Академический Документы
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Cyclic groups
5
Dihedral groups
Cartesian product of groups
3. Lagrange Theorem
Cosets
8
The Theorem
Lagrange corollaries
9
Small detour on equivalence relations
Applications of Lagrange
10
4. Quotient groups
11 Normal subgroups
12
Quotients
The isomorphism theorem
permutation, Sym X is group, S_n, two row notation, |S_n| =n!, D_2n < S_n
k-cycle, disjoint commute, disjoint cycle notation works, cycle type, order by cycle type
S_n generated by transpositions, sign is well-defined, even, odd, sgn surjective group
hom, odd length cycles even, even length cycles odd, alternating group, any subgroup of
S_n either no or half odd elements (proof on example sheet).
normal subgroup (three ways). Index 2 is normal, in abelian all normal. Kernel is normal.
Midway rotation normal in D_8. Groups of order 6
group op on cosets well-defined and gives group. Quotient group, Z/nZ, D_6 mod
rotations in C_2, D_8 mod midway rotation gives C_2xC_2. D_6 with reflection: mult
not well-defined on cosets. Quotient map. (subgroups and) quotients of cyclic groups are
cyclic. Quotients not subgroups: nZ infinite, Z/nZ finite.
Isomorphism Theorem. Injective hom seen as subgroup, surjective is quotient.
(homomorphic images are quotients). Gln(R)/Sln(R), R/Z is unit circle, number of
quadratic residues. Essential uniqueness of cyclic groups. Simple group, C_p A_5 (proof
later).
5. Group actions
Groups acting on sets
13
14
15
Applications
16
6. Symmetric Groups Part II
Conjugacy classes in S_n
17 Conjugacy in A_n
7. Quaternions
Groups of order 8
18 Quaternions
8. Matrix groups
The general and special linear groups
Actions of GL_n(C)
19 Orthogonal groups
20
Fixed points
Permutation properties
Cross ratios
action, several notations. trivial action, rotations of cube action on different sets.
Alternative action definition as hom from G to Sym X. Kernel of action. Cube acting on
three axes (pairs of opposite faces). faithful
orbit, stabiliser, cube on three axes. transitive. orbits partition. Orbit-Stabiliser. S_4
action with stab(1)=S_3
left regular action, Cayley Theorem. left coset action. Conjugation action, centre, ccls,
centralisers. conjugation action restricts to normal subgroups. normal are unions of ccls.
conjugation action on subgroups, normal subgroups have singleton ccls, normalisers.
stabilisers of elements in same orbit are conjugate
size of rotations of cube, index n gives normal subgroup or n!>|G|. Cauchy.
ccls in S_n determined by cycle type. ccls of S_4, normal subgroups & quotients of S_4.
splitting ccls, ccl splits iff no odd sigma in centraliser. ccls in A_4 and A_5. A_5 simple.
general linear group, is group, det is surjective group hom, special linear group as kernel
faithful action on C^n with 2 orbits; conjugation action on M_nxn. Jordan Normal Form
orthogonal group, orthonormal columns; det is surjective group hom, special orthogonal
group as kernel. O_n/S_n is C_2. O_n is partitioned into SO_n and the other coset.
Orthogonal matrices are isometries.
SO_2 all rotations, O_2 rotations and reflections; SO_3 is rotations round some axis, any
matrix in O_3 is product of at most three reflections.
"complex equivalent of orthogonal", unitary group, det is surjective onto S^1. special
unitary group as kernel. unitary matrices preserve complex dot product. Q_8 < SU_2.