PUBLIC SPEAKING

INTRODUCTION AND CHAPTER 1

We have troubles to talk in public and

we are shamed and nervous due to the
fact that with the new technologies we
have less conversations in front of the
people.

It isnt only stay

there and speak,
it implies more
skills
and
knowledge.

Its said that:

Real communication involves more listening than speaking &
Its also interpersonal and rhetorical communication

Its more than writing a speech:

One needs to be able o shape and deliver messages and to
relate to a variety of audiences. Speak to both groups, those
who are common citizens and simultaniously, those who
are highly educated experts on some field.

CHAPTER 2

To win we must always have the control and

convincing requires well-organized ideas and a clear
and concise method of presentation.

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Comuunication can be many things to all people.
Public speaking is also a form of interpersonal communication. Although we may
be speaking to a group of people, we are still interacting and communicating with
one person at a time.
Its one-on-one interaction.
Its a good idea to make listener feel like he/she was the only person listening. Is
put on an interpersonal level. Its a trick of dyadic level.
Basic Interpersonal Communication Model

o Communication can be both, intimate or impersonal.

You can use inclusive lenguage, to build a rapport with the audience.
The channel is both, verbal and unverbal communication (body
communication is not body language sush as sounds transmitted via
vocal articulation in standard ways and in standard meanings).
You obtain also verbal and nonverbal feedback but it is delayed
feedback.
There are barriers to effective communication. What interfears is noise (dont
share meaning), physical interfearence and emotional interfearence.
A lot of a messages effectiveness will be due to how well the speaker can
overcome the barriers.
Communication serves three vital functions:

o Survey the enviroment to discover dangers and also, opportunities.

o To correlate responses to those challenges and dangers.
o Entertain.
The Speaking Situation and Context
The physical dimension, where the communication takes place is important too.
The rethorical situation normally has five constituents: the exigence, the audience,
the constraints, the speaker and the speech.
Ethical Considerations in Public Speaking
Ethic involves moral principles or rules of conduct What is right, what is wrong.

Its important the situation and context and ethical considerations too. You must
be prepared and tell the truth.

CHAPTER 3
THE FEAR FACTOR DEALING WITH COMMUNICATION ANXIETY
The real difference between success and failure is confidence. By reeducating your
mind, you can accept fear as a simple fact of life rather than a barrier to success.
Is also know as stage fright. You need to realize that they had no more to offer than
did you.
Anxiety is normal and surprisingly can make you be alert and fresh and motivation
can help us overcome anxiety by the desire of communicate.
The clue is to control your thoughts . Be sure you set achievable goals and
objectives. Effective public speakers are made, not born. Besides, imperfection
equals audience identification.
Your arent important, the message is the important thing, receivers pay attentin to
what you have to say. They are for you, not against you.
Suggestions to overcoming the anxiety:
o Focus your attention on a person in the audience who seems the
most interested.
o Develop a pre-speech routine (visualize every aspect of it)
o Employs positive visualization. Be prepared, practice and rehearse
your behavior.
o Be prepared, practice, and rehearse your behavior.

CHAPTER 4
PURPOSE, TOPIC AND AUDIENCE
Its important to integrate purpose, topic and udience. Its important what is it said
and how it is said.
Purpose is your goal for your speech.
Public speaking is about purpose and strategy and some of them are to inform, to
persuade and to entertain.

To entertain means to gain a pleasant response from the audience by piquing their
curiosity, by amusing them, by keeping them in suspense.
The objective of the specific purpose is to state what the speaker expects the
listener to take from the speech. The speaker should confine the specific purpose
to a single idea (the sentence should be simple).
The topic must be something that gains the curiosity of those who are going to
hear you. You can broad a list of common interests. Be careful, is needed to narrow
your topic.
The Central Idea or Proposition
After selecting a purpose, a specific purpose and topic...
The central idea or proposition (thesis) is a way of previewing he main points of
speech. A good speaker will focus on the overall objective of the presentation and
sum it up in one central idea to be introduced in the introduction.
There are three types of central ideas:
o A fact, something that exists or has occurred. A speaker would offer
an objective view of the topic.
o A value, a judgement or subjective evaluatio. You are not under
obligation whatsoever to explain why.
o Policy, a plan or specific course of action. Would include the word
should.
A good title can get the attention of the audience before the speech starts.
The audience likes to share common aspects with the speaker. The kind of
audience can be determinated through the use of demographics( and
psychographics(opinions, beliefs, interests).
From the time the speaker begins preparing the speech, he/she needs to keep in
mind what kind of reaction or response they will seek from the audience.
The speaker needs to share his/her interest in the topic and respect the time
limits. To conclude speakers must always be aware of the audience and should
always monitor the feedback from them.
CHAPTER 5
BEGINNING AND ENDING SPEECHES
Explain what your are going to tell them. Then you tell them. Finally, tell them
what youve already told them.
All effective speeches have three parts:
o Introduction, from 10 to 15 percent of the time.
o Body, which is about 75 to 85 percent of the speech.
o Conclusion is from 5 to 10 percent of the total time.

The recommendation is to work first on the body, but in that chapter we are told
about that two parts.
Introductions
First of all, the identification with the audience (build a rapport and gain their
attention). There are a lot of creative ways to start the speech.
Openings
Quotations The quote must share common ground with the speakers
topic. There are a wide variety of sources of quotations, from literature to
poetry to song lyrics and beyond.
Rethorical questions When the audience is not expected to give an answer
out loud.
Statics They need to be explained or interpreted for the listener.
Shocking or dramatic statements That can be combined with other devices.
If the speech is persuasive, can be the speaker taking a position.
Physical activitis and/or appearance Visual aids can be used if they are
topic-driven.
Other way to do it may be making references to familiar concepts. Like
making reference to another speaker. Sometimes the location helps too.
Make the connection
Answer the audiences questions before they can ask.
Why is this topic significant or important? Why is it relevant to this audience?
Then, the speakers credibility comes into play.
So it can be useful to talk about ones self at the beginning. If they dont knou you it
is more meaningful. Depending on the formality of the occasion be introduced by
another person would help.
Specific purpose statement is a solitary infinitive phrase.
Central idea helps us to put the topic into context for the audience

Conclusions
Its critical to give the speech closure with both the words and delivery to
dramatize the speechs finality. The speaker need to make clear that the speech is
ended.
Let people know that youre about to finish using words such as In conclusion,
Before I finish, Id like to say...
Can be used humor, storytelling, quotations, rethorical questions, statics and
others to gain attention again.
A speaker might also use a personal reference or share his/her emotions with the
audience.
Closely tied to shocking or dramatic statements or incorporate statistics to add
impact.
You are basically summarizing what you have just told the audience.
Denouement is the final resolutio of the plot that ties the entire speech (or story)
together in a clear and ordered manner.
A good speaker leaves and audience waiting more and you should always get your
audience to do something before you finish.
Between the three parts are needed transitions or links and be natural on
gesturing.

CHAPTER 6
ORGANIZING THE BODY OF THE SPEECHES
There can be as few as two main points, but it is advisable not to have more than
five. Organization is of utmost importance. Respect the time limits.
Indeed, it is far easier to drone on and on than it is to compact the information in a
brief and meaningful presentation.
Structure is much easier to uderstand if you compare to with something which is
more familiar to the student. Speech should be like writing and essay but both are
two different things, because a speech is a voyage with a purpose.
Speeches are reorganized many times before presentation and their topics had
been researched by the speakers. So, they take notes and then formulate an
outline. Then, the speakers practices the speech alone or with friends/family.
Speechmaking is a process that begins with a simple though or idea and then
grows and develops.

We will use several transitions to move to one point to another. There are several
patterns too to organize and outline ideas into a coherent and interesting speech.
The Chronological Pattern Follow a timeline.
The Spatial Pattern directional pattern or physical placement, the main points
move from the top to de bottom, from left to right....
Te Process Pattern a.k.a the example pattern, speaker does a demonstration or
how-to speech.
The Topical Pattern Results when you divide the speech into subtopics. May also
include:
Cause- effect, the problem solution, general specific, question answer
and compare contrast.
The Elimination Pattern The speaker mentions different solutions to a problem
and then proceeds to eliminate the various alternatives until that has just one left.
The Journalistic Pattern - a.k.a 5Ws and the H.
Deductive Order
Inductive Order
The Motivational Pattern Follows the psychological steps og gaining attention:
Attention, needs, satisfaction, visualization, action.
Outline
Is the skeleton of the presentation. Whn it is set before the speaker it helps the
audience to understand better later.
You can use note cards to remember what you want to say. Use your own words.

CHAPTER 7
GHATERING AND IMPLEMENTING SUPPORTING MATERIALS
To be an effective communicator in the real world, one needs to develop skills for
acquiring and using information. You could gather information in a library, and
have to be careful with information find into the internet.
Categories of supporting materials: illustration and narration, association,
explanation, statistics, expert power, quotation definition, description, personal
experience, reinforcement and visual aids.
Its important to understand that supporting material are used to back up or prove
what speaker is asserting.
CHAPTER 8
EFFECTIVE DELIVERY STYLE: VOICE AND APPEARANCE
A speech is sound and performance. There are 4 methods or modes of delivery:
impromptu, read from prepared manuscript, memorized and extemporaneous.
There are some relatively simple things than can help in developing or improving
ones personal vocal style, such as physical and nonverbal communication.
Ones posture, movements, dress and involuntary gestures can offer insights into
your personality.
Effective speakers will change their voice to emphasize the message. Speak up and
understood. The speaking voice conveys your precise thoughts and feelings.
Develops your personal style, be natural and be yourself. Ones personal style is
the sum of several factors such as pitch, volume/loudness, pace/rate and
pronunciation/emphasis.
CHAPTER 9
INFORMATIVE SPEECHES. THE FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Description Speeches can be considered the base form of informative speaking as
demonstration, definition and exposition speeches all describe something.
Demonstration Speeches shows how to do something.
Definition Speeches literal or abstract in nature is a concise explanation or
clarification of the meaning of words phrases or symbols.
Exposition Speeches makes thing clear or understandable, are used for analysis or
to dissect a problem, a set of circumstances a notion, an idea, or an occurrence

CHAPTER 10
PERSUASIVE SPEECHES: ENGINEERING CONSENT
Two basic reasons to understand persuasion:
1. We need how to persuade effectively to meet our own objectives.
2. We need to understand persuasion so that we can understand the persuasive
tactics that others use on us.
Persuasion:

Might be considered painfully presumptuous anyone knows that the real

meaning of a word is unique to a given individual at a given time in a given
set of circumstances.
Might be the act or process or an instance of persuading, a persuading
argument and the ability to persuade.
To move action to plead with.

Persuasion and argumentation are both positive concepts but many people tend to
view them negatively, the distinction between both can be hard to sustain.
Arguments are found where there is some controversy to resolve that
disagreement, when they put forward arguments, they offer reasons to try to
persuade others of their beliefs.
Persuasive and expository speaking to influence attitudes, beliefs, actions, that are
consistent with the speakers specific purpose.
Speech to convince the speaker hopes to change the audiences opinion about
something and/or to get them to commit to a certain point of view or perspective.
Speech to actuate tries to get the audience past the belief stage and attempts to get
the listener to do something, such as vote...
Speech to reinforce, inspire, motive...
Classical rhetoric and persuasive speaking construction of persuasive speeches in
five steps:
1. Invention
2. Arrangement (organization)
3. Expression or style (use of proper and impressing)
4. Memory (utilization of devices such as note cards to help us)
5. Action
6.
Propositions of fact when the speaker states the proposition, it should be
understood that some facts are easily verified on proved and others are not.
Propositions of value are concerned with principles, standards qualities or
concepts that are deemed by the speaker to be worthwhile or desirable.

Propositions of policy can take either an affirmative or negative position.

CHAPTER 11
OCCASIONAL SPEECHES: SINCERITY, ORIGINALITY AND BREVITY
We are asked to speak on occasions that do not call for purely informative or
persuasive speeches.
1. Unique considerations for occasional speeches: sincere, original and brief

Atmosphere: take place in situations in which the audience really isnt in

the mood to listen or take speaker seriously.

Content: the content of the speech should be appropriate, fair and accurate.

Organization: should be easily understood by the audience.

Length: the bottom line is that it is probably better to err on the side of
brevity when making an occasional speech.

Presentation style: speaker should always be aware of the occasion and

location of the speech.

2.

Types:

For sociality and courtesy: introducing someone, making an announcement

or announcements, presenting a gift or award or accepting a gift or award,
welcoming or responding to a welcome, making or responding to a
welcome

For commemoration: to eulogize, to bid farewell, to dedicate something...

For counselling: inaugural addresses, nominations, commencement

addresses, sermons