NASA

TN

Z
b-.

<
<
Z

TECHNICAL NOTE
D-944

CONFIGURATION

FACTORS

BETWEEN

EXCHANGE

AXISYMMETRICAL

CONES,
By

FOR

AND

Albert

J.

SECTIONS

HEMISPHERES
Buschman,

Jr.,

Langley
Research
Langley
Air Force

'l

NATIONAL

AERONAUTICS

WASHINGTON

OF

AND

AND
and

RADIANT

OF
THEIR

Claud

M.

ENERGY

CYLINDERS,
BASES
Pittman

Center
Base,
Va.

SPACE ADMINISTRATION
October

1961

D-944

1A

NATIONAL

AERONAUTICS

AND

TECHNICAL

CONFIGURATION
BEqWEEN

FACTORS

NOTE

AND
J.

SECTIONS

HEMISPHERES

Buschman,

Jr.,

ADMINISTRATION

D-944

EXCHANGE

AXISYMMETRICAL

CONES,
By Albert

FOR

SPACE

OF

RADIANT

OF

ENERGY

CYLINDERS,

AND

THEIR

BASES

and

Claud

M.

Pittman

SUMMARY

Radiation-interchange
configuration
factors
are derived
for axisymmetrical
sections
of cylinders,
cones,
and hemispheres
radiating
internally
to annular
and circular
sections
of their bases and to other axisymmetrical
sections.
The general
procedure
of obtaining
configuration
factors
is outlined
and the results
are presented
in the form of equations,
tables,

and

figures.

INTRODUCTION

The high temperatures

which are encountered
in components
of aerospace vehicles
have brought
about a renewed
interest
in heat transfer
by radiation.
For certain
components,
the heat transferred
by radiation
can be shown to overshadow
that transferred
by conduction.
In the present
paper
axisymmetric
radiation
for some common
axisymmetric
shapes
is
studied.
Radiative
transfer
of heat from one area to another
depends,
among
other
things,
upon the fraction
of the radiant
energy
emitted
by one area
which
is intercepted
by a second
area.
This fraction
is identified
by
several
names,
such as the configuration
factor,
the interchange
factor,
the angle
factor,
or the geometric
view factor,
and is a function
of the
geometrical
relation
of the areas
involved.
In the present
paper,
the
term configuration
factor
will be used to designate
the fraction.
Configuration
factors
are available
for radiation
between
various
surfaces
(see refs. l, 2, and 3) but, for the most part, the areas which
are involved
are plane.
The purpose
of the present
paper is to provide
configuration
Some of the
appendix
A,

factors
for
configuration
by integrating

some of the more common

nonplanar
surfaces.
factors
presented
herein
are obtained,
in
the basic equation
which defines
the factor

2
and the remainder are obtained, in appendix B, by the application of
configuration-factor
algebra. The techniques of configuration-factor
algebra make it possible, in somesltuations_ to obtain the desired
configuration factor from available factors _ithout the need for
integration.
In addition to being listed in tables _d given in the form of
equations, the results are presented in carpet plots which permit an
estimate of the magnitude of a given factor _nd show the effect of
varying the proportions of the surfaces involved.
L

9
9

SYMBOLS

area

radius

circular

configuration

height

J, k, m, n

integers

base

of

surface

factor

defined

by

between

the

mth

and

nth

rl/a

nondlmensional

parameter,

L_/a

per

of

radius

revolution

unit

ring
of

(4)

plazes

time

between

the

mth

and

nth

planes

circle

distance
energy

between

absolute

temperature

Cartesian

e_Lation

cone

parameter,

energy

of

area

nondimensional

area

the

of

length
M

of

centers

coordinates

of

the

areas

exchanging

radiant

p,e,

polar

coordinates

spherical

p, e,cp

coordinates

Stefan-Boltzmann

half

the

_n

angle

apex

angle

between

centers

the

of

radiation
solid

constant

the

of

a cone

normal

to

area

from

An

the
and

area
the

An

and

area

which

plane,

or

the

line

between

intercepts

An

angle

Subscripts:
identification

0, i, 2, 5, J, k, n
circular

cj

an

CJ,k

area

annular
(CJ,k

of

in the

area

in

= Cj

- Ck)

dAl, dA 2

from

an

area

dA I

J,k

from

an

area

base

the

to
to

an

area,

of

base

an

an

a body

of

area

area

of

a body

point

revolution

of

revolution

dA 2
k

Superscripts:
identification

1,2,3, a,H,m,n

of

an

area,

plane,

or

point

ANALYSIS

Black-Body

Radiation

Surfaces
Consider

the

exchange

Between

of Arbitrary
of

radiant

Two

Isothermal

Orientation

energy

between

black
surfaces,
A1
and
A2, of arbitrary
nonabsorbing
medium
as shown in figure
1.

orientation
The energy

leaving

the

in the

second

dA 2

first

elementary

Is given

by

(see

surface
ref.

dA 1

two

isothermal

separated
by
per unit time

direction

of

the

l)

_l

cos

$1

dA1

(i)

where
q

energy,

per

unit

Stefan-Boltzmann

T1

absolute

41

angle

time
constant

temperature

between

areas

dA I

normal
and

of

dA 1

to

dA I

and

line

between

centers

of

dA 2
L

The

portion

intercepted
and can be

of

by
dA 2
expressed

the

energy

depends
as

per
upon

unit
the

time

solid

leaving
_,ngle

dA I
dm

which

subtended

is
by

dA 2

(2)

dq_A1,_A2 : g_T14cos 41 _A1

whe re
cos
dm

and

is

The

the

energy

intercepted

by

distance

per
the

between

unit
surface

time

$2

the

which

dA 2

By

d_

centers

leaves

(eq.

cos

dq_Al,
_A2 = _ T

42

(2))

41

the

areas

the

surface

csn

therefore

cos

dA I

dA 1
be

and

and

dA 2.

is

expressed

as

42

S2

_i

(3)

defining

cos

41

cos

se

equation

42

dAe dA1

(4)

(5) becomes

qA I, A 2

= sTI4AIFAI ' A 2

(5)

9
9
2

The

term

FAI, A 2

depends

only

two surfaces
and is known
tion factor
is defined
as
which
leaves
a surface
and
procedure
can be repeated
leaves
the second
surface
lowing
results :

upon

the

geometric

configuration

of

the

as the configuration
factor.
The configurathe fraction
of the total energy
per unit time
is intercepted
by a second
surface.
The above
to determine
the energy
per unit time which
and is intercepted
by the first with the fol-

qA2 ' A1

= oT_2A2FA2 ' AI

(6)

9
9

whe re

FA2, A1 - _

ZA

7A

_iS2 cos

cos

*2

_l

_2

(7)

It

can

be

seen

Equation

from

(8)

equations

is known

in appendix
B, is very
algebra.
For brevity,
tion (8) is written
as

(4)

and

(7)

that

AIFAI, A 2

= A2FA2,

as the

reciprocity

(8)

A1

theorem

and,

as

is

seen

useful
in the application
of configuration-factor
whenever
the areas
involved
are understood,
equa-

AIFI, 2 = A2F2, i

The

net

exchange

of

radiant

energy

between

AI

ure l, obtained
as the difference
between
equations
simplified
by the reciprocity
theorem,
is

and
(5)

A2
and

of
(6)

figand

et:
Black-Body

Radiation

(9)

in

Closed

Systems

Consider
a closed
system
composed
of
n
isothermal
black-body
surfaces
separated
by a nonabsorbing
medium.
The net heat flow result
as presented
for two isothermal
black-body
surfaces
can be extended
to
include
the
n
isothermal
black
surfaces
in the following
manner.

an

According
isothermal

to the
surface

Stefan-Boltzmann
J
is

law,

the

radiant

energy

leaving

(lO)

The radiant energy incident upon the area A1

in the system is
n

from

all

other

surfaces

(ii)
k=l
so

that

the

net

exchange

of

qnet

energy

becomes

= _T_Aj-

_k_Fk,

(12)

k=l

Finally,
equation
(]2)
to obtain
the following

can be reduced
equation:

qnet

= gAj

by

applying

the

reciprocity

theorem

(15)

T4
k J,
k=l

With
can

be

a knowledge

used

to

obtain

of

the

heat

configuration

flows

or

factors

temperature

system.
Reference
4 demonstrates
the use of
heat transfer
is accompanied
by heat transfe_

Configuration

Fj,k,

equation

distributions

in

equation
(13) when
by conduction.

(13)
a closed

radiant

Factors

In practice,
configuration
factors
can oe obtained
by experimental,
numerical,
and analytical
means.
(See, for example,
ref. i.)
In the
present
paper,
some configuration
factors
are found directly
from equation (4) and some indirectly
from equation
(_) through
configurationfactor

and

The shapes
hemisphere)

sidered
factors
perature

of

algebra.
considered
are surfaces
with the ends closed
by

are axisymmetrical
and
are applicable
only to
distributions.

In the study of radiant

a body of revolution
and

therefore
surfaces

of r_volution
(cylinder,
cone,
plane surfaces.
All areas conthe resulting
configuration
exhioiting
axlsymmetrical
tem-

heat transmission
within
a base plane
six types of

a system
composed
general
configuration

factors
are required.
These six types of configuration
factors,
which
are derived
in the present
paper,
are shown in figure
2 for the case
where
the surface
of revolution
is a cylinder.
Similar
configuration
factors
have been determined
for the cone and hemisphere.

rings

In all six configurations,

the surface
of
by one or more planes
which are parallel

_,

_,

between
the

_.
which

rings

are

The

circular

base

designated
area

Cn.

circular

The

areas

planes
plane

CO

represents

the

the

circular

there

is usually

ever,

for

be

done

a few

by

the

no

use

and

by

base

of

or

Cn_l,n,

= Cn-1

areas

to

specify

the

is

necessary

the

cylinder

the

region

between

are

in the

base

normally
in which

specify

For

the

example,

they

plane

lie.
and

appear

is understood

of

revolution

base
the

this

extending

exchanging
base.

between
energy

In

the
with

By

the

an

using

second

annular

area,

symbolism,

would
base

with

manner

and

this

the

energy

same

area

R_,C 1

from

radiant

first

the

method,

and

2 are

deslgnated

2
2
R1, R 1.

as

t_,C

the

plane

would

above

C 1 - C2,

the

to

a circular

__R_'C1,2
planes

indicate

six

in

to

be

a ring

the

first

area

1,

R2, C1 ,

C1

indicate

the area
C
terms

on

surface

the

plane
in

the

base

plane.

above

the

a ring

exchanging

2,

will

base

base

I_,Cl,

How-

in the

the

configurations

plane,

this

presented
R21, C1, 2,

plane.

the

plane

lying
radiant

in

3
ure

that

_n-l,n

mth plane and is equal to

in that plane.
Whenever

By using

so

Cn

plane

to

superscripts.

superscripts

annular

respectively.

so that the annular

region
is in the
contained
between
concentric
circles
without

so that
n
R 0.

circular

represents

annular

it

of

Cn

planes

plane)

_ ,

either

and

need

cases

as

base

the

into
of

so that

Cn-l,n

Since

indicate

the

are

full

Cn_l, n

Cn

being

known

C l,

region
and

be

considered

CO,

annular

superscripts

(zero

will

by

Cn_ 1

and

is measured

these

in the

and

subscripts

length

between

Areas

Cn_ 1 >

the

The

revolution
is divided
to the base at heights

fig-

R2, R0,

of

The

derivation

appendixes.
obtained

by

spheres
the

The

in

configuration

configuration

appendix

of

A.

With

and

the

fa_tors

factors

equation
the

configuration

algebra

The use of
in appendix

the

integration

remaining

factor

of

(_)

equations

are

the

for

exception

factors

configuration-factor
B where configuration

for

is p_sented
geometry

for

for

by

the

are
hemi-

hemisphere,

configuration-

geometry

algebra
is explained
factors
_'e given

and

the

using

the

R_'Clv

cones,

_,_

obt&ined

derived

of

cylinders,
of

in

of

1
R O, C I"

and demonstrated
for the geometries

L
1

R_'CI'

for the
algebra.
algebra
the

R_'CI, 2'

R_'CI, 2'

R_'R_ ' and

R2R21,i"

The

gemetry

R_'R0

hemisphere
is not amenable
to the use of configuration-factor
This situation
results
from the fact that configuration-factor
depends
to a large extent
on dealing
with similar
surfaces
and

geometry

of

_,R_

results

hemispheres.
Therefore,
tion in appendix
A.

the

in

result

RESULTS

Since
obtained

all

with

the
one

for

AND

configuration
exception

spherical
this

case

which

are

is obtained

not

by

integra-

DISCUSSION

factors

(_R_

segments

for

given

in the

a hemLsphere)

present
from

paper

three

are

primary

equations

(AT),

(AI6),

and

configuration-factor
will be discussed

in

factor

appendix

(A26)

involving

t%e

geometry

algebra,
only evaluations
of
any detail
in this sectLon.

of

R_C I and

these three equations

The configuration

31
is

derived

a hemisphere

tion

Table I is
to use for

in
is

elementary

a summary
the cases

specific
surfaces
are indicated
for

for
and

R2R 0
will

when
not

the

surface

r,_quire

of

revolution

discussion.

which
indicates,
bit number,
the proper
equapreviously
describ_d.
In addition
to the

of revolution
treated
use with an arbitrary

in d_tail,
surface
of

fundamental
revolution.

equations

Cylinders

The

configuration

factor

for

the

of revolution
is a cylinder
is derived
equation
(AT).
Equation
(AT) is given
equation
(AS) which
is

geomet_

_,C

when

in ap]_ndix
A and
in a r ondimensional

is

the

surface

given by
form by

9
9
2

+2N2(1
M2)+ (1 M2)2 (1 M2)_
The

nondimensional

parameters

are

where

a
is

the

The
of the
ratio.

is the
height

term

base

Table
for

in

of

of

is

the

range

the

of

form

of

the

R_.

a ratio

of

rI

fig.

3. )

the

radius

of
C0,

results
r_a

base,

(See

cylinder

II presents

a wide

given

radius

= rl/a

and

a carpet

whereas

from

plot

of
the

the

Lol/a.

is the

radius

area
term

C1
N

data

in figure

of

CI,

to

the

is a

nondimensional
The

of

radius

slenderness

equation

table

and

II are

(AS)
also

4.

Cones
I

The

configuration

factor

for

the

geometry

of

Ro, C I

when

the

sur-

face of revolution
is a cone is derived
in appendix
A and is given by
equation
(A16),
which
is a lengthy
equation
that results
from the evaluation of a nonelementary
integral.
Because
a large number
of terms
in
the equation
must be defined,
it will not be repeated
in the text and
reference
should
be made to appendix
A.
Table
III gives the results
of
the evaluation
of a _ondimensional
form of equation
(A16) for combinations
of

_o,

figure

of

_/H

i0 o,

and

and
20 .

rl/a
The

between
dimensions

0. i and
L_

1.0
and

and

for

cone

rI

are

as

half-angles

shown

in

_.

The data of table III are presented

in the form of a carpet
plot
in figure
6.
Figure
6 contains
three parts,
one for each of the halfangles
considered.
As expected,
the evaluation
of equation
(A17),
shows
that the cone results
approach
the results
obtained
for the cylinder
as
the base angle approaches
_/2.

lO
Hemispheres
l

The

configuration

factor

for

the

face of revolution
is a hemisphere
by equation
(A26).
Equation
(A26)
equation
(A27), which
is

geometry

of

RS, C I

when

the

sur-

is derived
in appendix
A and is given
is given
in nondimensional
form by

L
where

the

nondimensional

parameters

are,

as

for

the

9
9

cylinder_

2
M

and

the

presents
of

1
LO,

dimensions
results

rl/a

and

The

data

of
_/a

of

figure
8.
Figure
N
when
M = 1.

the

rl,

and

evaluation

between

table

= rl/a

IV

shows

0.1

are
of

and

:_hown in

equation

figure

(A27)

for

7.

Table

IV

combinations

1. O.

are

presented

that

FR_,C
l_

CONCLUDING

as

in tile form

of

is

for

constant

a carpet
all

plot

values

of

REMARKS

Configuration
factors
are presented
whih can be used in heattransfer
studies
involving
nonplanar
surface_
at high temperatures.
These
configuration
factors
have been derived
for axisymmetrical
sections
of cylinders,
cones,
and hemispheres
r_diating
internally
to
circular
and annular
regions
of their bases r to other axisymmetric
sections.
Some of the factors
were obtained
by integrating
fundamental
equations
expressed
in terms of convenient
ccordinates.
The remainder
of the factors
were obtained
by utilizing
configuration-factor
algebra
and the results
of the integrations.
The use of configuration-factor
algebra
is explained
and demonstrated.
The calculated
radiation
configuration
factors
are given in tables
and plots.

Langley
Research
Center,
National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration,
Langley
Air Force Base, Va., July 20, 1961.

in

ll
APPENDIX
A
DERIVATION
OF

CONFIGURATION

CONES,

The
area
L

9
9

equation

dA 1

the

body

for

which

is

the

paper

of

AND

the

FACTORS

HEMISPHERES

portion

incident

of

upon

BY

the

FOR

CYLINDERS,

INTEGRATION

total

radiation

an elemental

area

from

dA 2

an elemental

is derived

in

as

2
FAI ,A2

= _

fA 2

@iS 2 cos

cos

d_

@2

dA 1

1
whe re
S

distance

@1,@ 2

angles
the

of

between
between

normals

dA I
the

to

The configuration
section
of a body

line

the

the

of

equation

chosen

A1

of
and

A2.

The

the

tion

base.

factor

spheres.
and

A2

all

cases

This
for

For

the
will

the

the

the

limits

be

A1

the

areas

equation
as

upper
be

the

will

and

dA 2

case
to a

R ,R 0
lower

written

for
for

possible,

area

on

the

cylinders,

a hemsiphere,

rings,

the

of

of

integra-

surface

the

as
of

area

the

cones,

respectively.
terms.

the

designated

circular

derivation

in general

in terms

integrated.

surfaces

represent
the

expressed

be

as

represent

R_,C 1

and

can

over

throughout
of

be

out

apply

will

and

for the most general

from the base plane

general

A2

of

dA I

areas.

S, must

carried

will

geometry

the

and

area

geometry

represent

@2'

solution

will

area

and

@l'

the

(A1)

the

radiant
energy
with an axisymmetrical,
plane of the base as shown in figures
3,
and hemispheres,
respectively.
The param-

so that

to keep

revolution
in

(A1),

equation

Joining

factor
will be derived
of revolution
extending

coordinates

In order
tion

dA 2

respective

given
plane above
it exchanging
circular
region
located
in the
5, and 7 for cylinders,
cones,
eters

and

C1

configuraand

areas

hemi-

AI

However,

in

12
Configurations
Cylinder.parameters
z
become

the
and

Factors for the Geometry R_,CI

When the surface

of equation
(A1)

of revolution
is a cylinder
(see
in terms of th_ polar coordinates

a - P2

cs(81

cos 41

fig.
p,

5),
8,

- e2)

(A3)

cos 42 : _
S2

9
9

- 2ao2cos(:_ 1 - e2)

= z2 + a 2 + 022

(A4)

dA I = a de I dz

d_

(A3),
area

= P2

dP2

d82

Integration
over
ep, from 0 to
and (A4) into eq. _A1)),
gives

2_
the

(aft,_r substituting
confii_ration
factor

dA 1

to

the

differential

ring

2z[a(z2
dAiFdAi,

2_o2dP 2

in

+ a2 +

configuration

area

p2 , from

IF I,

A2

0 to

can
rl_

factor
be

from

after

the

differe_:tial
equation

rearranging

2 dP 2 dA I

(AS)

area

(AS)

by

dA I

to

integrating

the
over

glw_s

(m)

2"11/2z2 + a2
+ rl2)Z2

+ 2(a2

equation,

obtained

0 to

and

the

as

2 +

from

following

from

dp 2

022 ) -- 2ao22]p

Cl --

The

factor

from

obtained

which

z4

eI

2_D2

(A2),
the

3/2
z2 +a

The

base

[(
finite

the

eqs.
from

24

area

over
AI

to

the

from
area

+ rl 2
+ (a 2 - rl2)
by

integrating

0 to
A2:

4,

gives

equation
the

(A6)

over

configuration

13

(A7)

or

in

nondimensional

form

(AS)
FR1, C I

4N

where

= rl/a

_=_/a
Results
and 0.2
A
the

obtained
by evaluating
equation
(A8)
% N _ 200
are given
in table
II and
special

base

of

the

case

presents

cylinder

(M

itself
= 1).

when
Equation

_,c :_
The

reciprocity

factor

from

theorem
the

base

Cones.-When
the
parameters
of equation

of

can

be

the

cylinder

A2

in the
figure
becomes
(AS)

0. i <: M<:

range
4.

then

the

full

reduces

area

to
to

the

surface
of revolution
(A1) can be expressed

cos _2 :

(Ag)

determine
walls

of

to

.4 - _

employed

1. O

the

configuration

FCo,_.

is a cone
as

(fig.

5),

the

(All)

14

S2 = z 2

+ pl 2 + p22

dA2

2PlP 2 cos(e I

= P2 dP2

(AZ2)

e2)

de2

whe re
# = Half

apex

= Pl

angle

+ z tan
L

and

Integration
over
(A12)
into equation

area

dA 1

to

the

differential
2z

9
9

e2
after substituting
,._quations (A10),
(All),
(A1) gives the configuration
factor
from the

cos

ring

11 dAl[

in

the

a (z 2 + pl 2

base

as

+ p22)

2PlP22]p2

dP2

(Al3)

The

configuration

is obtained

factor

by

from

integrating

the

differential

equation

(A1})

_Pl 4 - aPl3 + p12(2z2-

dAIFd_'CI

over

P2

dA 1
from

r 12) + aPl(rl

4p12 [(z2 + P12)2

+ 2,12(z2
__

= 2z cs ' dAl t
-

area

to

the

0 to

2 - z2)

r 1.

+ z2Iz2

the

area

AI

is

a surface

dAl
the

configuration

grating

over

factor

81

and

from

collecting

of

_ 0

f0 _

is

+ r12 )

Z2_

revolutloz,

sec

R_

terms

becomes

a2 z4

to

+ blZ2

+ b2z5

where

_ de I dz

area

alz3
CI

It

(_')

= Pl
an

C1

- P12) + r 1 1 1/2

- pl 2)

Since

area

an area

+ ClZ

CI

after

inte-

+ dl)dZ

+ c2z 2 + d2z

a3z3
+ b3z2
+ c3z + d3 d_
a4z
+ b4z + c L

+ e2) I/2

(A_5)

15

whe re
aI

= sec4_

bI

= -3a

cI

= (Sa 2 - rl2)tan2

dl

= -a

a2

= sec4_

b2

= -4a

c2

= 2a2(2

d2

=-4a

tan

tan

_ sec2_

+ a 2 _ rl2

_(a 2 - rl2 )

tan

sec2_

tan2_

tan

+ sec2_)

+ 2rl2(1

- tan2_)

_(a 2 - rl2 )

a 3 = sec4_
b3

= -3a

c3

= a2(,

tan

sec2_

tan2,

d 3 = -a3tan

+ 11

a4 = sec2_
b 4 = -2a

tan

c4 = a2
For

brevity,

equation

(A15)

will

cos

The
and
it.

it

first

integral

is necessary
Reference
4

square
root of
into Legendre's

to
presents

a quartic
standard

of

equation

be

written

cot

as

*(_l

(A15)

introduce
elliptic
a method
allowing

is

not

functions
integrals

in the denominator
form of an elliptic

(_6)

I2)

an

elementary
in

integral

order
to
containing

of the integrand
integral.

to

evaluate
the
be

put

16

the

By making
use
first
integral

of
of

reference
equation

5 to evaluate
(A15) becomes:

the

elliptic

integrals

L_-p
q-_,_

L
(q-p)It w

_(v_-w_lo
)

Ii
P

-__eo2_,
I[_(_ + i)2+

_(x + l)

q
L

9
9
2

%_

_ls_l

_(__ w_)-_o(V_-_o)(.
_s 2 - k2/

oo

+ _

_msir (2m_) sin (2mvl)

n sinh(2mp)

m=l

Oo

qmsin(_)
sin (_mV2)
m sinh(2m_)

m=l

_sin(_
+_2)(_s
2-k2
1ogel
,
_in(__2)
(Vs
2 k2

\
+ i loge|_sln(_
_
_

_in(_-

(_7)

+ 71) <Vs 2 - k 2 - sdnq_l

Vl)(Vs2

k2

+ sdn_l)J

./

2A

17

where

and

(a, + a
and

where

are
!8 -

roots

"_')_2

and

are

the

b2

z3

equation
c_,)'q

+ c_(_

nonconJugate

c2

+_

z2

+ "_') -

roots

d2

of

IB_'(_
the

+ a)

= 0

quartic

e2

+_z

+_:o

and

9
9
2

the

+ 2(18_" -

z4 +_
L

of

sin-1. /

A:

K6

VK 5 +K6

cs _Pn = cot (Pn

dn _n

Jacobi

E (_Pn,,
k)

incomplete

elliptic

integral

of

the

second

incomplete

elliptic

integral

of

the

first

a(x)
=
k

elliptic

K I = alq3

K2

= 5alpq2

- k2sin2_n
kind
kind

K65K65

modulus,

VI

+Ksx)

complementary

function,

modulus,

_-

complete
elliptic
respectively

integrals

complete
of
k'

elliptic

integral

+ blq2

clq

+ blq2

K 3 = 3alp2 q + 2blPq

k2
of

of

the

the

first

first

+ dI

+ 2blpq

+ blP2

+ 2clq

+clP

+ clq

+ 2clP

5d I

+ 5d I

and

kind

second

with

kinds,

a modulus

18

K_ = alP3 + bl p2 + clP + d1

= _-

2p_e(,:,,)
+ I< 2

_ q2_ 2qRe(_)+ I_l2

=_ __o(0)+I_t_
L

2ql_e(l_) + [1_2

9
9

,_ =-2(_ + _)(K 7 + _)

y_ =q2_

_:].o= 3(_:8 + _
K].I -- - (_

+ 2_g_:8)

+ _:7 + 6_)

K_

_.=e
'"+

K6

s_-Q._
_'n= "F('_n,'_)
2k

v =K 3-

2_+3K].

W = K4 - K3 + K2 -

Z(A,k)

Jacobl

K1

Zeta function,

E(A, k)

E ]_(A;, k)

19

2K
The
which

second

upon

integral

integration

of equation

(AI5)

is

an elementary

integral

becomes

(AZ8)

+
Equation
leaves

which

(AI6)
surface

cepted

by

If

intercepting

the

surface

represents
AI, the
A2,

the fraction
frustum
of a

a plane

area

A2

circular
is

the

of the total
radiant
energy
right cone, and is inter-

area

entire

in the
base

of

base

of

the

cone,

are greatly
simplified.
The procedure
remains
unchanged
up
gration
of equation
(AI5) which now contains
two elementary
whose

integration

the

cone.

the

results

to the inteintegrals

yields

0
energy

The configuration
factor
with the complete
base

for the
becomes

FR_ 'CO

The configuration
can be found from the
factor
algebra.
(See

the

Hemisphere.parameters
of

complete

= sin

surface
of revolution
(AI) can be expressed

2[a 2 - plP2
cos

@i

exchanging

factor
from the base of
reciprocity
theorem
with
appendix
B.)

When the
equation

cone

radiant

(A20)

the
the

is
as

cone to the walls

aid of configuration-

a hemisphere

(fig.

7),

cos(e I - e2)]
aS

(A2I)

2O

(A22)

cos _2 :

S2

a 2 + p22

2PlP 2 cos(81

(A23)

e2)

and

dA I = a de I dz
L
dA2

= P2

dP2

9
9

de2

2
Integration
and
area

(A25)
dA 1

into
to

e2

over
equation
the

over
tion

a
P2
factor

is

the

from

radius

of

rI

the

substituting

gives

the

ring

a[p24

0 to

from

(AI)

differential

dAiFdAl'2_P2dP2

where

after

in

+ 2P22(z2

the

gives,

differential

equations

configuration
the

base

_ pl2)

hemisphere,
after
area

factor

(p12

from

to

the

of

equation

the

area

Integrating

'C1

over

a[rl4

from

eI

+ 2rl2(2z2

0 to

2_

C1

Integrating
from

area

R_

over
to

area

as

(A25 )

- _2)+

a4] 1/2

gives

2_r12z
dAiF2_adz,

(A24)

configura-

zrl2dA 1
dAiFdA1

the

+ z2)2]'/2

resrranging,

dA 1

(A22),

as

l_tegration

some

(A21),

dz

CI

from
CI

as

0 to

giveE

the

configuration

factor

21

where
and

C1

is

the

rI
LOI

(A26)

FRI,

is the

Equation

radius

vertical

(A26)

"'

of

the

height

may

be

circular
of

put

the

configuration

factor

' Cl -An
If

A2

tion

interesting
is

(A25)

taken

as

reduces

useful

the

total

area

equatorial

plane,

_.

form

by

letting

= rl/a

becomes

(1-

and

in the

in nondimensional

so that

the

area

(l_

+
result

area

of

can

be

the

base

(-427)

obtained

from

(i.e.,

equation

r I = a),

(A25).

equa-

to
dA 1

_IFaAI,CO = --_-By

integrating

over

A1

the

following

result

(A28)
is obtained:

1
rA1, C o

Now

since

AI

has

not

factor
from any area
plane
is one-half.

Configuration

of

been

on

Factors

When the surfaces

a hemisphere
(fig.

the

specified
surface

for

the

= _"

it
of

(_9)

follows

that

the

configuration

a hemisphere

to

the

equatorial

i
R_,R 0

for

the

Hemisphere

Geometry

exchanging
radiant
9), the parameters

energy
are
of equation

rings on the
(A1) become

surface

22
cos @i = cos @2
=

(A30)

- sin eI sin e2 cos(_1 - _2) - cos eI cos e2]

and
S2

where

= 2a2[1

and

Substitution

- sin

are
of

91

as

sin

shown

equations

e,2 cos(_ 1 - c2)

in figure

9.

(A30)

(A31)

and

- cos

e I cos

e2]

(A31)

L
into

equation

(A1)

yields

9
9
2

_AI _2
dAIFdAI,

Since

is a

A_

surface

of

dA 2

of

factor

the

from

Integration

equation

over

(A31)

differential

AI

is

the

configuration

e 2 de 2 d@ 2

simplified

area

dA I

to

areas

can

be

the

gives
ring

the configuration
1
R0
as

factor

from

e I de I c_ 1

a ring

,R 0

The

_md

where

dA 1 = a2sin

gives

(A32)

revolution

dA 2 = a 2 sin

integration

4_

expressed

as
R_

= 2_aL_

and
R_=

2_a_

to

a ring

as

23
so that

Fw3 R1
'2 __'0

(A35)

-,0 _n 2
L

9
9
2

where

]
L_

segments.

and

i_

are

the

vertical

heights

of

the

hemispherical

24

APPENDIX

CONFIGURATION-

FACTOR

_//3EBRA

It is possible
to determine
configuration
factors
for many cases
from existing
configuration
factors
by utilizing
the technique
of
configuration-factor
algebra
(see the section
entitled
"Geometric
Flux
Algebra"
in ref. l) and the previously
mentioned
reciprocity
theorem.
The basic requirement
involved
in this technique
is that the unknown
configuration
factors
be of such a nature
that they can be expressed
as
sums and differences
of known configuration
:'actors.
The procedure
is
best explained
by an example.

Example
Suppose
from

a ring

that
on

the

it

is

necessary

surface

of

Equation

(AT)

gives

the

determine

a cylinder

of the base as shown in figure

to determine
this configuration
for other geometries
of figure
equation
(AT).

geometry.
That
intersection
of
The intercepting
area the center

to

R_

10.
It will
factor
from
lO which
are

configuration

the

configuration

to an

annular

region

factor
C1, 2

be shown that it is possible

_.he configuration
factors
z_eadily obtained
from

factor

for

a particular

is, the surface

of the cylin(_r
must extend
from the
the base plane to any height
above this intersection.
area is also restricted
in _hat it must be a circular
of which
is on the axis of N_volution.
It is therefore

necessary
to express
the
which
have been obtained.
it can be seen that

desired
This

configurati(,n
can be done _s

factor
in terms of those
follows.
From figure
lO,

(BI)
R l, O 1

R 0, C 1

and

2
RI, C2

Since

C1, 2 = C 1 - C2,

then

R0, C 2 - _R_,C

9
9
2

25

R2F

(B3)

2
RI' CI, 2

= R2F
2 CI
RI,

The left-hand
side of equation
(B3)
of the right-hand
sides of equations

- R2FR,C
2_ _

can be expressed
as the difference
(BI) and (B2) as follows:

=1

-F

9
9
2

If equation
the
sions

(A7)

brackets,

is used

FR _,Cl ' 2

to

R1

0 _ R_, C I - FI
R O, C 2

determine

can

be

the

expressed

(B4)

configuration

in terms

of

factors

the

within

cylinder

dimen-

as

F 2
RI' Cl, 2

1
4aL21

-_(4)

+ 2( a2

4 + 2(a 2 +

_(_)4

-._(LI)4

+ rl

)_"0_

r22)(_)

+ (a2

rl

2 +

(a2 - r22) 2

+ 2(a2

+ r22)(_)2

(a2 _ r22) 2

+ 2(a2

+ r12)(Ll)2

(a 2 -

(B5)

r12) 2]

Although
figure
i0 and the preceding
example
involve
a cylinder,
the procedure
applies
equally
as well when the surface
oi' revolution
a cone or a hemisphere.
The
algebra
be used

above

example

presented
to obtain

is

a simple

application

in order to introduce
the
the configuration
factors

of

is

configuration-factor

basic
ideas which
for the geometries

will
of

now

26

R_,
cl,_,el,
2,_,el,
2,_d _i,2
Rl2
for
cyl_n_ors,
cone_,
_ homl
spheres

as

examples

well

of

as

these

R ,R 0

for

geometries.

Configuration

from

The

configuration

the

equation

configuration-factor

Factors

factor

derived

cylinders

for

algebra

and

for

the

for

the

1
RO,

can

2
RO,

C[linder.be used to

so that the
der becomes

FR2'

C1

and

2
R1

are

the

geometry

and

is given

ring

factor

4aL21

_)4

4 + 2(Lo)2(a

_(Lo)

fig.

2 for

of
in

of

R_,C I

R_,C I

R_,C 1
general

can

be

obtained

9
9

through
terms

by

_Ri_,Cl
/

areas.

For a cylindrical
surface
determine
the terms on the

configuration

(See

Geometry

geometry

R1,cI R_\ _,ci

where

cones.

in

terms

2 + rl2)+

of revolution,
equation
(A7)
rlght-hand
side of equation
(B6)
of

the

dimensions

(a 2 . rl2 )2

+ (Lo)

of

2-

the

cylin-

(L_)21

(B7)

Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolutior,
equation
(AI6) can be
used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
_ide of equation
(B6) so
that the configuration
factor
in terms of the cimensions
of the cone
becomes

F2

os ot i

(_)

D =r I

27

where

the

(A18),

The
a

first

frustum

frustum
an

integrals

II

and

12

are

given

by

equations

(A17)

and

respectively.

of
of

two

integrals

height

L_

height

intercepting

_
area

of

and
while

of

equation

the

second

all

four

radius

(BS)
two

are

are

integrals

to be

to be
are

evaluated

evaluated

to

be

for
for

evaluated

for

r 1.

9
9
2

Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equation (A26) can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of
equation
(B6) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the hemisphere
becomes

F 2
_
1
R I, C 1
4aL_

I_4r12(_)2

Configuration

The
obtained

configuration
from

the

algebra

- r12)2

Factors

factor

equation

configuration-factor

(a 2

for

for

the

derived
and

=F
FR_, Cl, 2

_4rl2(L1)2

the

Geometry

geometry

for
is

the

given

of

+ (a2

_,

general

of

r12)21

CI, 2

1
Ro, C1, 2

geometry
in

can

1 C1
Ro,

terms

be
through

by

(mo)

1
-F
1
R0, C 1
Ro, C 2

Cylinder.For a cylindrical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A7)
can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of equation (BlO) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the cylinder
becomes

1
FRI, C1,2

- 4aL_

_(Lo)4

+ 2(L1)2(a

2 + r22)+

<a2 - r22)2

+ rl2-

r221

(Bll)

28

Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolut:on,
equation
(AI6) can be
used to determine
the terms on the right-bane
side of equation
(BlO)
so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the cone
be c ome s

=
F

oo c.

2_/@

(B12_)

)I

cot
+

P =r I

L
Note
and

that
all

two

integrals

four

for

are

a height

evaluated

for

= rl,

two

for

= r2,

L 1.

9
9
2

Hemisphere.tion
(A26) can be
of equation
(B10)

For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equaused to determine
the term_ on the right-hand
side
so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the

dimensions

hemisphere

of

the

FRI 'cI'2

becomes

- 41L 1 [_4r12(L

I)2

(a2-

r2I
2.2
+rl2

r22(L+
Configuration

The
obtained

configuration
from

the

conflguration-factor
entitled
"Example"

Factors

factor

equation

of

for

derived

the

the

Geometry

geometzy

for

the

of

of

geometry

Equation
(B5) gives the
2
R1, C1, 2
for a cylindrical

Cone.For a conical
be used to determine
the
so that the configuration
becomes

configuration
surface

surface
of revolutian,
terms on the right-hand
factor
in terms of the

of

(B13)

R21' Cl, 2

R_,CI, 2
can be
1
of
R0, C 1
through

algebra.
This has been performed
and is given by equation
(B4).

Cylinder.geometry

for

_12)2

in the

factor

section

for

the

revolution.

equation
(A16) can
side of equation
(B4)
dimension
of the cone

29

gr
cos

# cot

II/

0r ]

P =r I

=_-_E

t[ill+ 12)

(B14)
P =r I

L
9
9
2

Again
it is to be noted that
for the correct
combinations

the
of

sum of
O
and

the
L.

integrals

must

be

evaluated

Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A26) can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of
equation
(B4) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions of the hemisphere
becomes

I_4rl2

_4r12(Ll)2

obtained

configuration
from

the

configuration-factor

(a2

+ (a2

Configuration

The

(Lg)2

Factors

factor

equation
algebra

for

- r12)2

(a2

r I2)2

V4r22(L1)

2 +

(a 2

for

the

Geometry

of

R2,
03 R I

the

geometry

derived
and

- V4r22(Lg)2

for
is

the

given

of

R ,R 0

geometry
in

general

of

(m5)

- r22) 2]

can

be
through

R_,C
l_

terms

Co

- r22)2

by

Co

(Bi6)

C_linder.For a cylindrical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A9)
(a special
case of (AT) when the intercepting
area is the full base of
the cylinder)
can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side

3O
of equation (B16) so that the configuration
sions of the cylinder becomes

factor in terms of the dimen-

4__ _V(L_I
2_
_

4a 2 + L 0

LO)

12_
(BI7)

4a 2

Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolutio:1,
equation
(A19) (a
special---_ase of equation
(A16) when the interc._pting
area is the full
area of the base of the cone) can be used to d._termine the terms on the
right-hand
side of equation
(B16) so that the _onfiguration
factor
in
terms
of the dimensions
of the cone becomes

L1

. 2LOL_cos _ cot _]
]

tion

Hemisphere.(A26) cannot

uration

factor

for

(BI8 )

For a hemispherical
surface
,)f revolution,
be applied
to equation
(B16) to determine
the

geometry

of

_,_.

This

is because

equathe configthe

first

two terms
on the right of equation
(B16) canno_
be obtained
from equation (A26),
which is for hemispheres,
since t_!_ surface
of revolution
above
plane 1 is a spherical
segment.
Therefore,
the equation
for the
configuration
factor
between
rings on the surface
of a hemisphere
is
derived
in appendix
A (eq. (A35)) by integratiJlg
equation
(4) over

_ _

_.

9
9
2

31

Configuration

is

and

9
9

curvature

Aj

a configuration

order

for

Radiation
in a closed
system
further
complicated
by surfaces

positive

is

Factors

to

determine

surrounded

sum

of

the

by

Fj,j,
(n -

of

configuration

a portion

the

use

form

is made

l) other

Geometry

composed
of
of positive

intercepts

factor

the

factors

several
isothermal
surfaces
curvature.
A surface
of
of

Fj,j
of

its

must

the

surfaces,

fact

forming

between

R_,R_

Aj

own
be

radiated

determined.

that

if

a closed

and

energy

all

In

a surface
system,

surfaces

Aj
the

is

one,

or
n

2
F j, k

(B19)

= i

k=l
If

the

surface

Aj

can

see

itself,

equation

j-1
Fjjj

= 1-

surface

of

_--Fj,

revolution,

FR

where

which

Ri
are

is

the

ring

perpendicular

_2
i'"i

k -

to

the

equation

by

from

R_

which

fall

written

as

(_2o)

Fj, k

the

axis

(B20)

can

be

replaced

by
(B21)

2
RI ' CO1
F_2
_i' _2
UO

intersections
of

of

revolution.

are circular
areas in planes
1 and 2 bounded
tion.
The last two terms
in equation
(B21)
radiation

be

k =j +i

= i - F

formed

can

k =i

For

(BI9)

on

surfaces

of

revolution

planes

Areas

1 and
1
CO

and

2,
2
CO

by the surface
of revolurepresent
the fractions
of
below

and

above

R_,

respectively.
Cylinder.-

If the

surface

is a cylinder

cg
and

equation

(B21)

reduces

to

F-2 -2
_i' _i

= i - 2F

2
I
RI' CO

(_2)

32

The

configuration

factor

FRI,2cvl

the base can be obtained

from equation
be written
in terms of the dimensions

F 2

2 = 1+

from

the

(A9),
of the

walls

of

and equation
cylinder
as

a cylinder
(B22)

may

1 +

to
then

(B25)

L
It

can

be

seen

from

dependent
upon
ring above the
Cone.-

equation

(B23)

that

the height
of the ring
base of the cylinder.

For

conical

surface

of

F 2
2
R1, R]

but

not

for

upon

a cylinder

the

9
9

is

position

of

the

revolutior

R I' C O

where

_2

is all

By using

the

surface

equation

(B24),

area

above

equation

R2
i"
(B21)

becomes

- F _ _
F_'i'_'i
2 w2 = 1 - Fw2
_I
_'i'vO

The
circular

F2

portion
area

of
C_

the
can

1 =

R2

and

be

_2

2
R1

leaving

determined

L2)2csc2,

Configuration-factor
between

energy

algebra

from

+ 4_

for

the

(_)

R],R_

which
equation

is

intercepted

(AIg)

of

radiant

gives

the

as

+ c._c *(2L H sin2*

exchange

by

(B26)

energy

SA

35

By using

equations

FR12 R_2 = 2(_

l+ _)

Substitution
the

F 2
RI, RI2

It

can

radiated
upon the
ring.

total

for

seen

from

(B26)
a ring

H
2

_+L

(A20),

equation

+ 4LH_-

equations

factor

= i

be

and

I_(L2)2csc2_

of

configuration

(A19)

and
of

into

that

the

Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
height
equals
a, equation
(B21) can be

FR2 R2 = i - F 2
i' _'i
RI' CI

to

2
L I cos

portion

energy
that a ring on the surface
of a cone
relative
position
of the ring as well as on

+ L21

equation

radiating

+ 4LIHLH-

(B29)

yields

_(2_sin2_

(B28)

a cone

_)2csc2_

equation

csc

(B27)

(B28)

(B25)
itself

gives
as

cot

of

(B29)

its

own

receives
is dependent
the height
of the

of revolution,
written

since

the

(BSO)

- F 2
a
RI' R2

where

_2_nO_.
2

- _

R O, C 0
FD2 .i
_'i'_0
By using

equations

+ R21F 2

R 0, C 0

RI, R 0

(B31)

=
R2
(A29)

and

(A55),

equation

(B30)

becomes

(B52)

Here

height

of

again,

as

the _ring

for

a cylinder,

F.2 _2
_i' _i

L2

and

its

not

upon

is dependent

position

above

upon

the

the

base

plane.

56

b
,..-t

'g

O
Y

O
,-t

0
C,I

,4

O,J

b
,.-I

X
e,l

P,I

b'-

e-t
O

cd

O4

r'-I'

b
_5

b
,-t

Y
X
r-i

O
,--I
Ol

_S

,-.4

,..-t

,--I

b0

O,I

O4
,--4

,._
0,1
I

,.-I

.L,
0

M)

Y
O

r'4

t_

Y
O

OJ

&

CO

,-.-t

c0

0d

_0
,--I

,--.t

-O

,-.-I

_0

X
Od

kD

Ol

M_

,--t

iO

u_
O.J

._
X

>

X
O

'_
,-I

Cq
O_

CO

cd

_o

_'_
r-I

O
u'_

OJ

O.I

b
,-.-I
t_

>

u"
OJ

O4

_
d

'o

g
O

,-.I

,.-I

X
O

,-I
0

,-I

,-I

_o

OJ

-_

--*" s

o
0

_ d

37

?
o

_ X.O
_=_ _o_ u"X 0

o'x
x

b
X
o

CO

o_c0

b-- b-

?
o

u-x

?
o

co
o

oJ
Ox
Oh

?
o

?
o

o_

@
_D

c_

II

-,o

_o_

ON Od O0

B]dddd

?
o

-,
o

?
o

X
Lg_

79
oo

0_

d o]do]

0_

u%

I--t

?
o

?
o

?
o

_-*_o_

oo0_

O_ ',,0
t,'_ Ox 0
L_
03 OCOCO

o
i

?
o

03

X
OkkO

x
co ko

CO _-kO

tf"_ _-

0J_-I

_-t tfh

OhOh

O
X

X
OCO

,-t

b'- t"- b--

_-ox

38

i
O

,--4
t"--

t'r-t

t'-.-.-t

M)

'o
c_

,-I

x
b-

b-

CO

cO

x
O

X
ff-_

o_

,-I

'o
b.-

'

c_

u_

b--

,-t

,-4

L_

C_

r-I

(_

,-4

MD

o
o

,-I

C_

C_
cO

O
cO

b-.-

o.I

r%

b-

,.A

&
oJ
!
t_
O

b-.
O_

cO

b
,-I

,5

x
,-I

O
o.I

b._.I

,_

,-i

_r

'_

_O

,.--I

,.-I

oJ

c_

_'_

_D

'-'

..4

b-

co

'o

8
A
_

kO
kO
PO

39

O_
!

Figure

i.-

Relative

positions

of

isothermal

black

surfaces.

4O

L'o

Lo

JL

R'o,C,

/"

"_"_

R_,C,

-,,

_o.___ L? ___ __
R;,C,,,

R:,C,,,

_L

Lo

L*

_1__ __

t
R:,R"

Figure

2.-

Representations

R:,R_

of

configurations

investigated.

_D
_D
rO

41

I
I

I
Ro

I
II _._

L
I

li

_/_,

dAI

_\

,,

Fi_ro3.-_omotry
o_cylin_or
(_,Cl).

42

0
O0.

o
0

_J
,d
r'i
,"4
h_

7 /\ ii\1\
/\\/
/\ /
,

kO
0

\l

.p

_\

S
T'k

\ /

0
oJ
bD

l
\ Y, ---;--Y--q
_j ,,,,?J
0

\_J

,_U

0
..p

0
._I
.p

e,,

k \ \\/
_ -k,

0
!

2-

"4

,i,i

o
i

i,,

T
0

.... ..........
_o

_o

;o

_o

rO

43

oJ

8_

I
I
I
I
I
H

I
I

Fi_ _.-_omet_ofcone(R_,O1)-

44

_"

._ _,._.T
_.
0
o

_8
r_

_0
0

0
C.)

0
.,-I
4._

0
I

i , i ,
0

T
0

Nio

-_o
LL

'_C

45

c_J
o_
a_
!

Figuro
7_aeomotryof
_omi_horo
(_CO

46

o_

O,

<D

....
j_
\_7

/\0

0
+

x\/_

\o

/',,/\

\
V

!\

V"

X/

_5

I\

,P

_o

<

X/

/X

\
v

x,7

,q ",,,/

..

o
o

,V-

o
,,,-'I
.0

_@,,_\
/X /',_

r..

,___

.H

r_

i,,
0

,
"T
0

i I i i
0

i
0

47

,i-I

oJ

/
!

)
cO
O
U_

b0

/
/
/

/
Nil

O
_I
4.a
"Cl

&

48

Lo

R"

Lo
I

I-o

('c,

Figure

i0.-

Geometric

1_

representation

of

configuratlon-factor

F 2

algebra,

%_,=_o,_,_Ro,_}
[_'_,_._,_]"
- R_F- i

NASA-Langley,

1061

L-992