Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Drake, Francis, Sir. Letter. 29 July 1588. MS. The National Archives. This letter written by Sir
Francis Drake shows his adventures in the Spanish Armada. This letter was written after
the decisive battle of Gravelines. At the battle the English navy and the Spanish armada
both had the same number of ships, but the England navy's ships had better quality and
were better armed. This letter will help our website because it is a primary source and it
is a letter directly written by Sir francis Drake stating his leadership and the events that
occurred in the battle.
Hawkins, John. Letter to Francis Walsingham. July 1588. MS. National Archives. SP 12/213.
This letter was written by John Hawkins to Francis Walsingham. It explains the events
that occurred during the Spanish Armada and how Sir Francis Drake was able to lead the
navy. This letter is important in our website because we have a full first person view of
the battle and the legacy that it left.
Howard, Lord. Letter. N.d. MS. The National Archives. SP 12/212. This letter was written by
Lord Howard of Effingham, one of the admirals of the English fleet during the Spanish
Armada battle, it describes the news of the Spanish Armada being spotted. Also, it
describes how the Armada is very strong and powerful. This source will be used in the
website to provide information bout how the battle started.
Letter. N.d. MS. The National Archives. SP 63/137. This letter, written by a Spanish Captain,
explains the Armada's side of the story. This letter lets us know what Spain was thinking
while the battle was occurring. This source will be used in the website to let reader know
the Armada's account of events.

Letter to English Government. N.d. MS. The National Archives. Sp94/3. This letter describes the
progress of the Spanish Armada, in which the turning battle has not yet occurred. The
ships were filled with soldiers, the fleet contained 125-130 ships, and the departure dates
of the different ships that left. This allowed the English Government, in accordance with
Drake and Effingham, to devise a plan to meet them at Gravelines. This letter will help in
the tab, Turning the War.

Secondary Sources
A&E Television Networks. "Spanish Armada Defeated." History.com. Ed. A&E Television
Networks. A&E Television Networks, 1 Jan. 1995. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spanish-armada-defeated>. This article tells
about the Spanish Armada's defeat by the English Navy. The captains of the English
Navy were Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake. When the Spanish Armada had
parked at Calais, the English Navy sailed 8 ships that were on fire into the Spanish
Armada. This set many of their ships on fire. The ships sailed away disorganized, and
were ambushed by the English and defeated. This article tells about the Spanish Armada
and its defeat at the hands of the English and Sir Francis Drake. Francis Drake
contributed a lot to the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the exploration of the New
World.
Adams, Robert. "The Spanish Armada, 1588." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American
History. Ed. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Gilder Lehrman Institute of
American History, 2009. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-byera/imperial-rivalries/resources/spanish-armada-1588>. This article is about the Spanish

Armada and what happened to it. The armada was sent to England om May 30, 1588, to
England. They entered the English Channel on July 30th. Meanwhile, the English
prepared a counterforce of 197 ships to combat the armada. The battle that destroyed the
Spanish Armada and sent the survivors away was called the Battle of Gravelines. The
English fleet was led by Sir Francis Drake. This source will be usefull because it tells
why the spanish made the armada and how it was defeated.
Alamy, John Baran. "Moment of Triumph: Battle of Trafalgar, 1805." The Telegraph. Telegraph
Media Group, 31 July 2013. Web. 8 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10208730/Empire-of-the-Deep-Ben-Wilsonreview.html>. This picture shows the Royal Navy far after the Battle of the Spanish
armada. This explains how the Navy was able to flourish and win many battles after the
battle against the Spanish Armada, seeing as they have just triumphed in the battle of
Trafalgar.
Alchin, Linda K. "Elizabethan Navy." Elizabethen Era. Ed. Linda K. Alchin. Siteseen Ltd, 16
May 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethannavy.htm>. This website helps create the legacy that the Spanish Armada left on the
Royal Navy.The Royal Navy was able to expand its reaches into the different parts of the
world such as India, Africa, etc. The web site also include an in depth detail of the Royal
Navy including the number of ships in the navy, they commanders of the navy, and the
types of ships that the Royal Navy used. with the help of Francis Drake, The royal Navy
was able to devise cunning plan to help defeat the Spanish Armada.
BBC, ed. BBC History. BBC, 11 May 1994. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml>. This source is a

secondary source. It is about the life of Sir Francis Drake and his career as a privateer.
This article tells where he was born and when he was born. He was born in Tavistock,
Devon around 1540. He had left for the seas at a young age. When he was around 27, he
went on a voyage to bring African slaves to work in the new world. This source was
helpful because it tells Francis Drake's life story, how he became a privateer, his many
pillages of Spanish ships and cities, and his victory in saving England from the Spanish
Armada.
British Battles. Chalfont Web Design, 2002. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.britishbattles.com/spanish-war/spanish-armada.htm>. This is a very useful
source. It lists lots of things relating to the Spanish Armada. It has lots of pictures of
generals and kings and authorities high up there. Examples include Luis the Terrier,
Captain Alonso de Leiva, Sir Francis Drake, Queen Elizabeth I, King Philip II from
Scotland, Lord Howard from Effingham, The Duke Medina Sidonia, The Marquis de
Santa Cruz, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, and Mary Queen of Scots.
The British Library Board. "Background to the Armada." British Library. Ed. The British
Library Board. The British Library Board, June 1998. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/uk/armada/back/backd.html>. This source tells
about the history of the Spanish Armada and its defeat by Sir Francis Drake and the
English Navy. The armada was built by the Spanish to invade England. In 1585, Phillip II
had the armada built to invade them. The armada was led by the Duke of Parma. They
were ultimately defeated by the English off the shore of Calais. This marked the rise of
the English Navy.

Claire. "The Hell-burners." The Elizabeth Files. Elizabeth Files, 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.elizabethfiles.com/the-spanish-armada-3-the-hell-burners/3991/>. This
Image shows the Spanish Armada in their U Shaped formation. This image will be used
to help readers understand how the Spanish Armada fought battles and how Sir Francis
Drake was able to defeat them.
"The Defeat of the Spanish Armada." Dinge and Goete. Blogger, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
<http://dingeengoete.blogspot.com/2013/07/this-day-in-history-jul-29-1588spanish.html>. This photo shows the pursuit of the Spanish Armada by the English Fleet.
After the Battle of Gravelines, the Spanish Armada were heavily wounded , and needed
great attention to be able to survive. On the way back to Spain they were hammered by
the English, and then they were heavily killed by diseases. This picture will help in our
website to show an image of Spain falling back.
elizabethi. Elizabethi.org, n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.elizabethi.org/contents/armada/>. This website describes how the king
Philip II of Spain ordered the Spanish Armada, and how the war started. This website
will be used for background, it provides useful information on how the war began and on
Sir Francis Drake.
"Elizabeth I." Elizabeth I of England. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England>. This Image shows Queen
Elizabeth the first in her ore younger days. This image will will be use to understand
what Queen Elizabeth looked like.
Global Travel Club. "Sir Francis Drake." Global Travel Club. Global Travel Club, 1998. Web.
30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.global-travel.co.uk/drake.htm>. This article tell about the

many voyages of Sir Francis Drake around the New World. While circumnavigating the
globe, Francis Drake raided and destroyed many Spanish ships. He had also been one of
the commanders of the English in the battle against the Spanish Armada. He had come up
with the strategy that had destroyed the Armada. Without Francis Drake, the Spanish
Armada may have won in a war against England.
Halsall, Paul, ed. Fordham Univesity. N.p., 1998. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1580Pretty-drake.asp>. This source is very
invaluable to our website. This source describes the circumnavigation of Sir Francis
Drake. It is a primary source, which is not a secondary source. It was written by Francis
Pretty, one of Drake's Gentlemen at Arms.
Harry. Sir Francis Drake: The Queen's Pirate. N.p.: Yale Nota Bene Book, 1998. Print. This
book explains the entire life of Sir Francis Drake and describes its family, the different
voyages that he had went on, and how he vice lead the Spanish Armada. This source will
help us in all parts of the website including biographies, the battle of the Spanish armada,
the leadership and cunning plans that he had made, and the legacy that he had left.
Hickman, Kennedy. "Anglo-Spanish War: Sir Francis Drake." About Education. About.com,
1996. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/naval/p/drake.htm>. This
source is about the life and battles of Sir Francis Drake. Sir Francis Drake was an English
privateer. He stole from and destroyed Spanish ships. He also was one of the
commanders who led the English to destroy the Spanish Armada, who were docked in
Calais. This battle was called the Battle of Gravelines. This source will be useful because
it tells Francis Drake's life story and his career as a privateer.

Hilliard, Nicholas. "The Battle of Gravelines." BBC. BBC, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/armada_gallery_05.shtml>. This photo
shows a detailed image of The Battle of Gravelines, this battle marked the turning point
in the battle of the Spanish Armada. This battle left the Spanish Armada in ruins. This
photo will help our site explain what the battle looked like, and how it helped the Spanish
Armada. The battle of Gravelines was the turning point in the battle of the Spanish
Armada.
"The Historical Development of the British Empire." Glorbal Security. British Empire, n.d. Web.
4 Jan. 2015. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/uk-britishempire.htm>. This map, expresses the globalization of the British. They had conquered
many lands including parts of Africa, parts of Antarctica, India, and Canada. The British
Empire was able to spread farther after the Spanish Armada was defeated, this showed
the rest of the world that the England were a driving force. This picture will help our
website becasue it shows the legacy left from the defeat of the invincible armada, and the
commanding that he showed.
History Learning Site. "The Spanish Armada." History Learning Site. Ed. History Learning Site.
History Learning Site, 2000. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/spanish_armada.htm>. This source tells about the
Spanish Armada and their defeat. The Spanish Armada had many problems, one of which
was Sir Francis Drake of the English Navy. He was the main cause of the Spanish
Armada's defeat. He had created the strategy that had ultimately ended the battle between
the Spanish Armada and the English Navy. This website tells how the Spanish Armada

was defeated by the English and the strategies the English Navy used under the control of
Sir Francis Drake to defeat the Spanish Armada and to end the threat of Spain.
Hondius, Jodocus. Sir Francis Drake. 1583. Photograph. National Portrait Gallery. London.
1627. This is a portrait of Sir Francis Drake. We are using this on our website for NHD to
provide a picture of Sir Francis Drake so that they can get an idea of what Sir Francis
Drake looks like. Sir Francis Drake looks pretty fancy. He is wearing a white collar,
which must have been the fashion trend back then. His mustache looks well groomed and
same goes with his beard.
"The 'Invincible' Armada." Tudor Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/defeat_of_the_armada.htm>. This website
explains the entire battle of the Spanish Armada and how Sir Francis Drake showed his
cunning mind to make intelligent battle plans and strategy and defeat the Armada. This
website will help in the creation of multiple pages such as the battle that actually took
place and the biography of the players.
IZ Quotes. N.p., 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://izquotes.com/quote/341605>. This is a very
good source. It had helped us greatly. It provided four quotes about Sir Francis Drake.
This is important because most of the other sites provided information about Sir Francis
Bacon, but this one didn't, so it is a good source.
Knighting of of Sir Francis Drake. Express. Northern and Shell Media Publications, n.d. Web. 11
Oct. 2014. <http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/425564/Threat-to-Francis-Drake-sbowling-green>. This picture shows the knighting of Sir Francis Drake after he had
defeated many Spanish Ships around Spain. He was knighted after circumnavigating the
world and further advancing the geographic location. This picture is helpful because it

will show Sir Francis Drakes major accomplishes and the things he did noticeable by the
queen.
Kraus, Hans P. "Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography." Rare Book and Special Collections
Reading Room. Library of Congress, 31 Aug. 2010. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-home.html>. This website shows a
wide collection of primary sources that is used to show the biography and life of Sir
Francis Drake. This website includes his greatest successes, the conquering of Panama,
the invincible Spanish armada, the circumnavigation of the world, and his childhood life.
This website include multiple primary sources, that include his journal, maps of the
battle, and other first hand document that shows what Sir Francis Drake did. This site will
help us overall on our website in every area, including his legacy, leadership, and
biography.
Lambert, Tim. "A History of the Spanish Armada." Local Histories. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct.
2014. <http://www.localhistories.org/armada.html>. This Article shows the Spanish
Armada history and the leadership that it showed. Sir Francis Drake led the English Navy
in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and his commanding was a major reason why the
English Navy was able to surpass the Spanish Armada, This website will be able to
benefit in the website because it will key in vital information for the Turning the War and
Leadership.
Lord Howard of Effingham. N.d. Illustration. This is a picture of Lord Charles Howard from
Effingham,Lord High Admiral of England and commander of the English Fleet against
the Spanish Armada. We are using this picture for our website, on our homepage, for our
slideshow.

Map and views illustrating Sir Francis Drake's West Indian voyage, 1585-6. Library of
Congress. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/item/2007626708/>. This image proves useful, because it shows
how Sir Francis Drake ventured through the West Indian area. Thai source will be used in
our website to help explain how Sir Francis Drake sailed throughout this area.
Map of English Territory. Anti Oligarch. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
<http://antioligarch.wordpress.com/2012/05/04/the-british-empire-model-for-the-usempire/>. This image explains the territory that the English gained after they defeated the
"Invincible Spanish Armada". They had gained territory and land all across the world,
stating that the English navy was the best. This had only occurred after Sir Francis Drake
led the royal navy to defeat the Spanish Armada. This will help our website because it
shows the legacy that Drake left.
"Map of the Route of the Spanish Armada 1588." emersonkent. emerson kent, 2014. Web. 11
Oct. 2014. <http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/spanish_armada.htm>. The
image shows the map route of the Spanish Armada battle. This image will help
demonstrate how the battle went and where each major fights occurred.
National Maritime Museum, ed. "Sir Francis Drake." Royal Museums Greenwich. National
Maritime Musuem, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-andships/facts/explorers-and-leaders/drake>. This articles states the background, or overview
of Sir Francis Drake and his great achievements in life. It states multiple ways of how Sir
Francis Drake was able to lead the Spanish Armada, and it states the defeat of the
Spanish ship Rosario. His early life shows that he was born in Tavistock, Devon , but the
exact date of his birth is not known. He came from a family of ordinary life, and his

family was very religious. Drake was a very religious man, and this followed throughout
him on his journeys. This site can be used to show the biography of Sir Francis Drake
and his accomplishes throughout life, including the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the
circumnavigation throughout the world.
Northwestern University, ed. TimelineJS. Northwestern University, 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://timeline.knightlab.com/>. This website prove useful in creating the timeline in
our website. It took the information we collected and turned it into code that could be put
into our website through the embed code feature.
Nussbaum, Mr. "Sir Francis Drake Printable Biography." Mr.Nussbaum. Ed. Nussbaum, Mr.
Nussbaum Education Network, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://mrnussbaum.com/explorers/drake/>. This website is about the biography of Sir
Francis Drake. It includes his birth of his pirate, plundering Spanish treasure ships,
circumnavigation of the world, and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The website shows
that Sir Francis Drake was one of the top reasons why the English Navy was able to
defeat the Spanish Armada. This website will help the website in the categories of
biography, leadership, and legacy.
A picture of Sir Francis Drake's Ship. Photoshelter. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2014.
<http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000ws6RRIYU42I/s/750/750/joelrogerscom4578.jpg>. This picture shows Sir Francis Dake's Ship, The Golden Hind. This visual
will be used to help the readers understand what The Golden Hind is.
Schaefels, Hendrik Frans. Spanish ships being destroyed. BBC. BBC, 11 May 1994. Web. 11
Oct. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/defeat-of-the-spanisharmada-8-august-1588-175002>. This picture depicts a scene from the battle between the

Spanish Armada and the England Navy. There are many burning and sinking ships. This
source shows how the Spanish were defeated by the English, and the strategy that the
English had used.
"Sir Francis Drake." British Battles. British Battles, 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.britishbattles.com/spanish-war/spanish-armada.htm>. This Image shows Sir
Francis Drake. This image will be used to provide a visual for readers to understand who
Sir Francis Drake was.
Sommerville, J. P. "Elizabeth I: Exploration and Foreign Policy." University of Wisconsin. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2014.
<http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/images/Armadsketch.jpg>. This is an
early sketch of the Armada showing the crescent-shaped formation adopted by the
Spanish fleet which they thought would work against the English. But it didn't.
Sommerville, J.P. "Elizabeth 1: Exploration and Foreign Policy." University of Wisconsin. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. <http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-19.htm>.
This webpage is vital to our NHD project. We could not imagine where we would be if
we hadn't found this website that contains all of the secrets of the Spanish Armada, some
that have not been known until recently.
Spanish Armada leaving Ferrol. N.d. Photograph. This is a picture of the Spanish Armada. In
this specific picture, the Spanish Armada is leaving Ferroll to go and attack the British.
There is about ten different slow, heavy Spanish ships that are really slow but are more
armored. The Spanish Armada failed to invade the British, and it was mostly destroyed.
Technological Solutions. "Sir Francis Drake." Ducksters. Technological Solutions, 1997. Web.
30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ducksters.com/biography/explorers/sir_francis_drake.php>.

This article tells about the life of Sir Francis Drake. Drake was born in Tavistock,
England. He was a British explorer and privateer. He stole from and destroyed many
Spanish ships. Francis drake was also one of the commanders who led the British against
the Spanish Armada, and came up with the idea to send flaming ships into the Spanish
Armada. This eventually led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Sir Francis Drake died
from an illness in 1596.
Unknown. Portrait of Francis Drake. Biography.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 11
Oct. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/francis-drake-9278809#final-expeditionsand-death>. This picture is a portrait of Sir Francis Drake, who was a privateer for
England. This portrait depicts Francis Drake standing with his hand on a blue orb, which
may be a globe. This source will be used to show what Francis Drake looked like.