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3.
4.
5.
14.1
If the quantised samples are transmitted directly over a channel, we have a quantised
PAM system. If, instead, we code each quantised sample into a block of digits for
transmission, , we have a PCM system. The decimal-to-binary conversion can be done
in various ways. Table 15.1 shows two possible coding rules (binary and gray coding) for
converting a 16-level sample into 4 binary digits.
________________________________________________________________________
Binary Code
Gray Code
________________
_______________
Digit [b1 b2 b3 b4]
[g1 g2 g3 g4]
________________________________________________________________________
0
0000
0000
1
0001
0001
2
0010
0011
3
0011
0010
4
0100
0110
5
0101
0111
6
0110
0101
7
0111
0100
8
1000
1100
9
1001
1101
10
1010
1111
11
1011
1110
12
1100
1010
13
1101
1011
14
1110
1001
15
1111
1000
________________________________________________________________________
Table 14.1 Decimal-to-binary conversion.
The elements bk and gk are related to each other by the following equations:
g1 = b1,
gk = bk bk-1, k > 2
(14.1)
b1 = g1,
bk = gk bk-1, k > 2
(14.2)
where represents the modulo-2 operation. It can be seen from Table 14.1 that, in
changing from one decimal digit to an adjacent digit, the binary code may change by more
than one binary digit. This makes the binary code highly susceptible to error in recording
14.2
the analogue-to-digital conversion. One would prefer a code in which only one binary digit
at a time changed as the corresponding input digit changed by one level. Gray code has the
above property and is the preferred coding method. Figure 14.3 shows 3 quantised
samples and their corresponding coded bit sequences.
Figure 14.3 Binary and Gray coding of samples.
In Figure 14.4, we show a complete 10-channel PCM system and its associated signal
shapes at various transmitting points. Clearly, the bandwidth required at the output of the
binary encoder is three times the bandwidth required at the input and the output of the
quantiser. Thus, a binary PCM system requires more transmission bandwidth than the
PAM and the quantised PAM systems.
Figure 14.4
14.3
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
14.4
Message
m (t )
Quantiser
Sampler
Encoder
~
~
Low-pass
filter
m^ ( t )
Decoder
Volts
message m ( t )
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A0
10
12
Seconds
Quantised samples
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
Binary code
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Gray code
14.5
30-3200 Hz
m 1( t )
8000 cycles/s
m 2( t )
:
m
10
8-level
quantiser
Binary 3
encoder
(t )
(a)
m (t )
1
Filter
m 2( t )
Filter
:
m 10 ( t )
Filter
30-3200 Hz
8000 cycles/s
Decoder
(b)
5.3
1. TDM PAM
2.7
4.8
1 2 3
2. Quantised
3
1 2 3
12.5 s
3. Binary coded
4.2 s
...
125 s
12.5 s
5
5.5 2.4
4
10 1 2 3
...
4.2 V
10
125 s
6
2
4
10 1 2 3
...
125 s
...
125 s
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1
3
4V
10
12.5 s
(c)
Figure 14.4
14.6
m
T
t
= T /3
m = 3 pulses
per sample
= T /2
m = 2 pulses
per sample
n=2
= 3/ T
t
n=2
= 2/ T
t
(a)
Fixed M (= 16):
T
Quantised
sample
= T /4
t
n =2
= 4/ T
t
m = 4 pulses
per sample
= T /2
m = 2 pulses
per sample
Fixed peak
power swing
Fixed spacing
n=4
= 2/ T V
t
1
0
3
2
1
0
a
0
V
a
(b)
Figure 14.5 Bandwidth reduction technique. (a) Fixed n, (b) Fixed M.
14.7
3
2
1
0