Member Member Member Member Behavior Behavior Behavior Behavior

CE 72.
52 Advanced Concrete
Lecture 4a:
Member
Behavior
((Beams and Columns))

August - 2014
Naveed Anwar
Executive Director, AIT Consulting

Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering, AIT
Loads:
x
Upper Column
MomentsMz ,My,Px attwo

ends
Geometry:
Px
Length,XSection
L th X S ti
AdjoiningMembers
My2
Mz2
Upper End
Column
Material:
Concretestrength
RebarStrength
g
Lower End
Connecting
Beams in Z-Axis
My1
Lower Column
Connecting
Beams in Y-Axis
a) Basic Model
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar
Px
Mz1
a) Column Loads
Solution
Loads
Material
Shape&Size
Reinforcement
a)IdealSituation
a) Ideal Situation
Loads
TrialMaterial
Trial
Material
TrialShape&Size
TrialReinforcement
Design
Repeat
b)PracticalSituation
b) Practical Situation
Acceptable
No
Yes
Loading
+P,P,Mx,My
+P P Mx My
Slenderness
Length(Short,Long,VeryLong)
g (
,
g,
y
g)
Bracing(Sway,NonSway,Braced,Unbraced)
Framing(Pin,Fixed,Free,Intermediate..)
Section
Geometry(Rectangular,Circular,Complex..)
Materials(Steel,Concrete,Composite)
Materials (Steel Concrete Composite )
EstimateCrosssection
basedonThumbRules
ComputeMu
Compute
DesignMoment
Design Moment
Check
Slenderness
Ratio
NotSlender
Slender
NotOK
Compute
SectionCapacityMn
Mn>Mu
Design
Completed
Determinethe
Determine
the
LayoutofRebars
Y
Compute
TransverseBars
ReeviseSectio
on/Material
GivenP,Mux,Muy
,fc,fy,L
Assumesectiondimensions
ComputeDesignActions
C
t D i A ti
Elasticanalysisresultsandmagnificationofmomentsdueto
slenderness,minimumeccentricitiesetc
Directdeterminationofdesignactionsusing
PDeltaorfullnonlinearanalysis
CheckCapacityforDesignActions
Check Capacity for Design Actions
Assumefailurecriteria
Assumemateriallayoutandmaterialmodels
Computecapacityandcheckagainstactions
My
Mx
Thecurveisgeneratedby
varyingtheneutralaxis
depth
Nnx fc ( )da fsi Asi

i 1
A
Nb
Mny fc ( )da.dz fsi Asidzi

i 1
z A
Nb
Unsafe
Safe
f
10
Howdowecheckcapacitywhentherearethreesimultaneous
actions and three interaction stress resultants
actionsandthreeinteractionstressresultants
Given:Pu,Mux,Muy
Available:PnMnxMnySurface
WecanusetheconceptofCapacityRatio,butwhichratio
Pu/PnorMux/MnsorMuy/Mnyor
ThreemethodsforcomputingCapacityRatio
SumofMomentRatiosatPu
MomentVectorRatioatPu
Moment Vector Ratio at Pu
PMvectorRatio
MxMy curveisplottedatappliedaxialload,Pu
SumoftheRatiosofMomentiseachdirectiongivesthe
S
f th R ti
fM
ti
h di ti
i
th
CapacityRatio
MxMy curveisplottedatappliedaxialload
RatioofM
R ti f Muxy vectortoM
t t Mnxy vectorgivestheCapacityRatio
t
i
th C
it R ti
PM Curveisplottedinthedirectionoftheresultantmoment
RatioofP
R ti f PuMuxy vectortoP
t t PnMuxy vectorgivestheCapacityRatio
t
i
th C
it R ti
Themembercapacityisbasedonthecapacityofcrosssection
at various locations along the member length
atvariouslocationsalongthememberlength
Themembercapacityisalmostalwayslessthancrosssection
capacityatcriticallocation
p y
Thereductioninmembercapacityisduetothestability
considerations,PDeltaeffectsandnonlinearityinmember
behavior,effectofboundaryconditionsandinteractionwith
otherloadconfigurationetc.
Moment
Amplification
e
P
Capacity
Reduction
I
e
II
C
D=f(Mc)
I.Mc =P.e
ShortColumn
II:Mc =P(e+D)
LongColumn
ColumnCapacity(PM)
OverallObjective
Toestimatemagnificationoftheelasticactionsduetogeometricand
o est ate ag cat o o t e e ast c act o s due to geo et c a d
materialin elasticityornon linearity.
P
RealSituation
GeometricEffectAlone
G
i Eff Al
MaterialEffectAlone
M M0 +PD
M=M
PD
o basedonE0Ig
CrackingIg Ief
basedon(EI)modified (NonlinearEc)
CorrectApproach
N
Nonlinearanalysisthatincludeseffectofgeometricandmaterialnon
li
l i th t i l d
ff t f
ti
d t i l
linearityofentirestructure
ApproximateApproach
MomentmagnificationfactorM= Mo
Themomentduetoaxialload
multipliedbydeflectionat
eachpointalongthelength
Thedeflectionisanintegration
of total moment diagram
oftotalmomentdiagram,
dividedbystiffnessateach
pointalongthelength
M Lt M L 0 P L
L
EI
dx
M x dx
Ex I x
EffectiveLength
Lengthusedformomentintegration
Length used for moment integration
EndFramingandBoundaryConditions
LateralBracingConditions
EffectiveStiffness
CrosssectionsDimensionsandProportions
ReinforcementamountandDistribution
ModulusofElasticityofConcreteandSteel
CreepandSustainedLoads
p
Loads
AxialLoad
EndMomentsandMomentsalongtheLength
WhatisSlenderness?
WhentheBucklingLoadcontrolsUltimateCapacity
When the Buckling Load controls Ultimate Capacity
orSecondaryMomentsbecomeSignificant
P
ACIDefinitionofSlenderness
BracedFrames
Kl/r>3212(M1b/M2b)
Unbraced Frames
Kl/r>22
Kl/r > 22
Mc = Mc + P.c
TheMomentandStress
AmplificationFactorsare
derivedonthebasisofpin
endedcolumnswithsingle
moment curvature
momentcurvature.
(Cm=1.0)
ForotherMoment
For other Moment
Distribution,thecorrection
factorCmneedstobe
computedtomodifythe
stressamplification.
C
Cm=0.4to1.0
04 t 10
M1
C m 0 .6 0 .4
0 .4
M2
M
M1/M2
P iti
Positive
M1/M2
Negative
M1isthesmallerEnd
Moment
M2isthelargerEndMoment
M1
M2
M2
M1=M
M
M2 =M
M1
M1 =0
0
M2 =M
M1
1
M2
M1
0
M2
Cm = 1 0
Cm=1.0
Cm = 0 6
Cm=0.6
M2
M1
M1 =M
M
M2 =M
M1
1
M2
Cm = 0 4
Cm=0.4
M1
M2
M1 =0
0
M1
0
M2
Cm = 0 6
Cm=0.6
EI
Ab
0.2EC I g Es I se
or
1 d
0.4EC I g
yb
1 d
Attempttoinclude,
Cracking,VariableE,Creepeffect
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
Geometricandmaterialnonlinearity
Ig =GrossMomentofInertia
Ise =MomentofInertiaofrebars
M
fI
i f b
d =Effectofcreepforsustainedloads.
=Pud/Pu
bh
12
I se Ab . y b2
ToaccountforAxialFlexuralBuckling
Indicatesthetotalbentlengthofcolumnbetween
I di t th t t l b t l th f l
b t
inflectionpoints
Canvaryfrom0.5toInfinity
Can vary from 0 5 to Infinity
Mostcommonrange0.75to2.0
0.5
1.0
0.5 - 1.0
2.0
1.0 -
Unbraced
Frames
Braced
Frames
(
(smallerof)
ll
f)
20 G m
K
1 Gm
20
K 0 .9 (1 G m )
for G m 2
for G m 2
K 0 .7 0 .05 (GT G B ) 1 .0
K 0 .85 0 .05 G m 1 .0
( EI / LC )
Columns
( EI / L)
Beams
K G
G Increase, K Increases
MembersPartofFramedStructure
GT Top End
GB Bottom End
Gm Minimum of GT and GB
( EI / lC )
( EI / l )
Columns
Beams
Increase, K Increases
B1
Howabout
How about I
I Gross?Cracked?Effective?
Gross? Cracked? Effective?
ACIRulesBeamsI=0.35Ig,ColumnI=0.7Ig
E ( I C 1 I C 2)
Example T
E ( I B1 I B 2 )
Eforcolumnandbeamsmaybedifferent
E for column and beams may be different
C2
B2
C1
B3
B4
C3
Lc
Swayisdependentuponthestructuralconfiguration
as well as type of loading
aswellastypeofloading
Non Sway
NonSway
Sway
ForNonswayFrames(Veryrigidorbraced)
ForSwayFrames(Openframes,notbraced,
dependsonloadsalso)
May be Sway
MaybeSway
s
ns
s
ns
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
Appreciablerelativemomentoftwoendsofcolumn
DT
Sway 0
T B
SwayLimits
a ) EI Bracing
DB
walls
6 EI Columns
PU 0
b)
0 . 05
VU l C
c)
lc
lc
Mm
1 . 05
M
Frameconsidered
Frame
considered
asNonSway
BracedColumn(NonSway)
Unbraced Column(Sway)
Mostbuildingcolumnsmay
beconsideredNonSway
forgravityloads
Morethan40%ofcolumns
i b ildi
inbuildingsareNonSway
N S
for lateralloads
MomentMagnificationfor
Moment Magnification for
Swaycaseismore
significant,more
complicatedandmore
important
TheMomentMagnifierMethod
AnApproximateMethodtoaccountforSlendernessEffects
An
Approximate Method to account for Slenderness Effects
MaybeusedinsteadofPDAnalysis
NottobeusedwhenKl/r>100
SeparateMagnificationforSwayandNonSwayLoadCases
SeparateMagnificationFactorsformomentabouteachaxis
Moment magnification generally 1 2 to 2 5 times
Momentmagnificationgenerally1.2to2.5times
Mostlysuitableforbuildingcolumns
LargerNon SwayMoment
Final
Design
Moment
L
LargerSwayMoment
S
M
t
ns
ns
Magnificationof
Magnification
of
momentthatdonot
causesway
M s
Magnificationof
Magnification
of
momentthat
causesway
M m M ns ns M s s
MagnificationFactorforMoments
that do not cause sway
thatdonotcausesway
BasicEquation
Cm
ns
Pu
1
0.75 PC
Moment curvature
Coefficient
Equation 10-12
ACI 318-11
Applied column load
Critical buckling load
PC
((EI
EI )
2
( KlU )
Flexural Stiffness
Effective Length Factor

Calculationofns(NonSway)
Equation 10-13
ACI 318-11
M m M ns ns M s s
MagnificationFactorforMoments
thatcausesway
BasicEquation
Equation 10-20
ACI 318-11
SwayQuotient
Pu 0
1
a) s
1.0 where Q
1 Q
Vu lc
If
Equation 10-10
ACI 318-11
s 1.5 then
h
1
b) s
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
Equation 10-21
ACI 318-11
318 11
SumofCriticalBucklingLoadof
allcolumnsinfloor
Determinationofds (Sway)
Sumofcolumnloadsinonefloor
Pu 0
Q
Vu lc
Relativedisplacement
DeterminedfromFrameAnalysis
Storeyheight
Storey shear(sumof
shearinallcolumns)
PC
2 ( EI )
FlexuralStiffness
( KlU ) 2
Effective Length Factor
EffectiveLengthFactor
SwayQuotientQandPc
LargerNon SwayMoment
Larger Sway Moment
LargerSwayMoment
FinalDesignMoment
Equation 10-12
ACI 318-11
Equation 10-16
ACI
C 318-11
C m 0 .6 0 .4
M1
0 .4
M2
ns
ns
ns
M s
Cm
Pu
1
0 . 75 PC
a) s
( EI )
b) s
PC
( Kl U ) 2
1
1 .0
Pu 0
1
Vu lc
If s 1.5 then
th
1
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
AccordingtoACI31811Code:
For
ForBracedFrames(Nonsway)
Braced Frames (Non sway)
Kl/r>3412(M1b/M2b)
ForUnbracedFrames(Sway)
Kl/r>22
OrWhenSecondaryMomentsbecomeSignificant
Th
Theseprovisionsdonotconsiderotherfactors,suchasP,
ii
d
t
id
th f t
h P
lateraldeflection,lateralloads,sectionmaterialorproperties
ComputationofSlendernessEffectsfor3columnsectionsfor
different axial load and lengths
differentaxialloadandlengths
A=30x30cm
B=40x40cm
C=80x80cm
Braced(NonSway)framesassumingshearwallspreventlarge
l t l di l
lateraldisplacements
t
Load
Range
Length
ColumnCrossSection=30cmx30cmreinforcedwith6d20
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section = 30cmx50cm
BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
Cross section 30cmx50cm
ColumnAbove
Length=3m
C
ti
40
40
FixedatBase
Thecolumnispartofanonswaystructure
kl/r=14.5
kl/r=28.9
kl/r=47.7
A30 Variationinkl/r
kl/r=38.1
kl/r=57.3
Mo
oment Magn
nification Fac
ctor
Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various

kl/r ratios
3
kl/r=28.9
2.5
kl/r=38.1
kl/r=47.7
1.5
kl/r=57.3
kl/r=14.5
0.5
0
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Normalize d Axia l Loa d Pu/Pno
30 cm
A30 MomentMagnification
30 cm
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
ColumnAbove
Length=3m
C
ti
40
40
FixedatBase
kl/r=11
kl/r=22
kl/r=36.2
B40 Variationinkl/r
kl/r=29
kl/r=43.4
Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for

Various kl/r ratios
Moment Ma
agnification
n
Fac
ctor
1.6
15
1.5
1.4
kl/r=11
1.3
kl/r=22
1.2
kl/r=29
kl/r
29
1.1
kl/r=36.2
kl/r=43.4
0.9
0.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu
40 cm
B40 MomentMagnification
40 cm
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
ColumnAbove
Length=3m
C
ti
40
40
FixedatBase
kl/r 5 5
kl/r=5.5
kl/r 11 2
kl/r=11.2
kl/r=18.6
C80 Variationinkl/r
kl/r 14 9
kl/r=14.9
kl/r=22.4
Mo
oment Magnification
or
Facto
Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various

kl/r ratios
1.09
1
09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.20
kl/r=5.5
kl/r=11.2
kl/r=14.9
kl/r=18.6
kl/r=22.4
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

80 cm
C80 MomentMagnification
80 cm
SpecialConsiderations
Limited
Limitedsizeandshapeduetoarchitecturalandspaceconstraints
size and shape due to architectural and space constraints
Generallyveryhighaxialload,speciallyinlowerfloorsofhighrise
buildings
Considerationofdifferentialaxialshortening
Considerationofslendernesseffects,speciallyinsway(unbraced)
frames
Presenceofbiaxialmomentsinthecornercolumnsduetogravityloads
andallcolumnsduetodiagonalwindorseismicloaddirection
Useofhighstrengthconcreteandrelatedspecialconsiderations
Use of high strength concrete and related special considerations
Requireshighductilityinseismiczones
Step1.Carryoutframeanalysisseparatelyforallmajorload
cases
Deadloads
Liveloads
Windloads
Seismicloads
Step2.SelectaCriticalfloor
St 2 S l t C iti l fl
(maximumheight,maximumloads,maximumdeflectionetc.)
Step3.CalculateFactoredLoadforvariousload
combinations
1)1.4D+1.7L
2) 1 05D +1 3L +1 3W
2)1.05D+1.3L+1.3W
3)0.9D+1.3W
Step4.Foreachloadcombination,Checkswayconditions
PU 0
Q
VU l C
Equation 10-10
ACI 318
318-11
11
PU PU 1 PU 2 PU 3......
0 T B
VU VU 1 VU 2 VU 3 .......
lC Clear storey height average
If Q 0 . 05 : Non sway case

Q 0 . 05 : Sway Case
DT
PU1
PU2
PU3
PU4
lC
VU1
VU1
VU1
VU1
DB
Step5.DetermineMagnifiedMomentforeachloadcombination
IfcombinationisnonswaythenM
If combination is non sway then Mm =Md
=M dns
Ifcombinationis
If combination is Sway
Sway thenM
then Mm =M
Mns +M
+ Ms ds
s
usually1.05D+1.3L+1.3W
Nonswaypartof
combination1.05D+1.3L
Swaypartof
yp
combination1.3W
59
TheprogramcanincludethePDeltaeffectsinalmostallNon
linear analysis types
linearanalysistypes
SpecificPDeltaanalysiscanalsobecarriedout
The PDelta
Deltaanalysisbasicallyconsidersthegeometric
analysis basically considers the geometric
TheP
nonlineareffectsdirectly
Thematerialnonlineareffectscanbehandledbymodification
ofcrosssectionproperties
TheBucklingAnalysisisnotthesameasPDeltaAnalysis
NomagnificationofmomentsisneededifPDeltaAnalysishas
beencarriedout

Member Member Member Member Behavior Behavior Behavior Behavior

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CE 72.

((Beams and Columns))

Executive Director, AIT Consulting

MomentsMz ,My,Px attwo

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Nnx fc ( )da fsi Asi

Mny fc ( )da.dz fsi Asidzi

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Applied column load

Critical buckling load

Effective Length Factor

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various

Normalize d Axia l Loa d Pu/Pno

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

lC Clear storey height average

If Q 0 . 05 : Non sway case

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

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