( )

( )

( ):

210400
: 210404
210406
210302
210405 ,
( )

:
..

2013

 681.3
621.396
..
. . :
, 2013. 204 .

,
,
- .

, GSM, Wi-Fi, LTE,
, ,
,
.

,
,
210404 , 210406
, 210302 , 210405 ,

210400 210700
.

.., 2013

1.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6. GSM
1
1

2.
2.1. 1G
2.2. 2G
2.3. 3G
2.4. 4G
2
2
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3. DMA
3
3

2.
4.
4.1.
4.2. TDMA
4.3. FDMA
4.4. CDMA
4.5. CDMA
4
4

5. , ,
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5
5

7
8
10
10
10
16
17
19
22
24
26
27
28
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
37
41
41
42
43
43
44
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
55
58
59
60
60
63
64
64

 3.
6. CDMA
6.1. CDMA
6.2. CDMA
6.3. Rake-
6
6

4.
7. (, -)
7.1.
7.2. -
7
7
5. GSM
8. GSM
8.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
8.2. SIM
8.3. (Equipment Identity Register)
8.4. Handover ()
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
8
8

9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3. GSM
9.4.
9
9

10.
10.1. (BPSK)
10.2. (QPSK)
10.3. (-QPSK
10.4. /4
( /4 DQPSK)
10.5. (MSK)
10.6. (GMSK)
10
10

6.
11.
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11
5

65
65
65
72
75
76
77
78
79
79
79
88
90
91
92
92
92
94
95
96
97
98
101
101
102
103
104
104
107
109
112
116
117
117
118
118
119
121
122
125
126
127
128
129
130
130
130
136
141
145
149

 11

12.
12.1.
12.2.
12
12

7.
13. OFDM
13.1. FDM
13.2. FDM
13
13

14. Wi-Fi
14.1. Wi-Fi
14.2. IEEE 802.11g
14.3. Wi-Fi
14.4. Wi-Fi
14
14
15. LTE
15.1. LTE
15.2. LTE
15.3.
15.4. SAE
15
15

150
150
151
151
153
158
158
158
159
159
159
161
167
168
168
169
169
169
173
175
177
178
180
180
181
187
188
190
191
192
193
194
195
202



210400
210302 , 210405 ,
, 210700
.
210404
, 210406
.
,

, ,
, .

,
, ,
.

, (
) , ,
.
,
: -, ,
,

,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
.. .
,

.
7



.
,
,
,
- .
, ,
.

, ,
.
,
,

,
"" .


, , ,
, .


,
.

,
. ,
, , ,
, .. .
,
, ""
,
8

 ,
,
.

, ,
, ,
,
..
,
(CDMA, GSM, Wi-Fi, LTE ..),
,
, ,
..

,
,
( ),
,
,
.
, .
,
.
.

 1.

1.

:
,
, -
GSM.
:
.

1.1.
. 1.1:
1 ( , , ..);
2

;
3 .

. 1.1.
, ,
,
, , , .
, ,
.


.
()
() ,
10

 .
.
() , ..,
.

,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
,
(. 1.2).

11n,

22n, .
, (55n),
66n.
,
, .

.

. 1.2.

,
,
11

 .
.
,
-
.
- .

:
1. , ..
.
.
. .
2. ,
.
.
.
3. :
, , , ,
. , .

. (
). .

( ) . - ,
,
. ,
, ,
5 . (99.9% ),
.
,
. ,
.

(, ,
12

).

. 1.3.

. 1.3.
. 1.3 () (
).
(), (
).
,
(
, .).
, (

).
, .
, ,
/ .
.
,
.
, ( ),
.
,
.
13

 .
, , , ( ,
).
(, ,
)
.
, ,
( ).
,
, . ,
( ) .
,
: ,
, . ,

, .

,
( , -,
)
.
, ,
( )
.
,
- .
,
, ..

(. . 1.4), . 1.5.

14

. 1.4.

. 1.5.
(. 1.6).

(),
, .
, ,

.

. 1.6.

15

 , ,

.
1.2.

() ,
.
.
.

9 ,
4 12.
N 0,3..10 N
3..10 N . (. . 1.1)
. 1.1

4 3 30

100
10
()

()

5 30 300

10
1

()

()

6 0,3 3

1
100

()

()

7 3 30

100
10

()

()

8 30 300

10
1

()

9 0,3 3

1
1

()

10 3 30

1
1

11 30 300

1
1
()

12 300 3000

0,1
1
16

(
)

 , ,
.
: 4 f4=27 , 12 f12=2700 .
,
.
,
,
:
1. ,

.
2. ,
.
3. ,

.
4.
, .
,
9 .
: 4
3- (F = 0,3 .. 3,4 , f = 8 , f4 = 27 ).

(F = 15 ) V (FTV = 6 ).
. V-
8, 5 ..,
(8
).
, , ,
,
.
1.3.
, ,
()
17

 . -
.

L0 = 2 R0

h1 + h 2 ,

(1.1)

L0 ;
R0 ;
h1 h 2 .

() ()

( ).
.

, 70100
.
( ,
),
,
( ), ,
(1.1).
40
70 ,
.
,
() . (
) ,
,
250300 .
,


.
,
( )
18

.
, .
, 100 ,
25 .
.
,
.

,
, ,
.

0.15 40 , 70 .


,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, ..

.

.
,

,
, .
1.4.
,
(
), . -,
19

, ,
,
. -,

.
.

().
(
,

).
,
(. 1.7).

.1.7.

.
( ).
(
) ,
.

.
.
20

 ,
.



,
.

.
, ,
,
.
.
. 1.7
, 7 (
).
, 7
(7 ). ,
7 ,
, ,
.
.

.

:
(,
..).
,
, .

,
.
,
.
21

1.5.

1.8.

.1.8.

. ,
, -

().
.
.
,
.

, ,
.

:
.
, ,

. (
) ( ).
.
22

(
)

:

( ).

,
.
,
. , .

.

.
,
, .
,
,
.

.

,
,
.
.


.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
23


,
.
1.6. GSM
,
.

.
AMPS ( ), NMT
( ). . ,
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System) 453467
(NMT-450) 10 890960
45 . 25
.

, ,
, .

.
GSM, D-AMPS JDC.
GSM.
GSM-900 (Global System for Mobile communications)
890915
935960 .
124
200 . GSM
. 1.9.
8 , ,
.

24

.1.9. GSM
GSM
1.4.
57 . ( ,
)
.
(, ..),
,
.

.1.10. GSM

25

 (156,25 , 577 , 148 )

T

ED

TS

ED

57

26

57

8,25

T (Tail bits) ;
ED (Encripted Data) ( );
S (Stealing flag) /;
G (Guard period) ;
TS (Training Sequence) .

GSM

,
. ,
,
.
,
.

.
,
, .

. GSM
: ,
, .
1
1.
,
- , /
, .

26

2. ,

.
3.
.
4.
,
.
5. , ,
.
6.
( )
.
7.
. .
8.
.
9.
,
.
10.
:
.
11.
.
12. GSM
.
13. GSM
.

1
1. .
2.
.
27

3. ,
?
4. ,
?
5. .
6. ? ?
7. , GSM
.
8.
9.
10. .
11.
?
12. ?
13. ?

1. GSM.
2. GSM.
3.
.

28

 2.
: .
:
.

2.1. 1G
.
:
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service
, 800 )
, , , ;
;
,
( D-AMPS, );
(
D-AMPS), ;
TACS (Total Access Communications System
, 900 ) , , ,
, , ETACS () JTACS/NTACS
(); ;
, 1995 .,
, 1997 .
;
NMT-450 NMT 900 (Nordic Mobile Telephone
, 450 900 )
;
;
; NMT 450
, (
GSM 900);
-450 ( 450 ) ;
RTMS (Radio Telephone Mobile System
, 450 ) ;
Radiocom 2000 ( 170, 200, 400 )
;
29

NTT (Nippon Telephone and Telegraph system

, 800900 )
.

2.2. 2G
AMPS
,
.
- ,
.
D-AMPS, IS-54.

( ).
GSM (GSM 900
900 ).
GSM 1989 .
1800 .
. GSM 900
, :

() ,

, ,
.
XRTT (One Times Radio Transmission Technology) 2.5G
CDMA-.
.
144 /,
40-60 /. 1XRTT
, ,
.
GPRS (. General Packet Radio Service
) GSM,
. GPRS
30


GSM , . GPRS
/ , .
EDGE (. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
,
2G 2.5G (GPRS) . TDMA GSM .
EDGE GSM
. EDGE : ECSD
CSD, EHSCSD HSCSD, EGPRS
GPRS. EDGE 2003
.
2.3. 3G

. 3G
, , 2 ,
3,6 /. 3G
(streaming) , , 3G
,
..
3G 5 IMT-2000 (UMTS/WCDMA,
CDMA2000/IMT-MC, TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA ( ),
DECT UWC-136).
: UMTS
( W-CDMA) CDMA2000 (IMT-MC),
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access
).
3G :
. ITU (International
Telecommunications Union ) 3G
:
( 120 /) 144
/;
( 3 /) 384 /;
31

 2048 /.
HSDPA (. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
)
,

(4G).
14,4 /,
3 /.
2.4. 4G
, 4G (
4G):
LTE;
TD-LTE;
Mobile WiMAX;
UMB;
HSPA+.
WiMAX LTE.
LTE TeliaSonera/Ericsson
382
Mbps 86 Mbps . UMB ,
( )
. , WiMAX 4G,
3G 2G,
- , WiMAX
, SMS,
VoIP .
IMT HSPA+ 4G, ..
.
,
, , 4G
, 3G
, .

32

 4G VoIP,
, .
2.1
.
. 2.1

1G
1970

2G
1980

2.5G
1985

3G
1990

3.5G
<2000

4G
2000

1984

1991

(SMS),

9,6
/
9,6-14,4
/

1999

2002

,

2 /

20062007

20082010

, IP
,
,

115/(1
) 384
/ (2
),
GPRS,
EDGE
(2.75G),
1xRTT
PSTN,

2 /

3-14 /

1 /

WCDMA,
CDMA2000,
UMTS

HSDPA

1,9 /

AMPS,
TACS, NMT

TDMA,
CDMA,
GSM, PDC

PSTN

PSTN

2
1. 1G ,
.
2. 2G ,
.
3. GSM ,

.
4.
D-AMPS,

33

5.
6.

7.
8.

AMPS
: .
3G ,
.
4G ,
,
-
.

.
, 4G,
2G 3G, 4G (,
WiMAX).

2




?
5.
?
6.
?
7. GSM-900 GSM-1800?
8. ,
.
9. , ITU-T,

?
10. WiMax,
, 4G?

1.
2.
3.
4.

34

 3.
:
,
GSM CDMA-.
:
.

3.1.
(traffic, , ) ,
.
,
.

4 .
1. ( ,
),
FDMA TDMA
CDMA, TDMA
.
2. , ..

; ,
( , ) .
,
3 ( 120- )
.
300-500 ,
.
()
()
(), (,
) ,
.
,
, ,
.
35

 / ,
,
.
3. ()
(FDMA TDMA).
( )
,
() (), ..
,
- .
,

.
,
.
CDMA,
.
4. .

.
3.2.
32 ( N c ) (R) 1,6 ,
, 336
(N..). C = 7.
() ?
()? ,
, ? (
128 0,8 ).
:
1. ()
Sc =

3 3 2 3 3
R =
0,8 2 2,6 0,8 2 = 1,66 2
2
2

2.
36

S = S c N c = 6,65 32 = 212 2

3. :
N . =

N . 336
=
= 48 ()

4. :
N = N . N c = 48 32 = 1536 ()

2:
N c = 128

R = 0,8

:
1. ()
Sc =

3 3 2 3 3
R =
0,8 2 = 1,66 2
2
2

2.
S = S c N c = 1,66 128 213 2

3. :
N . =

N . 336
=
= 48 ()

4. :
N = N . N c = 48 128 = 6144 ()

3.3. DMA
CDMA
, , -
FDMA TDMA
,
, , ..
- ( f p , T p ).
( ,
) .
CDMA (
, )
37

 , FDMA TDMA,

.
''
"

q=

E
(*)
N0 + N

N N 0
;
E = PR T , ;
PR .
CDMA

, ( 1)
, :
N = (K 1)

PR
KPR

, K >> 1
f p
f p

(K 1)PR ,
.
N 0 >> N , (*) q =

f p
KRt

:
K

f p
qRt

, q 5...8 (
,
)
, CDMA, ,
FDMA TDMA). , FDMA
TDMA
.
,
. , 7
(. . 3.1) :
38

f p
7 Rt

. 3.1.
CDMA
,
,
( ) ,
.

( ,
) ,
(

).

1,5 . CDMA

K

f p
1,5qRt

q 2,5 (8 ) :
Kc

f p
3,75 Rt

, CDMA
FDMA TDMA.

39


. ,
,
.

. GSM
,
, .
,



,
CDMA

.

p,

,
N = p N .
:
Kc

f p
3,75 Rt p

p =
K c 0,64

3
8

f p

Rt

FDMA TDMA .
, ,

CDMA
,
.

40

 3
1.
:
, ,
.
2.
,
.
3. , ,
,
.
4.
GSM- -
.
5. CDMA

.
6. GSM
.
7.
GSM-
.

3
1. ?
2. ?
3.
?
4. ?
5.
6. ?
7. ?
41

8. ,
,
( , )?
9.
.
10. CDMA?
11. .
12. .

1. , ,

56 (Nc) (R)
1,2 (C) 7.
2. , ,

122 (Nc) (R)
1,7 (C) 7.

42

 2.
4.
: ,

.
:
.

4.1.

.
, .

,
,
.
, ,
, , ,
,

.
, , , .
- ,

.
, .
:
1. ,
{0, 1}.
2. ,
. 1
, , M-.

3 :

43

 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

;
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
;
CDMA (Code division multiple access)
.
4.2. TDMA
TDMA ,

.
"" (timeslot, TS) (. 3.1).
,
(. 4.1).

. 4.1. TDMA
,
.
, ,
.
. ,

,
.
,
.
44

. 4.2. TDMA
TDMA GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications).

4.3. FDMA
FDMA ,

.
,
.

. .

.

. 4.3. FDMA
45

 ,
, .
,
, .
:
1. ,
.
2. ,
.
.
, GSM TDMA FDMA.
200
, 8 .
4.4. CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access),
. CDMA
.
,
,
.
.

, ,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
.
,

46

, , ,
- .

.
.


(XOR). . 4.4 ,
. Tb
XOR ,
Tc (:
1/T, T = ), ,
1/ Tb
1/ Tc. Tc
Tb,
, .
Tb/ Tc .

. 4.4 CDMA
4.5. CDMA
1. .
,
(TDMA, FDMA).

47

2. .
.
,
, .
3. .
.
.
4. CDMA ,
. .
5.
.

, , -
,

.
,
,
. ,
.

,
.

4
1.
.
2. : ,
, .
3.
, .
4.
.
48

5.
,
.
6.
,
.
7. GSM-
.
8.
,
.
9.

.
10. CDMA FDMA, TDMA
.

4
1. .
2.
(TDMA).
3.
(FDMA).
4.
(CDMA).
5.
TDMA FDMA?
6. CDMA
?
7. .
8. CDMA TDMA FDMA.

49


1.
2.
3.
4.

TDMA.
FDMA.
CDMA.
,
.

50

 5. , ,
: ,
,
.
: ,
,
.

5.1.

. ,
,
.
(. . 5.1).

;
- ;
;
- ;
.
. 5.1.
U(t) U(t)
.
, U(ti), i = 1, 2, 3
ti, t = ti+1 ti .
,
U(ti)
U(ti).
. ,

51

 ,
(. . 5.2).

. 5.2. : ,

, (. 5.2 ),
(. 5.2 ).
. 5.3

. 5.3.

52


,
.
: 2 -1
1.
3- : 23-1 = 7 ().
2.
8- : 28-1 = 255 ()
,

, .
. 5.4 .

. 5.4.
m
, m .

. 5.5.

53

. 5.5.

:
1.
Um. Um/2,
1, 0.
2. :
N_1* Um/2 + Um/4,
N_1 (0/1),
1, 0.
3. :
N_1* Um/2 + N_2* Um/4 + Um/8
..
, .
:
U x = U + U = U + e

e :
[ ; .
2 2

54

, ,
( ):
We =

2
12

:
1:
U = 5 ,
: Wc = U 2 = 25 2 ,
:
a = 10 log

Wc
25
= 10 log
= 10 log(600) = 27,78
We
1 / 12

2:
U = 20 ,
: Wc = U 2 = 400 2
a = 10 log

Wc
400
= 10 log
= 10 log(4800) = 36,12 .
We
1 / 12

12 , .
.
8.
, -
.
5.2.

:
;
.


.
(. . 5.6).

55

. 5.6.
:
y = f (x) ,

x , y .
1
A| x|
,0 | x |
1 + ln A
A
y=
, = 87,6
(
)
1
+
ln
A
|
x
|
1

1 + ln A , A | x | 1

y=

ln (1 + | x |)
,
ln (1 + )

( )

0 | x | 1 , = 255 ( USA).

. 5.7.
.

. 5.7.

.
. 5.8.

. 5.8.
56

1- 8- ( 0 7)

1- 16-
( 0 15)

+(1)
(0)
:
1. U = 7 , = 0,01 .
N = 700, 700 512 1024.
6 610= 1102
700-512 = 188.
6- 32,
188/32 = 5, 28.
510 = 01012
28 = 0,28 .
:

+(1)

1- 8- ( 0 7)
1

1- 16-
( 0 15)
0

57

5.3.

-

. 5.9.

.
, .
:

58

 - .


. 5.10.
,
.
-,
.
5.4.
8
(3,4*2+f).
8 :
8 000 * 8 = 64 000 * = 64 /c
64 /c
().
-30 32 , 30 , 2 .
32 * 64 / = 2048 /c = 2 /c.
0 ;
1-15 ;
16 ;
17-31 .
:
59

1. PDH ( ) :
E1 2 /c
E2 8 /c
E3 34 /c
E4 140 /c
2. SDH :
STM-1 155.5 /c ( 63 E1, 3
E3, 1 E4)
STM-4 622.5 /c
STM-16 2.4 /
STM-64 10 /
STM 125 = 125*10-6
5.5.
1.
, (
, )
2.
, , .
, .
3. , ,
,
. B
,
,
.
5.6.

,
. ,
. ,
,

60

 , .
.

( )

, ,

.

.
.
. 5.11.

. 5.11.
2
,
. , ITUT G.707 :
p(x) = x7+x3+1 (CRC-7)
:

61

. 5.12.

(. . 5.13):

. 5.13.
m :
T = 2m-1,
T = 27-1 = 127 .

,

.

,
.

62

 5
1.
-
.
2. ,
.
3.
, .
4. ,
.
5. /
,
/ .
6.
,
.
7. ,
- -
.
8. -
(PDH) (SDH) .
9.
,
.
10.
,

.
11. :
,
,
.

63

 5
?
?

.
?
.

.
8. .
9. ?
10. ?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
U = 46,6 = 0,1 .
2. (
- ).
3. .
4. x9 + x4 + 1.
5. ,
,
: 0000 0000 01.

64

 3.
6. CDMA
:
, ,
, Rake-.
:
.

6.1. CDMA
CDMA .
CDMA :
1.
.
2.
() ,
, ,
.
3.
,
.
4.
. , CDMA, GSM,
, .
,
.
. 6.1. ,

m=7.

65

. 6.1.

c0

c1

c2

c3

c4

c5

c6

c7

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

. . 6.1
DS-CDMA.

.

66

. 6.1. DS-CDMA

(BPSK),
R,
1. -
8 ,
.
BPSK (
1). ,
8R
() , . ,
8.

.

67

/ , 8
, .
. 6.1,
,

().
8
( 8)
.
CDMA .
R .
:
N

p (t ) = a k q (t k 0 ) .
k =1

s(t ) p(t ) .
ak ,

k = 1,2..N

1 +1;
q(t )

. 6.2 6.3

,
5 10.
Tc

Rii =

1
pi (t ) pi (t )dt , Rij =
Ei 0

Tc

1
Ei E j

pi (t ) p j (t )dt

Tc

Ei =

p (t )dt
2

68

. 6.2. ,
M- (m=7, N=127)

. 6.3. ,
M-
CDMA
. 6.4.
. . 6.1,
.
(.. ) ( )
.

69

. 6.4. CDMA
. 6.4
, CDMA ,
, ,
.
,
0. ,

8
, ..
, 8 ,
, CDMA.
" / "
70

 CDMA
. /
, CDMA
,
5
.
, /
- ,
, /
(
).
CDMA " "
,
:
1. /

, 1,
(..
/).
.
2.
,
..
,
,
.
3.

, .

, , .

71

6.2. CDMA
. 6.5

;
;
;
;
;
;
n ();
C k ;
Pk ( );

G () ;

C k ;

G' () .
. 6.5. CDMA

72

 CDMA
.
(1) 1,
T 1
B. (2) 0,
T 1 B.
1
[+1 1 +1 1], 2 [+1 1 1 +1].
. 6.6 G.

. 6.6. CDMA

73

 G (G')
.
.
"" , 1, "" 0
(. . 1.3). (
"" "")
().

. 6.7.

74

6.3. Rake-
, ( 6.8,
, ),
, , ,

(. 6.8. ). (, r), ,
, "RAKE-".

. 6.8.
RAKE- 1958 .,

. , ,
,
,
.
. 6.9 - RAKE-.
r (t ) ,
s(t 1 ), s(t 2 ),...s(t M )

i , i = 1,2, ...

.
(
75


).
,
.

. 6.9. RAKE-
6
1.
.
2. ,

, ,
.
3. ,
.
4. , CDMA,
,

.
5.
.

76

6.


7. , CDMA,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
8. ,
.
9. CDMA
RAKE-
10.RAKE- ,
.
6
1.
CDMA.
2. ?
3. ?
4. , ,
CDMA.
5.
.
6. ?
7. ?
8. Rake-?
9. Rake-
10. Rake-?
11. .
12. /?

77


1. .
2.
.
3. Rake-.
4. CDMA
.
5. CDMA :
Y = ( 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1)

:
S1 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
S 2 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
S 3 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)

.
6. CDMA :
Y = ( 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3)

:
S1 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
S 2 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
S 3 = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)

78

 4.
7.
(, -)
:
( -)
.
:
.

7.1.

.
()
(), ,
.
900 20 .. 30
1 .. 10 .
.
.
:
.
.
,
.
,
50% (-, ). ,
,
, (
, , ..)
.
,
5 .. 10 .

.

79

 .
:
( )
(). ,
50% 50% ,
r . :
p (r ) = pLT (r ,50%,50% ) .

,
.
.
,
20 .

~
~
~
h AC = 3 hC = 200 , hC

. :
p (r ) = p 0 ( f , r ) ( f , r ) + H 1 (hC , r ) + H 2 (h AC , f ) .
p 0 ( f , r ) = p + g 1 + g 2 (aCB + a1 + a 2 )

;
p ;
g1 g 2 ();
a1 a2 ;
2

4r
a CB =
;

;
( f , r ) ( ),

;
H1 (hC , r ) , ,

200 ;
H 2 (hAC , f ) - ,

.
( f , r )
(. 7.1).
80

. 7.1.
r
(. 7.2),

200 ... 2000 . . 7.2
:
(1) 70 r 100 ()
(2) r = 40 ()
(3) r = 20 ()
(4) 1 < r < 10 ()
(5) r = 1
(6) r = 100
(7) r = 70
(8) r = 10
(9) r = 20
(10) r = 40
r < 10
, r > 30
, :
81

h
H 1 (hC , r ) = 20 lg ~C
hC

, r < 10

h
H 1 (hC , r ) = 30 lg ~C
h C

, r > 30

r > d

. 7.2. -
, ,
. ,
, .
25 50
50 200 .

82

. 7.3. -
(. 7.3),
,
. . 7.3
1 ,
2 f = 400
3 f = 2 .
, hAC < 3
.

h
H 2 (h AC , f ) = 10 lg ~AC
h AC

(*)

H 2 (h AC , f ) .

. hAC > 3
:
h
H 2 (h AC , f ) = 20 lg ~AC
h AC

f = 400

h
H 2 (h AC , f ) = 30 lg ~AC
h AC

f = 2000

83

 - ,
hAC > 3
(*).
,
.
:
p Z (r ) = p (r ) + K Z + K Z + K Z + K Zx ,

K Z
;
K Z ;
K Z -.
K Zx .

,
, .
, , .. K Z
. . 7.1.
. 7.1.
f,
400
1000

K Z ,

8
10

24
30

. 7.4.

84

 ,
( ) 5 .
Y ( 7.4 ).
, (. 7.4 ).

K Z (. 7.5).

. 7.5. , :
1 r > 60 , 2 r > 30 , 3 r < 10
,
. K Z b =

rB
, rB
r

. 1 . 11.6 K Z
, , 2
.

. 7.6. -


. K Zx (. 7.6) h ,
, . 7.6
85

 h(90%) h(10%). h(90%) h(10%)

10 , 90%
10% .
h . 7.2.

h > 20 .
. 7.2.
h ,

h ,

20..40

80..150

40..80

150..300

300..700
700

. 7.7. : ,
(1 , 2
, 3 )
.
, , :
r
PM = K 0 (R *)

R*
0,1 p ( r )
PM (r ) = 10 M ;
n ,
R* = 1 ;

K 0 (R *) = PM (R *) = 10 0,1 pM ( R*) .

86

 = 2.
, ,
,
, . 7.8.

. 7.8 : 1 40 < r < 100 (), 2 1 < r < 15 ()

15 .
n = 4 BC; n 2,5,
.. . r > 40
, .
= 4 .
:
PM = K 0 r 4 ,

K 0 = PM (1) 1 ,
r , .
.
, .
. :
PM ( f ) = K F f

( 2+ m )

K F ,
K 0 ;
m , .

87

. 7.9. m
m = 0.
. 7.9, 1-3
:
1 f = 1..2 ;
2 f 0,5..1 ;
3 f = 100 .
r = 1 ...10 m , r > 10
r.

1 .. 100 100 3 .
7.2. -

. ,
,
.
:
p M (r ) = p + g 1 + g 2 a1 a 2 a ( f , r , h , h )

a ( f , r , h , h )

( , r ).
:
a ( f , r , h , h ) = A + B lg(r )

:
88

a ( f , r , h , h ) = A + B lg(r ) C

:
a ( f , r , h , h ) = A + B lg(r ) D

:
A = A( f , h1 , h2 ) = 69,55 + 26,16 lg( f ) 13,82 lg(h ) (h )
B = B(h ) = [44,9 6,55 lg(h )]
f 2
C = C ( f ) = 2 lg + 5,4
28
D = D( f ) = 4,78[lg( f )] 19,33 lg( f ) + 40,94
2

(h ) , .

:
(h ) = 8,28[lg(1,54h )]2 1,1 , f > 200
(h ) = 3,2[lg(11,75h )]2 4,97 , f > 400

:
(h ) = (1,1 lg( f ) 0,7 )h (1,56 lg( f ) 0,8)

f , ;

h h .

, . 7.3.
. 7.3.

150 .. 1500

150 .. 1500

1 .. 20

1 .. 80

30 .. 200

1,5 .. 400

1 .. 10

1 .. 10

,
1
89

 .
1 .
7
1.

,
.
2.
:
.
.
3.
,
20 .
4.
,
, , .
5. ,
,
.
6.
, - , ,
.
7. ,
- .
8. -
,
.
9. ,
, -.
10. ,
.
90

 7

?
2.
?
3. ().
4. ?
5.
.
6. ?
7. ?
8. -?
9. -.
10. -
?
1.

91

 5. GSM
8. GSM
: GSM,
, ,
.
: GSM,
.

8.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

, .
2G GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications ). 80%
.
GSM 1982
CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations). 1991
GSM. 1993 ,
, .
GSM 73 .
GSM
:

( 384 /
EDGE)
(SMS)


. .
, GSM,
. 8.1.

92

. 8.1. GSM
GSM 2 .
, ,
.
:
Network Switching System (NSS)
Base Station System (BSS)
NSS
,
. NSS
:
(MSC)
(HLR)
(VLR)
(AUC)
(EIR).
SS ,
.
:
(BSC)
93

 (BTS)
MS (.. ) ,
.
8.2. SIM-
GSM
A8
. A8
GSM A5 A3.
Kc
(MS Mobile Station) (BTS Basic
Transmitter Station) .


.
(SIM-),
:

(IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
128- ( K i )
(A3), (8).
K i
IMSI, IMSI K i
. SIM
(PIN-
Personal Identification Number),
.
. 8.2.
(RAND)
. SIM-
(SRES Signed Response) , RAND, K i
A3, 8. SRES
, , .

94

 ,
.
K i .
.

. 8.2 GSM
8.3.
(Equipment Identity Register)
EIR .
NSS ( ) GSM UMTS.

:
.
EIR (, ) IMEI
(international mobile equipment identity)
. IMEI
. ,
.
IMEI ,
. , EIR :
95


.
EIR .

, , , .
EIR
, . , EIR

,
( - ).
3GPP,
IMT .., .

.
.
8.4. Handover ()
(. Handover)
.

:

.
-

;

, ,
,
,
;
-CDMA ,
,
,
96

 ;
-CDMA , ,

,
, ,



.
, ,

.

.
""
,
. "break-before-make" .
CDMA ,
.
"make-before-break" "" .
,
.
8.5.


.
:

. , ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
97

8.6.
,
.

.
, - (
).
, , ,
,
.

.
.
.
- ,
:
K

h(t ) = bi (t i ) ,
i =0

- -,
- .
-
, ,
, ,
:
h(t ) h (t ) (t ) .

:
h(t ) = 1 (t ) + 0,5 (t ) .
h (t ) (!
):
h (t ) = 1 (t ) 0,5 (t ) + 0,25 (t 2 ) 0,125 (t 3 ) .

:
h(t ) h (t ) = 1 (t ) 0,0625 (t ) .

98

 ,
, . 8.3-8.5.

. 8.3.
, s(t ) = 1 .
s h(t ) = 1 (t ) + 0,5 (t ) .

. 8.4.
,
. 8.5.

99

. 8.5.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
, , :
h(t ) = 1 (t ) + 1 (t ) , , :
h (t ) = 1 (t ) 1 (t ) + 1 (t 2 ) 1 (t 3 ) + ...

.
, , ,
,
(
) -.
100

8.7.

,
,
CDMA.
,
,
.
-,
,
100..300 .

,
,
.
.
,
.
GSM
. ,
,

.

.
8
1. GSM : (NSS)

(BSS).
2. (NSS) ,

3. (BSS) .
4.
SIM-.
101

5.

,
(IMSI), SIM-,
, SIM- .
6. IMSI
.
7.
,
.
8.
, .
9. ,
,
,
.
10. GSM
()
.
11. GSM
.
8
1. , GSM.
2.
(NSS) (BSS)?
3. SIM-.
4. , ?
5. handover ()?
6. handover?
7. handover?
8. ?
9. .
10. .
11. ?
102

12. ?
13. ?

1.

: h(t ) = 1 (t ) + 0,6 (t )
.
2.
: h(t ) = 1 (t ) + 0,4 (t )
.

103

 9.
:
,
.
: ,
.

9.1.
- () . 9.1.
:
;
;
.
(
), .
, ,
. ,
.
1 , ,
.
:


;
, ..
, ,
;
,
, () ,

;
(); ,

, ;

104

. 9.1. -
,
:

, ;

;

;

( ) ;

, ,
, ;

;

, ,
105

 ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
(
).
(
) /.
,
,
,
.
- (. 9.1) ,
, ,
,
,
..

;
.
GSM
(Subscriber Identity Module SIM). GSM
(Voice Activity Detector),

( ), ,
,
,
.
.

106

 ,
.
-
/ ,
,
.
9.2.
- . 9.2.
,
. ,
(. 9.2 ).

,
.

,
; N
.
N N

N ,
N .
, ,
, ,
, .
, ( ,
, ) ,
,
.

107

. 9.2. -
,
,
.
- ,
.
()
,
.

(),
().
GSM
(), ()
(, ) ()
. 9.3. , ,
120
60- . D-AMPS
,
,
.

108

. 9.3. GSM
9.3. GSM
GSM Global System of Mobile communication -
(
Groupe Special Mobile GSM).
.
: 450,4...457,6/460,4...467,6 (GSM-450);
: 478,8...486/488,8...496 (GSM-480);
: 890...915/935...960(GSM-900);
: 1710...1880/1805...1880 (GSM-1800);
200 ;
8 (16 GSM-1800);
0,3 GMSK;
13 (6,5) /;
RPE-LTP;
270 /;
0,5...35 .
GSM
1900 PCS 1900 (Personnel Communication
Devices), GSM-1900. ,
GSM, TDMA-FDMA
( ),
GSM-1900 CDMA
( ). ,
109

 ,
: ,
.
, GSM,
,
GSM-900 GSM-1800. ,
25 , 124
(124 ) 200 .
45
.
,
.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
.
BS (Base Station)
,
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).
TDMA ""
200 (),
.
() . , ,
, Traffic Chanel (TCH),
,
(CCH),
.
,
, : BCCH, FCCH, SCH, RACH,
AGCH.
" "
() ,
GSM 1/8 (. 9.4).

110

. 9.4. GSM
TDMA 248
( 124 2)
8 x 248 = 1984
. ,
( , -
). 283 (
1984/7) .
,
(. 9.5).

. 9.5. :
r- ; d-

111

 8
0,577 (15/26 ). TDMA- 4,615
(120/26 ). 4,615
( ).
GSM
TCH (Traffic CHannels)
(, ) ,
. ,
13 /.
GSM "
", SFH (Slow Frequency Hopping),
TDMA-
45
. 1 .

. SFH
,

.
9.4.
" "
"".
. (),
,
GSM-900 GSM-1800 (.. 9.1).

112

. 9.1. GSM-900

GSM-900
GSM-1800

GSM-900, /

GSM-1800,

20/43

8/39

0,25

5/37

2/33

0,8/29

4 5 GSM-900,
1 2 GSM-1800.
GSM-900 1-3.
. 9.6 .

. 9.6.
: - () () ,
, , - (),
113

 .
, .
, ,
,
(, BlueTooth) .
,

( , ,
.).
(SRAM), , -. SIM-
,
. ,
.
. 9.7.

. 9.7. GSM

114

 .
( 20
), 13 / (
260 ).

, LCPLTP-RPE-.

GSM-

.

.
12,5%
,
900 1800 . ()
, , " " (
), ( ).

" "
,
TDMA ,
.
,
.

(GMSK).

. GMSK
(
) ,
.
,

DTX (Discontinuous Transmission)
. ,
VAD (Voice Activated Detector) ,
115

 , . VAD
,
.

9
1.
.
2. ()
: .
3. ,
,

4. ,
.
5.
, ,
.
6. , ,

,
.
7.
, ,
.
8. GSM
,
9. GSM
,
,
.
10. GSM
1984 .
283 .
116

11. GSM

12.
,
.
9
1. , .
2.
?
3. , .
4.
?
5. (Voice Activity Detector)?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9.

?
10. ().
11. ?

1. .
2. - .
3. .

117

 10.

: ,
, ,
.
:
.

10.1. (BPSK)


. .
, , ,
,
,
.
-2.
-2 ,
0,
180. -2 :
[u (t )] = 0 u (t ) = 1
[u (t )] = u (t ) = 1 , 0 t Tc .

. 10.1 :

. 10.1. -2

118


:
A(t ) = A u (t ) = 1
A(t ) = A u (t ) = 1 , 0 t Tc .

. 5.2 ,
:

. 10.2. -2

-2 :
1. - 180 ,
,

.
2. ,
,
, 0
1, 1 0.
,
, 0 1
1 0 1, 0-0,1-0
0.
10.2. (QPSK)
-2 .
, 2 .
2 4
: {0 0}, {0 1}, {1 0}, {1 1}.
119

 , 2
.
:
S i (t ) = A cos[2f 0 t + i (t )] , 0 t Tc ,

i (t ) =

(2i + 1)
4

, i = 0,1,2,3.

. 10.3 QPSK
-4

. 10.4. -4

,


(. 5.5).

120

. 10.5. -4
10.3. (-QPSK)

180,
.
,
.

().
. 5.6.

. 10.6. -4

. 10.7 .

121

. 10.7. -4
. 10.8 .

. 10.8.
-4
10.4.
4 (
4-DQPSK)
-4 -4
180 90 .
122

 , .
4 135,
/4.
,
, ,
.

. 5.9.

. 10.9.
4-
{ai , i = 1,2,...}

{a

2i

{a

2 i 1

, i = 1,2,...}

, i = 1,2,...} , .

i . 10.1.

. 10.1.

a2i1

a2 i

( i )

3
4

123

3
4

i 1
,

:
= + , A& = A exp( j ) .
i 1

2TC
:
I i = A cos( i ) = A cos( i 1 + i ) = A cos( i 1 )cos( i ) A sin ( i 1 )sin ( i ) =
= I i 1 cos( i ) Qi 1 sin ( i ) .
Qi = A cos( i ) = A sin ( i 1 + i ) = A sin ( i 1 )cos( i ) + A cos( i 1 )sin ( i ) =
= Qi 1 cos( i ) + I i 1 sin ( i )

(i 1) i.
A& = A exp( j ) = A exp( j[ + ]) = A exp( j )exp( j ) = A& exp( j ) .
j

i 1

i 1

i 1

,
i
i-1.
. 10.10
i, i 1 =
i 1 =

k
, ,
2

k
+ , . 5.10 .
2
4

124

. 10.10. /4
10.5. (MSK)
,
,
TC , +90 90
. ,
0 ;
, ,
, 0 + 90 , ,
0 90 . ,
.
.
{bi , i = 1,2...},
/+1 {b2 i 1 , i = 1,2...}

{b

2i

, i = 1,2...}

:
u i (t ) = b2 i 1 v[t (2i 1)TC ] , u Q (t ) = b2 i v[t 2iTC ].
i

1,0 t TC
v(t ) =
0,
:

t
s(t ) = Au i (t )cos
2TC

t
cos(2f 0 t ) + uQ (t )sin

2TC
125

sin (2f 0 t ) ,

 t
t
sin

f 0 , cos
2TC
2TC

2TC

.
10.11.

. 10.11.

10.6.
(GMSK)

, . ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
. 10.12.

( ). ,

:
2
2 2 B 2 2
g (t ) = B
exp
t ,
ln(2 )
ln
2

126

 f 2 ln 2
G (t ) = exp
,
B
2

B 3 .

. 10.12.


. GSM BTC = 0,3
DECT BTC = 0,5 .

10
1.
, .
2.
.
3.
, .
4.
.
5. ,

.
6. ,
, ,
.

127

7.
,
,
.
8.

9. ,
,
.
10. GSM
(GMSK)
BT=0,3, DECT BT=0,5.

10
1.
2.
3.
4.

?
.
?

.

5.
?
6. ,
?
?
7. ?
8.
.
9.
, ?
10. GMSK?
11. GMSK MSK?

128


1. ,
.
2. -4
3. -4 .
4. -4.

129

 6.
11.

: ,
, ,
- (7,4)
.
: , .

11.1.

, "1" "0" .
- , (
),
(, ), ,
- ..


.
10-6 ( ).
10-9..10-12 ( ).

,
. .

() ,
, -
( ), ,
..

,
.
.
:
130

1.
2.

3. ( ) .

.
,
(
), ,
.
-
/
.

.
, . ,
.
,

,
. ,
.

131

. 11.1.
,

() .
( )
( )
132

 ()
.

, .

.
() ,
.

2
.
,
.

,
,
, ,
2 "k-1"
.
("") .
.
, ,
n ()
0 .
,
.
,
, ,
.

.
.

, :
133

 .
, .. . ,
, n , k
, (nk)
.
(n,k)-.

. , ,
, . ,

() 3 , ..
, 3 (W = 3).
(n,k) . ,
()
. ,

. ,
2
.

,
, ,
(),
.
,
"", .

.
()
.
,
.
, 1 0
134

 0 1 .
, ,
, , ,
.

.

,
, .
, ..

.

.

: .
,

.
.
r
. , dmin = 3,
.
dmin = 3
, .. .
dmin = 4.

.
,
.
,
.
, .. ,
.
135


.
,
- .
-

() ,
.
"r" ,
"k" , , .. ,

Q(x) xr
R(x),
P(x).

11.2.

.

() .
.
,
:
. n
k, .
r = n k.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. .

136

1. .
, n,
:
N0 = 2n .

N k = 2k .

, :
N = N 0 N k = 2n 2k ,

:
N0 2n
= k = 2 nk = 2 r ,
Nk 2

r () .
2. .
:
=

r nk
k
=
= 1 ,
n
n
n

:
Bk =

k
= 1 ,
n

,
.
H ,
:
B=H

k
.
n

, ,
,
.
,
, .
,
.
, .
137

3. .
, ,

. ,

, .
,
, .. .
(),
, .

2 . ,
xi = 01011 x j = 10010 d (xi ; x j ),
3, :

- 2.

d min .
, ,
, d min = 1.
,
.
,
,
d min 2.

,
.

138

4. .

, (1 0)
(0 1). 1 0 0 1
(
).
,
. (g = 2)
(g > 2)
0 g n.
,
.
g 0 ,
, :
d min g 0 + 1 .

g 0
.
, g
:
g 0 d min 1 .

g u ,
, :
d min 2 g u + 1 .

g u
g u + 1
. , ,
g ,
,
. ,
g :
gu

d min 1
.
2

139

5. .
,
,
.
.
(),

.
, d min
n
k, :
d min

n 2 k 1
,
2k 1

r 2 (d min 1) log 2 (d min ) ,

n 2 d min .

( 2 k )
n d min :
k

2n
d min 1
2

,
i
n

i =0

Cni - n i .

:

dmin2 1

r log 2 C ni .
i =0

d min
0,3
n

.
- n
,
:
140

 d 2 i
r log 2 C n1 .
i =0

,
:
r log 2 (n + 1) d min = 3,
r log 2 (2n ) d min = 4.

d min = 3 4
.

d min n k
r k d min .


,

d min .

d min
.
.
11.3.

W ( )
.
,
().

k-
( , , ).
1 ,
0,
1 , 1.
1
.
141

 ,
:

r1 = i1 i2 .. ik ,

i - (0 1), k -
.

S 2 n ,
r1 . S
1:

,
. r = 3,4,5
:

(n, k ) = (2 r 1,

2r 1 r .

(7,4):
( i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 ) 3
( r1 , r2 , r3 ):
r1 = i1 i2 i3 ,
r2 = i2 i3 i4 ,
r3 = i1 i2 i4 .

. 11.2 (7,4) - ,
:
V = (i1 ' , i 2 ' , i3 ' , i 4 ' , r1 ' , r2 ' , r3 ') .

,
:

s1 = r1 i1 i2 i3 ,

s 2 = r2 i2 i3 i 4 ,

s3 = r3 i1 i 2 i4 .
142

 (s1 , s 2 , s3 ) .
"" ,
, .
S = (s1 , s 2 , s3 )

( ).
. 11.1. (7,4)

k=4

r=3

i1

i2

i3

i4

r1

r2

r3

10

11

12

13

14

15

:
S = 2r ,
r = 3
(23 = 8). (000) ,
.
, .
,
143

 ,

. .
,
. , (9,5)
24 =16,
10. 6
(9,5).
(7,4) . 11.2
.
. 11.2.

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

000
0001

000
0010

000
1000

000
0100

100
0000

001
0000

010
000

r3

r2

i4

r1

i1

i3

i2

11.2. (7,4)

144

. 11.3. (7,4)
11.4.
,

() .
.
, , ,
,

. ,
, "" ( )
,
.
""
(. . 11.4).

145

. 11.4.
:
(7,4).


(7,4) .
:
0101, 1110, 0011
, 8, 9, 10 .

146


k = 4 ( )

r = 3( )

i1

i2

i3

i4

r1

r2

r3

1.

1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

( )
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

0101 100

000

0000 000

0101 100

0000 100

000

0000 100

0000 000

0011 101

000

0000 000

0011 101

0101 100

0101 100

1110 100

0000 000

0011 101

0011 101

147

2.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

( )
1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

"" :

0100 100

011

0001 000

0101 100

1100 100

110

0010 100

1110 100

0001 101

110

0010 000

0011 101

148

0101 100

0101 100

1110 100

1110 100

0011 101

0011 101

11
1.
: ,
, .
2.

.
3. ,
, ,
.
4. ,

.
5. ,
, .
6. :
, ,
,
, .
7.
,
,
.
8.
.
9.
( ).
149

10. ,
,
.
11
?
?
.
.

.
6.
.
7.
?
8. ?
9. ?
10.
?
11. (7,4)
?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. (7,4).
2. (7,4).


(7,4) .
:
1101, 0000, 1101
, 15, 16, 17 .

150

3. (7,4).


(7,4) .
:
1011, 1100, 1010
, 11, 12, 13 .

151

 12.
: ,
.
:
.

12.1.
. 12.1
-
( ).
.

. 12.1. -

.
(. 12.2 ) (.
12.2 ).

(.
12.3
),

(. . 12.4 ).

152

. 12.2. : ()
, () , ()
, ()
"" ""
12.2.
g (i ) = [1 0,5] .
,
n = 3.
g (i ) = [ 0 1 2 ] . [ 0 1 2 ] .
. 12.3
.

153

. 12.3. " " +

""


():
V A
V

V
V

= C 0 g (0 ) + 0 + 0
= C 0 g (1) + C1 g (0 ) + 0
= C 0 0 + C1 g (1) + C 2 g (0 )

(*)

= 0 + C1 0 + C 2 g (1)

0 1 2 ,
g (0 ) , g (1) ,

VA , V , V , V .

[1 0,5
0 0 0 0 ].
, : [1 0 0 0 0 0 ].
, :
VA = 1,
V = 0,
V = 0,
154

V = 0.

, :
1 = C 0 1 + 0 + 0
0 = C 0,5 + C 1 + 0

0
1

0 = C 0 0 + C1 0,5 + C 2 1
0 = 0 + C1 0 + C 2 0,5

(**)

, ,
0 1 2 ,
.

. (*)
, Vi Ck.
V , :
V A = C 0 g (0) + 0 + 0

V = C 0 g (1) + C1 g (0) + 0
V = C 0 + C g (1) + C g (0)
0
1

:
0
0
g (0)
C0
V

G = g (1) g (0)
0 , C = C1 , V = V
0
C
V
g (1) g (0)

:
C = G 1 V

, :
0 0
1
C0
1

G = 0,5 1 0 , C = C1 , V = 0
0 0,5 1
C
0

0
0
1

= 0,5
1
0
0,25 0,5 1

0
0 1 1
1

C = G V = 0,5
1
0 0 = 0,5
0,25 0,5 1 0 0,25

, g (i ) = [1 0,5] , g (i ) = [1 0,5 0,25].

155

 "
" + "" , :
S1 = [g (0 ) g (1) g (2 ) 0] g (0 )
S 2 = [0 g (0 ) g (1) g (2 )] g (1)
g * g = S1 + S 2 ,

* - .
S1 = [1 0,5 0,25 0] 1 = [1 0,5 0,25 0]
S 2 = [0 1 0,5 0,25] 0,5 = [0 0,5 0,25 0,125]
g * g = S1 + S 2 = [1 0,5 0,25 0] + [0 0,5 0,25 0,125]
g * g = [1 0 0 0,125]

( ). ,
.
:
0
0
g (0 )
1

0
0
g (1) g (0 )
G=
, V = .

0
g (1) g (0 )
0

0
0
0
g (1)

:
2

n 1

D(C 0 ,..., C n 1 ) = Gi , j C j Vi , m=4, n=3.

i = 0 j =0

m 1

(=0,,n-1) 0
:

D m1 n 1
= 2 Gi , j C j Vi Gi , K = 0
C K i =0 j =0

m 1
m1

C
=
Vi G i , K

i, j i,K K
j =0 i = 0
i =0
n 1

:
n 1 m 1

= Gi , j G i , K
j = 0 i =0

C0

C = C1
C
2

156

m 1

= Vi G i , K
i =0

:
A=G G,
=GTV,
=A-1B.
, :
T

0
0 1
0
0
g (0 )

0 0,5 1
0
g (1) g (0 )
G=
=
g (1) g (0 ) 0 0,5 1
0

0
g (1) 0
0
0 0,5

0
1 0,5 0

G T = 0 1 0,5 0
0 0
1 0,5

0
0
1
1,25 0,5
0
0
1 0,5 0

0,5 1

0
T
A = G G = 0 1 0,5 0
= 0,5 1,25 0,5

0 0,5 1
0 0
0
1 0,5
0,5 1,25

0
0
0
,
5

0,988 0,471 0,188

A = 0,471 1,176 0,471

0,188 0,471 0,988

1
0 1
1 0,5 0

0
B = G T V = 0 1 0,5 0 = 0
0
0 0
1 0,5 0

0,988 0,471 0,188 1 0,988

= A B = 0,471 1,176 0,471 0 = 0,471

0,188 0,471 0,988 0 0,188

, g (i ) = [1 0,5] , g (i ) = [0,988 0,471 0,188].

"
" + "" , :
g * g = [0,988 0,024 0,047 0,094] .

157

 12
1. ,
"" .
2. - .
3. , ""
.
4.
.
5. ,
.
12
1.
2.
3.
4.

- ?
- ?
?
- .

1. g (i ) = [1 0,4]
, n = 3.
2. g (i ) = [1 0,4 0,1]
, n = 3.

158

 7.
13. OFDM
:
OFDM.
: OFDM- .

13.1. FDM-
OFDM (. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
)
, .
. OFDM

, .
.

OFDM

, .
OFDM (ISI,
intersymbol interference ).
OFDM
. ,
.
.
,
. OFDM

,
.
OFDM- :
ADSL ( );
DVB-T;
WiMAX;
159

 LTE.
OFDM ,
.

.
, .
,
(IFFT) .
,
.
. . 13.1
OFDM.

. 13.1. OFDM-
,
,
160

 QAM .
,
.
13.2. FDM-
FDM QPSK-,
:
00
11j;
01
1+1j;
10
+11j;
11
+1+1j.
: a = [11 01] (. . 13.2)

. 13.2.
2 (
2):
11
+1+1j.
01
1+1j;
161


:
:
1
C& n =
N

N 1

x(k ) exp
k =0

j 2kn

:
N 1
j 2kn
x(k ) = C& n exp

n =0

C& = +1 + 1 j ,
0

C&1 = 1 + 1 j

:
N 1
j 2kn &
j 2 0 0 &
j 2 0 1
x(0 ) = C& n exp
= C 0 exp
+ C1 exp
=
N
2
2

n =0
= C& 0 + C&1 = +1 + 1 j 1 + 1 j = 0 + 2 j
N 1
j 2kn &
j 2 1 0 &
j 2 1 1
x(1) = C& n exp
= C 0 exp
+ C1 exp
=
N
2
2

n =0
&
&
= C 0 C1 = +1 + 1 j ( 1 + 1 j ) = 2 + 0 j

: (x(0) x(1)) = (0 + 2 j 2 + 0 j ) ,
Re( x(0 ) x(1)) = (0 2 )

sin (2ft ) (. . 13.3 );

Im( x(0 ) x(1)) = (2 0 )

cos(2ft ) (. . 13.3 ).

162

. 13.3. :
() Re (x(0 ) x(1)) , () Im (x(0 ) x(1)) , ()
f[Re (x(0 ) x(1)) ] sin (2ft ) , () f [Im (x(0 ) x(1)) ] cos(2ft )

OFDM-,
(.
. 22).
fRe(t)= f[Re (x(0 ) x(1)) ] sin (2ft ) ,
fIm(t)= f[Im (x(0 ) x(1)) ] cos(2ft ) .

OFDM-: fOFDM(t) = fRe(t) + fIm(t).

. 13.3. OFDM-
163

OFDM-

sin (2ft ) ,

cos(2ft )

(. . 13.4), ,
, (. . 13.5).

. 13.4. :
f OFDM (t )sin (2ft ) (), f OFDM (t ) cos(2ft ) ()

. 13.5.

164

 ,
sin (2ft ) :
T

f OFDM (t )sin (2ft )dt = ( f Re (t ) + f Im (t ))sin (2ft )dt =

0
T

= { f (t )[Re( x(0 ) x(1))]sin (2ft ) + f (t )[Im( x(0 ) x(1))]cos(2ft )} sin (2ft )dt =
0
T

= f (t )[Re( x(0 ) x(1))]sin (2ft ) sin (2ft )dt +

0
T

+ f (t )[Im( x(0 ) x(1))]cos(2ft )sin (2ft )dt =

f (t )[Re( x(0 ) x(1))]

T OFDM-.
f.
, OFDM-
cos(2ft ) .
, OFDM-
,
, .
, (. . 13.6),
:

. 13.6. ( )

165

 ,
:
Re( x(0) x(1)) = (0 2)
Im( x(0) x(1)) = (2 0)

:
x(0) = Re( x(0)) + j Im( x(0)) = 0 + 2 j
x(1) = Re( x(1)) + j Im( x(1)) = 2 + 0 j

:
1
C& n =
N

N 1

x(k ) exp
k =0

j 2kn

1
j 2 0 0
j 2 0 1 x(0 ) + x(1)
C& 0 = x(0 ) exp
=
+ x(1) exp
=
2
2
2
2

0+2j+2+0j
=
= 1+1j
2
1
j 2 1 0
j 2 1 1 x(0 ) x(1)
C&1 = x(0 ) exp
=
+ x(1) exp
=
2
2
2
2

0+2j20j
=
= 1 + 1 j
2
C& = 1 + 1 j
0

C&1 = 1 + 1 j

C& 0 = 1 + 1 j [11]
C&1 = 1 + 1 j [01]
, : [11 01],
(. . 13.7)

166

. 13.7. (), ( ),
()

13
1. OFDM ,
.
2.
.
3. ,

.
4. ,
,
().
5.
OFDM-.
6. OFDM- ADSL, DVB-T,
WiMAX, LTE.

167

7. OFDM
,
.
13
OFDM?
OFDM.
?
OFDM?
OFDM
?
6.
?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. FDM-
QPSK-. QPSK-
:
00 11j;
01 1+1j;
10 +11j;
11 +1+1j.
: a = [01 01].
2. FDM-
QPSK-. QPSK-
:
00 11j;
01 1+1j;
10 +11j;
11 +1+1j.
: a = [11 00].

168

 14. Wi-Fi
: Wi-Fi,
Wi-Fi, OFDM
, .
: Wi-Fi .

14.1. Wi-Fi
1990 . IEEE 802 (Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers)
802.11.
,
2.4 1 2 /.

IEEE 802.11 (. . 14.1).
. 14.1. IEEE 802.11

802.11g

802.11a

802.11n

2,4-2,483

5,15-5,25

2,4 5,0

DSSS,OFDM

DSSS,OFDM

MIMO

, / 1-54

6-54

6-300

802.11 n

802.11 a/b/g

BPSK, QPSK,
OFDM

BPSK, QPSK,
OFDM

BPSK, 64-QAM

20-50
,

10-20

50-100

250
,

150

500

802.11 b/n

14.2. IEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11g, 2003 ,
802.11b
, .
802.11g
54 /.
169

C 802.11g :
OFDM CCK,
PBCC.
(Packet Binary Convolutional Coding,
PBCC) .
,
.

. , ,
,
1/2.
,
2/3.

. ,

.

.
22 /
PBCC . ,
8- (8-PSK),
,
. , ,
, (Puncture).
: , 2 (
),
,
, , ,
. , ,
,
,
. ,
.
. 4/3.
170

 1/2,
2/3,
.
PBCC IEEE 802.11g,
OFDM .
OFDM, ,
.
,
, .

.

,
, ,
(Inter Symbol Interference, ISI).

.
, ,
,
, , .

,
(Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing, OFDM). ,

.

,
.
,
,

. , ,
,
,
171

, .
, ,
.
. ,
,
, .


(OFDM).

(IFFT), n .
OFDM

. , OFDM
,
. ,
OFDM (Guard Interval, GI)
,
.
,

.
OFDM
.
3,2 , 0,8 .
,
4 .
802.11g
BPSK QPSK.
BPSK-
, QPSK- .
BPSK 6 9
/, QPSK 12 18 /.
172


QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation),

. 802.11g 16-QAM 64-QAM.
16 ,
4 ; 64
, 6
. 16-QAM 24 36
/, 64-QAM 48 54 /.
14.3. Wi-Fi
802.11
:
1. (Independent Basic Service
Sets, IBSSs);
2. (Basic Service Sets, BSSs);
3. (Extended Service Sets, ESSs).
1. (IBSS)
IBSS
802.11 , .
. 14.1 , ,
(network interface card, NIC) 802.11,
IBSS .

.14.1. Ad-Hoc (IBSS)

173

 , (IBSS),
,

(AP Access Point). -
,
,

.
IBSS ,
(timing) . ,
IBSS, () (beacon interval)
(set of target beacon
transmission time, TBTT). , IBSS
:
(backoff
timer) ;
;
2. (BSS)
BSS 802.11 ,
. BSS
, AP (Access Point). BSS.
.
, -.
(uplink port),
BSS (, Ethernet).
BSS BSS. . 14.2
BSS.

174

. 14.2. BSS
3. (ESS).
BSS
. , 802.11,
BBS
(Distribution System, DS). BBS,
,
(ESS).
. . 13.3
ESS.
802.11
.
Ethernet.

. 14.3. ESS
14.4. Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi , ,
WiFi . Wi-Fi
175

 16-18 dBm 200

(HW-2454), ,

.
P = 20 (lg L 2,3) ,

(1)

P , [dBm];
L [].
P ,
. ,
, dBi (
), dBd (
)
dBd = sBi 2,2

(2)

;
;
.
( )
:
2 dBm/m;
RJ-8U 0,3 dBm/m;
1-2 dBm/m.
Wi-Fi 802.11
30-100 , .
CFR .
1 (30 dBm)
6 dBi.
, EIRP (
) 36 dBi.
,
1
3 dB 6 dBi.

176



:
Lmax ~ 1230 .

. 14.2
.
. 14.2.
Wi-Fi

[]

2,4Ghz []
5Ghz []

300

3,06

2,12

1600

4,9

8000

15,81

10,95

10000

17,68

12,25

15000

21,65

15

(1) :
P = 40 (lg L 1,14) .

14
1.
Wi-Fi.
2. IEEE 802.11g
54 /c.
3.
(PBCC)

(OFDM).
4. PBCC

177

 ,
.
5. PBCC

( ),
.
6. OFDM ,
,
.
7.
.
8. , OFDM- ,
,
.
9. Wi-Fi
: ,
.
10. Wi-Fi
,
, , ,
.
14
1. ( , ,
) 802.11g, 802.11a, 802.11n
2. (PBCC)?
3.
?
4.
(OFDM).
5. OFDM?
6. OFDM?
7.
Wi-Fi?
178

8. , Ad-Hoc.
9. , AdHoc (
)?
10. Wi-Fi ?
11.
Wi-Fi .

179

 15. LTE
: LTE-,
, LTE-,
- .
: LTE-: OFDM, MIMO, SAE.

15.1. LTE
LTE
2004 (. 15.1).
,
.
: WCDMA ( HSPA)
OFDM.
OFDM, 2006 3GPP
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA). , LTE
3GPP Release 7. 2008
3GPP Release 8,
LTE. 2009
LTE, 2010
.

.15.1. LTE
3G,
LTE . ,
LTE 1,4 20 (
1,25 ),
180

 ,
. LTE
200 (.. 200 ) 5 . , LTE
, .. ,
. LTE
50 /
( ) 100 /
( ) ( 20
).
, 350 /.
30 ,
100 . MIMO.
LTE ,

3GPP 3GPP2,
4G.
LTE ,
4G, 3,9G.
LTE .
, LTE-Advanced.
15.2. LTE
LTE :
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing), MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
(System Architecture Evolution).
,
(FDD), (TDD).
.
, .
, FDD
,
.
FDD
181

 , TDD,
( , ..).
() ()
(
LTE ). 10 .
LTE
Ts = 1 / (2048f), f ,
15 . , 307200Ts.
30,72 ,
3G- (WCDMA 5 )
3,84 (83,84 = 30,72).
LTE . 1
,
. 20 (
0,5 ), 0 19.
(.15.2).
,
.

. 15.2. LTE

. 15.3. LTE

182

 2 (. 15.3)
. 5 .
5 1 .
5 10 .
1- 6-
DwPTS, UpPTS GP. 10- TDD 6-
. 0 5,
DwPTS , 2
UpPTS .
(. 14.1).
DwPTS, UpPTS GP, 1 .
. 15.1. 2

TDD,

10

10

10

D ,
U ,
S
LTE OFDM,
DVB, Wi-Fi WiMAX . OFDM

S k (t ) = a k sin[2 ( f 0 + kf )] ,
f. OFDM-
. OFDM-
( )
183

 CP (Cyclic Prefix)
(. 15.4).

. , ,
. LTE
f = 15 ,
OFDM- 66,7 .

. 15.4. OFDM-
()
-
(. 15.5) .

OFDM- .
.
12 (.. 180 ) 7 6 OFDM, (. 15.2) ,
0,5 .
NRB 6
110 ( / LTE
1,4 20 ). ,
.

.

184

. 15.5. LTE
f = 15
4,7
, 1,4 ,
.
.
,
120 .
(MBMS), . ( )
, 7,5
33,4 . OFDM-.
185

 MBSFN
( ).
MBSFN-
.
. 15.2. f = 15

Ts

160

5,2

144

4,7

512

16,7

,
OFDM-

4-, 16- 64 - (QPSK, 16-QAM

64-QAM). ,
2, 4 6 .
14000 /, , FDD-,
28 84 / . 20
100 1200 ,
33,6 100,8 /.
LTE
( EUTRA) (. 15.3). OFDM
(),
N =
2n (.. 128, 256, , 2048). Fs =
f N. 3,84
WCDMA.
,
WCDMA, LTE. ,

186

 (
.

. 15.3.
,

1,4

10

15

20

15

25

59

75

100

72

180

300

600

900

1200

128

256

512

1024

1536

2048

1,92

3,84

7,68

15,36

23,04

30,72

15.3.
, LTE
(MIMO).
,
MIMO LTE . MIMO-
,
. MIMO-
.
,
.
.

(SU-MIMO)
(MU-MIMO).
.
, . MU-MIMO
-
(
).
,
(..
). ,

187

 , MU-MIMO .
,
.

.
, .

MU-MIMO. ,
, ,
.
15.4. SAE
LTE 3GPP
(SAE System Architecture Evolution).
SAE
IP

, 3GPP (GSM,
UMTS, WCDMA ..) (. 15.6).

. 15.6. SAE
188

 SAE
(evolved NodeB, eNodeB) (Access
Gateway, AGW).
LTE/SAE,
. SAE
:
(Mobility Management Entity,
MME)
,
;
(User Plane Entity, UPE)
, ,
;
3GPP- 2G/3G LTE;
SAE-
,
3GPP, (I-WLAN ..).

(Evolved Packet Core)

.
-
. , 3GPP- ( )
. ,
MME UPE .
SAE
,
, ( 2).
,
. ,
IP-.
,
SAE mesh-.

189

 3GPP Release 8
,
. ,
, , Wi-Fi ,
.
SAE
, .
SAE,
,
, VoIP
. ,
10 (5
IP- ). ,
, 50%
3G.
15
1.
LTE,

.
2.
,
. LTE :
OFDM, MIMO, SAE.
3. OFDM, Wi-Fi
,
,
,
CP.
4. OFDM
.
5. MIMO
. :
190


.
6.
,

7.
.
8. MIMO .
9. SAE IP
,
3GPP .
10. SAE ,
LTE 3GPP-,
2G/3G LTE , SAE-
3GPP-, ,
.
15
LTE?
LTE?
LTE?
LTE ?
MIMO
LTE?
6. LTE?
7.
LTE?
8. LTE?
9.
LTE?
10. (Mobility Management
Entity, MME)
11. (User Plane Entity, UPE)
LTE?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

191


1. LTE .
2. LTE .
3. LTE.

192


,
.
, ,
.

,

,
,
, .

,
.

.
-
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
..

.
,
,
.

193


1. .., .., .., ..
. : -
. -,
1999 121 .
2. .., ..
. . .: , 202 440 .
3. .., .. . ,
, : . : , 2011 944 .
4. .., .., .. :
. .:-, 2010 400 .
5. .., .., .., ..
. /.
. .. . .: , 2011 368 .
6. .. ./ . . . . .:
248 .
7. . ., . ., . ., . .
. GSM :
. . 2- ., . .: , 2008 256 .
8. . . . . : -,
2006. 344 .
9. .., .. : .
. . : -, 2005. 472 .
10. .., ..
: . . . : , 2005. 382 .
11. . . . .:
-, 2004. 176 .
12. .., ..
. ( ) .:
, 2004. 304 .

194


1
.

.
.
.
, ().

.
,
,
.

.

, , .
2
1G .
2G ,
.
3G
.
4G ,
.
3
, .
,
.
4
,


,
.
,
.
195

 ,
.

.

.
- ,
,
.

, .
5
-
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
.

m
, m .
, .
, .
- ,

, .
64 /c.
,
.
6

, .

,
.
(, )
.
196

Rake-
,
,
.
7

, .
-

.
,
50% (, ).
,
50% 50% ,
r .

, 20 .
8
(NSS)
,
.
(SS) ,
.

.
"" ,
.
""
.

.

,
.
,
,
.

197

 9
, ..
, ,
.
,
, () ,
.

.

, .

.

, ,
, .
,

,
.
,
.
10

,
,
, .
,
.

- .
,

.

,
, .

,
,
.
198

 11
,

() .
, ,
,
,
2 "k1" .
,
n ().
,
.
,
.
,
.
(),
.

,
.

n
k .


n ( ) d min
( ).
,

.
12
, .
( ,
..) -,
.
,
, .

199

 13

(OFDM) , .
(OFDM) , OFDM, .
,
.
()

.
14
,

,
.
,
.
,
/.

Wi-Fi,
.
Wi-Fi,

.
Wi-Fi,


" ".
15
1 (LTE)
.
2 (LTE)
.
-
.

OFDM- .
,
.
200


,
.
,
.

201


A
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service

AP Access Point
AUC Authentification Centre

B
BPSK binary phase-shift keying
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station System .
BSSs Basic Service Sets
C
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
.
D
D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service
.
DS Distribution System
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
E
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
,
2G 2.5G (GPRS)-.
EIR Equipment Identification Register
.
ESSs Extended Service Sets
F
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FFT fast Fourier transform
G
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

202

H
HLR Home Location Register
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

I
IBSSs Independent Basic Service Sets

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

ISI intersymbol interference
ITU International Telecommunications Union

J
JDC Japanese Digital Cellular
M
input-multiple output

MIMO Multiple

.
MME Mobility Management Entity
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSK Minimum Shift Keying

N
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone .
NSS Network Switching System
NTT Nippon Telephone and Telegraph system

O
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

P
PBCC Packet Binary Convolutional Coding

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

203

PIN Personal Identification Number

Q
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R
RTMS Radio Telephone Mobile System

S
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SFH Slow Frequency Hopping
SMS Short Messaging Service
T
TACS Total Access Communications System
TCH Traffic Channels
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

U
UPE User Plane Entity
V
VAD Voice Activity Detector
VLR Visitor Location Register
VoIP Voice over IP .
X
XRTT One Times Radio Transmission Technology

204