:
Electromagnetics with differential forms
xi
si (
xi )d
xi
with
si (
xi ) = ai (
xi ) + ii (
xi )/
Re-Interpretation:
mapping on complex coordinates change of metric
2
(s1 )
x
x
7 gij = gkl i
=
0
x xj
0
k
gij = ij
0
(s2 )2
0
0
(s3 )2
General Case
Consider the general orthogonal curvilinear case (u1 , u2 , u3 )
gij = 0
0
0
2 )2
(h
0
0
3 )2
(h
= i du
gij
~ = i ~
ui
hi
= i du
[i+2]
du
gij
~ =
i
~
ui
h[i+1] h[i+2]
with ~
ui the unit vector in ui direction and [i] i mod 3 for i 6= 3 and [3] = 3.
Maxwells equations
Maxwells Equations using differential forms (no sources!)
dE
iB
dH
dD
iD
dB
on 1-forms (=vectors)
on 2-forms (=axial
vectors)
:
:
curl
div
Constitutive Parameters
For differential forms, the constitutive parameters are given in terms of Hodge star
operators:
D
?e E
?h H
for the euclidean metric is given though ?dx = dydz, ?dy = dxdz and
?dz = dxdy.
H = Hi hi dui
D = ?e (Ei hi du )
B = ?h (Hi hi du )
Change of metric
Maxwells equations under a change on the metric
dE
dH
dD
dB
=
=
?e E
?h H
=
=
=
=
i B
i D
0
0
same as before.
modified operators
?e/h defined by new metric.
The PML in the diff. forms language is unique and unifies the various PML
formulations.
The different formulations can be derived by a simple choice on how to map
the forms to vector quantities.
i ~
E = Ei hi du E = Ei ~
ui
u = E
hi
Xh
kh
l
(gij )
m
m i
j ~
~
ij E
ui
D D = Di ~
u =
hk hl
j
Modified constitutive tensors are given through
~ m = P M L E
~m
D
with
(P M L )ij
[i+2]
[i+1] h
h
hj
ij
=
j
h[i+1] h[i+2]
h
Example
free space
free space:
PML
Inside PML:
h1
h2
h3
1
z 7 z =
ij = 0 ij
t
z
Rz
0
1
h
2
h
3
h
s(z)
s()d
[i+1] h
[i+2] hi
h
(P M L )ii =
0
i
h[i+1] h[i+2] h
Example
free space
free space:
PML
Inside PML:
h1
h2
h3
1
z 7 z =
ij = 0 ij
P M L
t
z
Rz
0
1
h
2
h
3
h
s(z)
s()d
[i+1] h
[i+2] hi
h
(P M L )ii =
0
i
h[i+1] h[i+2] h
s(z)
= 0 0
0
0
s(z)
0
0
0
1
s(z)
~
u =
ij E
ui
D D = Di ~
H
~
=
=
0
0
E
~
H
~
=
=
~
iH
~
iE
~ (,)
D
=
=
(,) i
Ei
~
u
(,) i
Di
1
h
i ~
ui
= i E
hi
~
u =
1
1 h
Xh
[i+1] [i+2]
j
ij Ej ~
u
h
h
[i+1] [i+2]
and a permittivity
(,)
ij
1
1 h
h
[i+1] [i+2]
h
j
=
ij
1
h[i+1] h
h
[i+2]
j
Summary
vectors
(isomorphisms)
[gij]
forms
E H D B
[gij]
non-Maxwellian,
complex space PML
Ec
Hc
Dc
Bc
Maxwellian PML
Em
PML: change
on the metric
~
[gij]
[gij]
~ ~ ~ ~
E H D B
[gij]
[gij]
Others PMLs
(unique)
Conclusion