Day1 Graphics 2x2

DEPARTMENT OF BIOSTATISTICS
UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN
Graphs in stata
The main command is graph followed by the type of graph
Graphics in Stata
graph
graph
graph
graph
graph
graph
graph
graph
graph
Klaus K. Holst
29 Sep 2014
U.S. Life Expectancy
90
19001999
80
Life expectancy, males

Life expectancy, females
twoway
matrix
bar
dot
box
pie
save
use
combine
scatter plots, line plots

scatterplot matrices
bar charts
dot charts
box-and-whisker plots
pie charts
50
60
70
plus more specialized graphs: histogram, kdensity, avplot, . . .
30
40
1
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
Data 19001999
Life expectancy by gender
3
4
5
graph twoway scatter ...

// or
twoway scatter ...
// or
scatter ...
U.S. life expectancy data, 1900-1999

2
clear
sysuse uslifeexp
describe
Scatter plots
1
twoway scatter le year
life expectancy
60
50
40
Contains data from /Applications/Stata/ado/base/u/uslifeexp.dta

obs:
100
U.S. life expectancy, 1900-1999
vars:
10
30 Mar 2011 04:31
size:
3,800
(_dta has notes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------storage
display
value
variable name
type
format
label
variable label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------year
int
%9.0g
Year
le
float
%9.0g
life expectancy
le_male
float
%9.0g
le_female
float
%9.0g
le_w
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, whites
le_wmale
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, white males
le_wfemale
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, white females
le_b
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, blacks
le_bmale
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, black males
le_bfemale
float
%9.0g
Life expectancy, black females
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by: year
70
80
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
1980
2000
Scatter plots
Line plots
twoway spike le year
twoway line le year
70
life expectancy
60
50
40
40
50
life expectancy
60
70
80
80
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
1900
1920
1940
Year
1960
Line plots
A scheme specifies the overall look of the graph

To change for the session
80
twoway line le year, connect(stairstep)
set scheme s2mono
graph query, schemes
50
life expectancy
60
70
Available schemes are
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
2000
Schemes
40
1980
Year
1980
2000
s2color
s2mono
s2manual
s2gmanual
s2gcolor
s1color
s1mono
s1rcolor
s1manual
sj
economist
s2color8
lean1
lean2
rbn1mono
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
see
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
help
scheme_s2color
scheme_s2mono
scheme_s2manual
scheme_s2gmanual
scheme_s2gcolor
scheme_s1color
scheme_s1mono
scheme_s1rcolor
scheme_s1manual
scheme_sj
scheme_economist
scheme_s2color8
scheme_lean1
scheme_lean2
scheme_rbn1mono
Schemes
1
Multiple graphs in one

Overlay multiple twoway graphs (parentheses or seperate by ||)
twoway line le year, scheme(s1color)
twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year)
40
40
50
50
60
life expectancy
60
70
70
80
80
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
1900
2000
1920
1940

Graphics options
1980
2000

Graphics options
Stata can produce nice publishable graphics results in few steps.

Axis limits chosen automatically
Legends automatically added
Axis labels automatically obtained from variable labels.
To alter we need to add options (everything after ,)
General syntax of the scatter graphics command:
twoway scatter varlist [if] [in] [, options]
Options divided into subgraph (here scatter), e.g.
marker_options
connect_options
axis_choice_options
1960
Year
Year
change look of markers (colour, size, etc.)

change look of lines or connecting method
associate plot with alternate axis
and options for the global graph command

twoway_options by, name, titles, legends, axes, etc.
General syntax:
twoway (line ..., line_options) ///
(scatter ..., scatter_options) ///
(lfit ..., lfit_options), twoway_options
In the previous plot the y-axis label disappeared:
1
twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),

ytitle(Life expectancy in years)
Some twoway options:

by(varlist, ...)
nodraw
name(name, ...)
scheme(schemename)
xtitle,ytitle
xlabel,ylabel
legend
title,subtitle
repeat for subgroups

suppress display of graph
overall look
Axis titles
Axis labels positions
Legend options
Graph title
Graphic options
Graphics options
scatter marker options:
80
shape of marker
colour of marker, inside and out
size of marker
inside or "fill" colour
colour of outline
thickness of outline
. . . , jitter options, connect options, label options, . . .

line options
how to connect points
how to sort before connecting
missing values are ignored
line pattern (solid, dashed, etc.)
thickness of line
colour of line
overall style of line
40
connect(connectstyle)
sort[(varlist)]
cmissing(y/n)
lpattern(linepatternstyle)
lwidth(linewidthstyle)
lcolor(colorstyle)
lstyle(linestyle)
...
twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),

ytitle(Life expectancy in years)
Life expectancy in years

50
60
70
msymbol(symbolstylelist)
mcolor(colorstylelist)
msize(markersizestylelist)
mfcolor(colorstylelist)
mlcolor(colorstylelist)
mlwidth(linewidthstylelist)
1900
1920
1940
1960
Graphics options
If the axis label is going to be reused many times we may store it in
a macro
1
local gopt ytitle(Life expectancy in years) xlabel

(1875(25)2025) title(U.S. Life Expectancy)
where we also add a little more space to the x-axis + title

1
twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),gopt
. . . and some different line types and colours

1
local maleline "line le_male year, color(dknavy)

lpattern(solid) connect(stairstep)"
local femaleline "line le_female year, color(dkorange)
lpattern(dash_dot) connect(stairstep)"
twoway (maleline) (femaleline), gopt
2000

Digression: Macros
An alias that can be dereferenced in the program everywhere(!)
1
2
3
local a 1
local b a b c
global b "Hello"
local macros lives within this scope where they were defined (i.e.
the do-file or program/function).
1
2
di a
di "$b b"
1
Hello a b c
To evaluate a macro expression use =

1
1980
Year
local a = a+1
di a
Digression: Macros
Graphics options
Meta-programming with macros
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
capture drop x1 x2
input x1 x2
1 3
2 4
end
local idx 1 2
foreach i in idx {
list xi in 1/2
}
40
+----+
| x1 |
|----|
1. | 1 |
2. | 2 |
+----+
1875
+----+
| x2 |
|----|
1. | 3 |
2. | 4 |
+----+
1900
1925
1950
Year
1975
2000
Symbols
palette linepalette
palette symbolpalette
Line pattern palette
Symbol palette
solid
Oh
oh
Dh
dh
Th
th
Sh
sh
dash
longdash_dot
dot
longdash
dash_dot
smplus
shortdash
shortdash_dot
blank
2025
Line types
1
twoway (maleline) (femaleline), gopt
80
Life expectancy in years

50
60
70
Colours
title options Options for specifying titles
Titles, plot region
The definition of ringposstyle and the default positioning of titles is
note
caption
r1 r2
1 2
ringposstyle
7
6
2
1
plot region
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
r1title
title
subtitle
t2title
t1title
r2title
l2title
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l1title
l2 l1
1 2
b1title
b2title
legend
1
2
3
4
5
title
subtitle
t2
t1
b1
b2
legend
note
caption
where titles are located is controlled by the scheme
Customize
single-line
1
set rgbwith
"255
100 50"color-colname.style (in ado-path):
help
title_options
Description
Titles are the adornment around a graph that explains DEPARTMENT
the graphs purpose.
OF BIOSTATISTICS
Titles
Titles
Options
title(tinfo) specifies the overall title of the graph. The title usually appears centered at the top of
the graph. It is sometimes desirable to specify the span suboption when specifying the title, as in
6
7
8
9
10
11
Position given as clock-position
90
80
70
60

subtitle(tinfo)
specifies the
subtitle of the graph. The subtitle appears near the title (usually directly
Life expectancy,
females
under it) and is presented in a slightly smaller font. subtitle() is used in conjunction with
title(), and subtitle() is used by itself when the title() seems too big. For instance, you
might type
. graph
. . . , . . . title("Life expectancy") subtitle("1900-1999")
. graph
. . . , . . . subtitle("Life expectancy" "1900-1999")
or
50
#delimit ;
twoway (maleline) (femaleline),
title("U.S. Life Expectancy")
subtitle("1900-1999")
caption("Life expectancy by gender")
note("Data 1900-1999")
legend(col(1) ring(0) position(11))
yscale(range(30 90))
ylabel(30(10)90)
name(lifeexptitles, replace);
#delimit cr
40
If subtitle() is used in conjunction with title() and you specify suboption span with
title(), remember also to specify span with subtitle().
30
. . . , . . . title("Life expectancy", span)

19001999
See Spanning under Remarks and examples below.
. graph
1900
1920
1940
1960
Year
Data 19001999
Life expectancy by gender
1980
2000
Example 2, World Life Expectancy 1998
sysuse lifeexp, clear
graph matrix gnppc popgrowth lexp safewater,

half note("")
describe
Contains data from /Applications/Stata/ado/base/l/lifeexp.dta

obs:
68
Life expectancy, 1998
vars:
6
26 Mar 2011 09:40
size:
2,652
(_dta has notes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------storage
display
value
variable name
type
format
label
variable label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------region
byte
%12.0g
region
Region
country
str28
%28s
Country
popgrowth
float
%9.0g
* Avg. annual % growth
lexp
byte
%9.0g
* Life expectancy at birth
gnppc
float
%9.0g
* GNP per capita
safewater
byte
%9.0g
*
* indicated variables have notes
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by:
GNP
per
capita
4
Avg.
annual
%
growth
2
0
80
Life
expectancy
at birth
70
60
50
100
safewater
50
0
0
20000
40000 0
450
60
Stratification
We can also use the by option to make different plots for different
levels of a third variable.
4000
Notice we have here used the if argument together with logical

expressions to subset the scatter plots. This applies to every graph
command!
2000
Subsetting
1000
twoway (scatter lexp gnppc if region==2, mcolor(

dkorange) msize(0.8)) (scatter lexp gnppc if region
==3, mcolor(dknavy) msize(0.8)),
xscale(log) xlabel(1000 2000 4000 8000 16000,angle
(90)) legend(order(1 "North America" 2 "South
America"))
From the overlay plot using if statements:

80
Scatter plots
Life expectancy at birth

60
65
70
75
Plotting the association between GNP (on log-scale) and life

expectancy in North America,South America with different colours
80
55
Scatter plots
70
GNP per capita

North America
South America
16000
Scatter plot matrices
8000
Scatter plots, by
Scatter plots
Labels can be added to the graph (here we also remove the points)
1
scatter lexp gnppc if region==2,

mlabsize(2) mlabel(country) mlabposition(0) msymbol(i))
80
twoway (scatter lexp gnppc),

by(region, row(1)) xsize(10)
Canada
N.A.
United States
S.A.
75
80
Eur & C.Asia
Jamaica

65
70
70
60
50
Panama
10000
20000
30000
40000 0
10000
20000
30000
40000 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
GNP per capita
Mexico
Dominican Republic
Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Guatemala
55
60
Graphs by Region
Trinidad and Tobago
Haiti
10000
Scatter plots, point sizes
30000
Curve fits
And size of points depending on another variable
Linear regression (lfit, lfitci) or quadratic (qfit , qfitci)

1
twoway (lfitci lexp safewater) (scatter lexp safewater)
70
75
75
80
80
scatter lexp gnppc if region==2 [pweight=popgrowth],

msymbol(Oh)
55
60
65

60
65
70
20
55
20000
GNP per capita
40
60
safewater
95% CI
0
10000
20000
30000
80
Fitted values
100
Bar plots
1
Box plots
graph bar (mean) lexp (p50) lexp (mean) safewater (p50)

safewater, over(region)
80
Box-whisker plots
60
Gives a quick summary of the marginal distribution of continuous

variables. Useful for getting a quick overview of skewness, potential
outliers etc. for many variables.
40
graph box lexp, over(region) marker(1,mlabel(country))
20
Box limits are the 25% and 75% quantiles and with median
marked. as a line in the box. The whiskers shows the most extreme
observations (min/max) within 1.5IQR from the the box limits (or
else this limit).
Eur & C.Asia
N.A.
mean of lexp
mean of safewater
S.A.
p 50 of lexp
p 50 of safewater
Box plots
Histograms, density estimation
graph box lexp, over(region) marker(1,mlabel(country))
80
Histograms can be generated with the syntax

1
histogram lexp, bins(#) width(#)

65
70
75
Selecting the width or number of bins potentially difficult, by

default selected ad hoc from the number of observations n:
k = min{sqrt(n), 10 log10 (n)}
60
Bolivia
We can overlay normal approximation (option normal) or

non-parametric kernel density estimates (option kdensity), there is
also a seperate graph kdensity command)
1
55
Haiti
Eur & C.Asia
N.A.
S.A.
histogram lexp, normal normopt(lpattern(dot))
Histograms
1
QQ-plots
Comparison with the theoretical quantiles of a normal distribution
histogram lexp, normal normopt(lpattern(dot))
qnorm lexp
55
60
65
70
75
80
60
QQ-plots
1
2
3
capture drop z
gen z = rnormal()
qnorm z
50
.02
.04
Density
.06

60
70
.08
80
.1
65
70
75
Inverse Normal
80
85

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DEPARTMENT OF BIOSTATISTICS

Life expectancy, males

scatter plots, line plots

plus more specialized graphs: histogram, kdensity, avplot, . . .

Life expectancy by gender

graph twoway scatter ...

U.S. life expectancy data, 1900-1999

twoway scatter le year

Contains data from /Applications/Stata/ado/base/u/uslifeexp.dta

twoway spike le year

twoway line le year

A scheme specifies the overall look of the graph

twoway line le year, connect(stairstep)

set scheme s2mono

graph query, schemes

Available schemes are

Multiple graphs in one

twoway line le year, scheme(s1color)

twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year)

Life expectancy, males

Life expectancy, females

Stata can produce nice publishable graphics results in few steps.

change look of markers (colour, size, etc.)

and options for the global graph command

twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),

Some twoway options:

repeat for subgroups

scatter marker options:

. . . , jitter options, connect options, label options, . . .

twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),

Life expectancy in years

Life expectancy, males

local gopt ytitle(Life expectancy in years) xlabel

where we also add a little more space to the x-axis + title

twoway (line le_male year) (line le_female year),gopt

. . . and some different line types and colours

local maleline "line le_male year, color(dknavy)

Life expectancy, females

To evaluate a macro expression use =

Meta-programming with macros

U.S. Life Expectancy

Life expectancy, males

Line pattern palette

Life expectancy, females

twoway (maleline) (femaleline), gopt

Life expectancy in years

title options Options for specifying titles

Titles, plot region

The definition of ringposstyle and the default positioning of titles is

where titles are located is controlled by the scheme

U.S. Life Expectancy

Position given as clock-position

Life expectancy, males

. . . , . . . title("Life expectancy") subtitle("1900-1999")

. . . , . . . subtitle("Life expectancy" "1900-1999")

. . . , . . . title("Life expectancy", span)

Life expectancy by gender

Example 2, World Life Expectancy 1998

sysuse lifeexp, clear

graph matrix gnppc popgrowth lexp safewater,

Contains data from /Applications/Stata/ado/base/l/lifeexp.dta

Notice we have here used the if argument together with logical

twoway (scatter lexp gnppc if region==2, mcolor(

From the overlay plot using if statements: