CE 72.

52 Advanced Concrete

Lecture 1:

Introduction
August - 2014

Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Consulting

Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering, AIT

Structural Design
Concept

Structural Design Office: Activities

Conception

Client Dealing

Analysis

Coordination

Principle

Structural
Designer
Design

Office
Management
Detailing

Design
Management

Costing

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Overall Design Process

Conception
Modeling
Analysis
Design
Detailing
Drafting
Costing
Integrated Design
Process
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Architectural
Functional Plan

Final Design

Structural System

Detailing

Design and Detailing

Conceptual Design

Structural Design Process

Modeling and Analysis

Connection Design
Trial Sections
YES

Modeling

Analysis

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Revise Sections

NO

Acceptable

Member Design

Structural Engineering Spectrum

Activity
Structure
Code
Material
Model

Conception Analysis Design Detailing ...

Buildings Bridges Trusses Shells Towers ...
American British European Japanese ...
Concrete PSC Steel Timber ...
2D Frame/Truss 3D Frame/Truss Full 3D FEM ....

Analysis

Linear Static NL Static Linear Dynamic Large Disp. ....

Solution

Equation Solution Finite Elements Programming ...

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CAD in Structural Engineering

3%
8%

5%

3%

8%

14%

59%

Conception
Detailing

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Analysis
Integrated

Design
Expert Systems

Structural Forms
and
Material

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Reinforced Concrete Building Elements

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Reinforced Concrete Building Elements

Reference: James G. Macgregor

Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

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Structural Analysis
and
Design

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Structural Analysis vs Design

Structural Analysis

Structural Design

Fairly General, Unified

(FEM, BEM ...)

Structural Material
(RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ...
)
Design Code (ACI, BS
Codes, EuroCode, JIS ... )
Design Approach (working
stress, ultimate strength, limit
state ... )
Structural Members
(beams, columns, slabs, foot
ings ... )
Local Construction
Techniques and Practices
Output: Element/ Member
Crosssection, Reinforcement ... 12

Output: Element/ Member

Actions, Displacements ...

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The structural System

EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes

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STRUCTURE
RESPONSES

pv

Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants

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The need for Analysis

We need to determine the Response of the
Structure to Excitations
Analysis

so that:
We can ensure that the structure can
sustain the excitation with an acceptable
level of response
Design
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Analysis of Structure
xx yy zz
+
+
+ pvx = 0
x
y
z
Real Structure is governed by Partial
Differential Equations of various order

pv

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Direct Solution is only Possible for:

Simple Geometry
Simple Boundary
Simple Loading
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Need for Structural Model

EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes

STRUCTURE
RESPONSES

pv

Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants

STRUCTURAL
MODEL
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Structural Design
Structural idealization into load bearing frame
elements for analysis and design
Estimation of loads
Structural analysis
Design of sections and reinforcement for
beams, column, slabs and etc.
Production of arrangement and detail
drawings and bar schedules
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Design Philosophy and Process

Structural Design is the process of
proportioning the structure to safely resist the
applied forces in the most cost effective
and friendly manner
Load Effects
Requirements
Constraints

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar

Design

Member Sizes
Material Specs
Reinforcement
Details

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Proportioning for Safety

Prime Concern: Balance External Actions
with Internal Stress Resultants with
adequate margin for safety

Sd > = FOS * Fa
And Check for

Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack

Width
Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
Ductility and Other special considerations

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Proportioning for Safety

S>A
S
=A
FOS
Working Strength Design

A = Actions due to loads

S = Strength of member
FOS = Factor of safety

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S = A FOS
S
= A FOS L
FOSs

Load Factor Design

Ultimate Strength Design

Limit State Design
Partial FOS Design

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Various Methods of
Structural Designs

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Various Methods of Structural Design

Working Stress Design

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Working Stress Design (WSD)

Load Factor Design

Ultimate Strength Design

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

Strength Design (SD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Performance Based Design

Pushover Analysis
Capacity Based Design

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Loads and Stress Resultants

Loads

Obtained from
analysis

Actions

Depends on
Stiffness

Deformation
Depends on
Sections and Rebars

(Sections & Readers)

FOS

Stress
Resultants

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Stresses

Strains

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Applied Loads

Material Response

Building Analysis

Section Response

Member Actions

Member Response

Cross-Section Actions

Building Response

Material Stress/Strain

Load Capacity

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From Materials to Load Capacity

From Loads to Materials

The Response and Design

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From Serviceability to Performance

Strength
Design
Serviceability
Ability

Allowable
material
Control on
deformation
limits for design
loads

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Performance
Design

Material failure
criteria
Section capacity
for factored
loads

Ductility
considerations
Deformation
capacity
Load Capacity at
large
deformations
Extraordinary
load
considerations

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From Serviceability to Performance

Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
Serviceability design only ensures that deflections
and vibrations etc. for service loads are within limits
but says nothing about strength
Strength design ensures that a certain factor of
safety against overload is available within a
member or a cross-section but says nothing about
what happens if load exceeds design level
Performance design ensures that structure as a
whole reaches a specified demand level.
Performance design can include, both service and
strength design levels
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Design Philosophies
and Methods

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Limit State Design Concept

Types of Limit State

Description

Ultimate Limit states

Serviceability limit
states

Excessive deflections
Excessive crack width
Undesirable Vibration

Special limit states

Due to abnormal conditions and abnormal loading such as

Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes
Structural effects of fire, explosion
Corrosion or deterioration

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Loss of equilibrium
Rupture
Progressive Collapse
Formation of plastic mechanism
Instability
Fatigue

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Limit State Design Concept

Limit state design involves
Identification of all potential modes of failure
(i.e. identify significant limit states
Determination of acceptable levels of safety
against occurrence of each limit state
Consideration by the designer of significant
limit states

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Limit State Design Concept

Safety Factors

Material safety Factor

Member Factor
Load Factor
Structural Analysis Factor
Structure Factor

m
b
f
a
i

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Section Design Process

Characteristic value of
material basic strength

Ym

Design Strength

Yb

Design member
capacity
Verification
Yi

Characteristic value of
Load

Yf

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Design load

Ya

Design member
capacity

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Limit State Design Concept

Material/Stress Type

Reinforcement

1.15

Concrete in flexure or axial load

1.50

Concrete shear strength without shear

reinforcement

1.25

Concrete bond strength

1.40

Concrete other

>1.50

Values of m (BS 8110)

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Limit State Design Concept

Load Type

Load Combination

Dead Load

Imposed Load

Wind

Adverse

Beneficial

Dead and Imposed

1.4

1.6

Dead and wind

1.4

1.4

Dead , wind and imposed

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

Adverse Beneficial

Design Load = f x Characteristic Load

Values of m (BS 8110)

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What is Advanced
in this course?

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Advanced Concepts
Go before and beyond the Code
Integrated, Unified and Generalized approaches
Main Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Material Behavior (Stress-strain, creep, shrinkage etc.)

Section Behavior and Design (flexure, shear, torsion)
Member Behavior and Design (Slabs, Beams, Columns)
Deep and Special Members (Strut and Tie, Deep
beams, shear walls)
Joints and Connections
Material, Section and Member Ductility
Seismic Detailing
Pre-stressed Concrete

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