PIONEERING EXPERTISE IN THERMAL RECOVERY

Total began researching the complexities of thermal recovery as early as the 1970s. Our
experience has been enriched by feedback from numerous pilot projects. Today, that
knowledge is being applied to unlock full value from the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
(SAGD) process implemented in the Surmont Project, in Canada.

Significant Experience with Steam Injection

Through our first field trials of thermal production in the 1970s, both as operator or partner, we have gained
solid experience with production methods applicable to unconventional resources. Historically, efforts focused
initially on the two processes considered most promising at the time.

Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) or Huff & Puff

This is the original process. It is based on a single vertical well that is used first to inject the steam and then to
pump the bitumen to the surface. Between these two phases, a soaking period allows the steam to diffuse
through the reservoir; the heat lowers the viscosity of the bitumen so it can be recovered.

Steam Drive

Steam is injected continuously via a vertical injection well. Oil is produced via vertical production wells located
about 100 metres away. The oil is fluidized by a steam front, which pushes it toward the production wells.
Through these early R&D investments, we have been able to develop a solid body of scientific and
technological expertise in steam injection techniques, particularly with respect to:

The dynamic effects of steam: reduction of fluid viscosity due to the rise in temperature, thermal expansion of
fluids and rock, modification of flow equations, etc.

The evaluation and prediction of the complex geomechanical effects of steam injections, such as stresses
and strains in the reservoir.

The operability of processes, especially in terms of well architectures and completions.

The recovery efficiency of processes.

MILESTONES: A SERIES OF THERMAL RECOVERY PILOTS

Steam Drive on Upper Lacq in France, from 1977 to 1991 (crude properties: 22 API, 18 cP), including steam
injection into a horizontal well.

Steam Drive and Cyclic Steam Stimulation on Poso Creek in the United States from 1979 to 1986 (crude
properties: 12 API, 8,000 cP).

Cyclic Steam Stimulation on Saint Jean de Maruejols in France from 1980 to 1981 (crude properties: 11 to
13 API, 1,600 cP).

Cyclic Steam Stimulation on Marienbronn in France from 1981 to 1984 (crude properties: 11 API, 23,000 cP).

Steam Drive on meraude in the Republic of the Congo from 1983 to 1988 (crude properties: 23 API, 100 cP).

Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), an Evolving Technique

Our cutting-edge expertise gave us access to the Surmont lease at an early stage of its development. Surmont
is one of the first fields to have a SAGD pilot and then launch production on a commercial scale. It is also one of
the largest deposits in the Athabasca regiondestined to be developed entirely through SAGD.

THE POTENTIAL OF SAGD

SAGD is the most recently developed thermal recovery technique. During the 1980s, advances in horizontal
drilling technology made the development of SAGD feasible for the Alberta oil sands. SAGD is especially
effective for in situ production of thick, homogeneous reservoir layers, where recovery factors can exceed 50% in
the steam chamber. By the end of 2010, SAGD was providing nearly half of Albertas in situ production versus
20% in 2006.

http://www.total.com/en/energies-expertise/oil-gas/exploration-production/strategicsectors/heavy-oil/expertise/pioneering-expertise-thermal-recovery?%FFbw=kludge1%FF