Chapt 3

Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life
1. Ecologists study
A. living things and their genetic makeup.
B. genetic patterns and the chemistry in them.
C. the physical world and its processes.
D. the Earth and its processes.
E. relationships between organisms and their environment.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Knowledge
2. How are matter and mass related?

A. Mass is a component of matter.
B. Neither matter nor mass take up space.
C. Matter is a component of mass.
D. Both matter and mass take up space.
E. Mass takes up space while matter does not take up space
Answer: A
Question Classification: Comprehension
3. Water vapor, water, and ice are examples of

A. types of matter.
B. phases of matter.
C. transfers of energy into matter.
D. forms of energy.
E. types of mass.
Answer: B
4. What implication(s) does the law of conservation of matter have for humans?
A. We cannot create energy because it is neither created nor destroyed.
B. As matter is recycled it loses some of its integrity so we need to be careful when we dispose of goods.
C. Natural resources are unlimited because they are used and reused by living organisms.
D. Disposable goods are not going away when we throw them out.
E. All of these are implications of the law of conservation of matter.
Answer: D
5. The law of conservation of matter tells us that matter

A. can never be reused.
B. needs to be conserved or it will not be available for future generations.
C. can be destroyed.
D. can be conserved by some adaptive strategies.
E. is used repeatedly.
Answer: E
6. The smallest particle that exhibits the characteristics of a chemical element is known as a(n)
A. molecule.
B. microorganism.
C. atom.
D. phase of matter.
E. isotope.
Answer: A
7. The relationship among atoms, elements, and compounds is most like the relationship among
A. bricks, brick houses, and large brick buildings.
B. grains of sand, rocks, and continents.
C. bricks, sidewalks, and paved roads.
D. pond, lake, and ocean.
E. grains of sugar, sugar, and sweetened iced tea.
Answer: E
Question Classification: Application
8. A compound is to a(n) _________ as a word is to a ________.

A. element, sentence
B. isotope, sentence
C. atom, letter
D. molecule, punctuation mark
E. element, phrase
Answer: C
9. In chemical terms water (H2O) would best be described as a(n)

A. element.
B. atom.
C. ion.
D. compound.
E. isotope.
Answer: D
10. Which of the following is not a molecule?

A. O3
B. O2
C. H2O
D. DNA
E. C
Answer: E
11. Which of the following statements changes the statement: Most, but not all, living organisms are made up of
organic compounds. into a true statement?
A. All living organisms are made up of organic compounds.
B. All living organisms are made up of inorganic compounds.
C. Most, but not all, living organisms are made up of inorganic compounds.
D. Most, but not all, living organisms are made up of organic elements.
E. Most, but not all, living organisms are made up of inorganic elements.
Answer: A
12. The distinction between an organic compound and an inorganic compound is that organic compounds contain
A. oxygen.
B. water.
C. carbon.
D. nitrogen.
E. All of these.
Answer: C
13. A fat or oil is to a _______ as an enzyme is to a _______.

A. nucleic acid, lipid
B. protein, nucleic acid
C. nucleic acid, carbohydrate
D. carbohydrate, protein
E. lipid, protein
Answer: E
14. Nucleic acid is to _______ as lipid is to _______.

A. cellular membrane structure, energy storage
B. cellulose structure, genetic storage
C. energy storage, cellulose structure
D. genetic storage, cellular membrane structure
E. energy storage, genetic storage
Answer: D
15. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains billions of atoms and is very large. It would be considered a(n)
A. element.
B. enzyme.
C. compound.
D. mega-atom.
E. isotope.
Answer: C
16. A cell is
A. the smallest molecule exhibiting organic characteristics.
B. a building block for DNA.
C. a small organic compound made of carbon, water, and nitrogen.
D. made up of DNA.
E. the smallest unit in which life processes go on.
Answer: E
17. A(n) ________ is like a screwdriver that you use to build something because it ______________.
A. enzyme, does not get consumed as it is used
B. molecule, organizes pieces together to form something different
C. lipid, provides the structure and form of the piece you are building
D. sugar, provides the energy to put something together
E. The analogy of a screwdriver can be applied to each of these examples.
Answer: A
18. Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of

A. organic compounds in a cell.
B. enzymatic reactions necessary for life.
C. molecular reactions in a compound.
D. cells in an organism.
E. molecular reactions in a cell.
Answer: B
19. Energy is the ability to

A. move objects.
B. become heated
C. transfer heat from one object to another.
D. All of these are true.
E. Both A and C are true.
Answer: E
20. Which of the following is a form of energy?

A. electricity
B. food
C. heat
D. light
E. All of these are forms of energy.
Answer: E
21. Potential energy is _______ energy.

A. electrical
B. motion
C. stored
D. heat
E. latent
Answer: C
22. The motion of a rock rolling downhill is known as __________ energy.

A. kinetic
B. latent
C. potential
D. electrical
E. mechanical
Answer: A
23. Metabolism can be seen as the process of converting

A. energy into matter.
B. potential energy into kinetic energy.
C. kinetic energy into potential energy.
D. atoms into compounds.
E. matter into potential energy.
Answer: B
24. Which of the following has the highest quality energy?

A. a warm brick
B. a flame
C. a flowing stream
D. a rock rolling downhill
E. hot air
Answer: B
25. The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are similar in that
A. under normal circumstances neither energy or matter is created nor destroyed.
B. both energy and matter are recycled through biological systems.
C. both energy and matter flow in a one-way path through biological systems.
D. under normal circumstances energy and matter are destroyed as they pass through biological systems.
E. The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are not similar.
Answer: A
26. The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy moves through different forms and systems it gradually
A. becomes more concentrated.
B. dissipates and becomes unavailable.
C. disappears and is lost.
D. accumulates in the form of electricity.
E. changes from kinetic to potential energy.
Answer: B
27. As energy is used and transformed it gradually becomes _______ quality and _______ concentrated.
A. higher, more
B. lower, more
C. higher, less
D. lower, less
E. As energy is used it does not become transformed; there is no change in quality and it stays the same
concentration.
Answer: D
28. What implication(s) does the second law of thermodynamics have for biological systems?
A. Systems cannot create energy because it is neither created nor destroyed.
B. With each transformation less available energy is available to do work so older systems have less energy.
C. A constant supply of energy is necessary for maintenance of biological systems.
D. Energy is unlimited because it is used and reused by living organisms.
E. None of these is an implication of the second law of thermodynamics.
Answer: C
29. Photosynthesis is the process of converting __________ into __________ energy.

A. chemical bond energy, kinetic
B. sunlight, chemical bond
C. solar energy, kinetic
D. solar electrical energy, heat
E. chemical bond energy, potential
Answer: B
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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b.
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fr
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c.
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d.
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30. On the spectrum of solar energy wavelengths, visible light falls near the letter
A. a.
B. b.
C. c.
D. d.
E. e.
Answer: C
31. On the spectrum of solar energy wavelengths, the wavelengths that plants use for photosynthesis is closest to
which letter?
A. a.
B. b.
C. c.
D. d.
E. e
Answer: C
32. About ___________ percent of the solar energy that falls on plants is captured for photosynthesis.
A. 100
B. 60 70
C. 40 50
D. 10 20
E. 1 2
Answer: E
33. Photosynthesis produces sugars from

A. water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
B. water, other sugars, and oxygen.
C. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.
D. carbon dioxide, enzymes, and energy.
E. oxygen, water, and energy.
Answer: A
34. The process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are similar in that they both
A. capture energy in the form of sugar.
B. occur in all living organisms.
C. store energy in ATP, an energy currency for the cell.
D. capture energy from the sun.
E. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are not similar, they are opposite processes.
Answer: C
35. The process of cellular respiration

A. helps primary producers store energy accumulated by chloroplasts.
B. releases energy from chemical bonds of molecules such as glucose.
C. eliminates the need for enzymes in metabolism.
D. does not occur in primary producers.
E. does not occur in detritivores.
Answer: B
36. Although there are exceptions, in general, a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to
A. produce fertile offspring in nature.
C. look alike.
B. fill the same niche.
D. occupy the same community.
E. live together.
Answer: A
37. All members of a species that live in the same area at the same time make up a(an)
A. species.
B. ecosystem.
C. community.
D. population.
E. biome.
Answer: D
38. A biological community consists of all

A. populations living and interacting in an area.
B. members of a species living in the same area.
C. living things on Earth.
D. populations of a given species.
E. members of a species living in the same biome.
Answer: A
39. An ecosystem consists of

A. a physical environment within which a biological community lives.
B. the species with which a biological community interacts.
C. a biological community and its physical environment.
D. the primary producers within a biological community.
E. all the species in a biological community.
Answer: C
40. If an ecosystem exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings, it would be referred to as a(n) ______
system.
A. closed
B. open
C. dynamic
D. isolated
E. interactive
Answer: B
41. With respect to _________, every ecosystem is open.

A. species
B. populations
C. matter cycling
D. energy flow
E. inorganic compounds
Answer: D
42. Many ecologists think of ecosystems and even the Earth as a superorganism because its systems appear to be
A. unregulated.
B. self-regulating and self-stabilizing.
C. completely unpredictable.
D. unchangeable.
E. hierarchical.
Answer: B
43. Productivity in an ecosystem has to do with

A. the efficiency of its primary producers.
B. the number of different species living in the ecosystem.
C. its longevity.
D. the combined metabolic rate of the biological communities.
E. its rate of producing biomass.
Answer: E
44. How can a highly productive ecosystem (high total productivity) have a low net productivity?
A. The rate of decomposition is high.
B. The rate of secondary productivity is high.
C. The rate of photosynthesis is low.
D. The rate of decomposition is low.
E. The rate of secondary productivity is low.
Answer: A
45. Biomass includes all

A. material in an ecosystem.
C. things that are living at a given time.
B. living and nonliving things.
D. matter produced by primary producers.
E. biological material.
Answer: E
46. A simple linked feeding series such as grass-rabbit-wolf is known as a(n)

A. energy cycle.
B. food web.
C. carbon cycle.
D. food chain.
E. food cycle.
Answer: D
47. The length and complexity of a food web in the Arctic would be ____________ when compared to one in the
tropical rainforest.
A. short and less complex
B. short and more complex
C. long and less complex
D. long and more complex
E. about the same
Answer: A
48. Living things that carry out photosynthesis are known as

A. consumers.
B. secondary consumers.
C. decomposers.
D. primary consumers.
E. producers.
Answer: E
49. Producers rely on ____________ to release chemical energy and consumers rely on ____________ to release
chemical energy.
A. cellular respiration, photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration, cellular respiration
C. photosynthesis, cellular respiration
D. photosynthesis, photosynthesis
E. the sun, the sun
Answer: B
50. Primary consumers are also known as

A. carnivores.
B. scavengers.
C. decomposers.
D. herbivores.
E. top carnivores
Answer: D
51. Omnivores eat mainly

A. detritivores.
C. plants.
B. animals.
D. dead plants and animals.
E. plants and animals.
Answer: E
Biomass Pyramid
a.
b.
c.
d
52. The organisms at the a level of the biomass pyramid above are
A. primary producers.
B. primary consumers.
C. herbivores.
D. carnivores.
E. detritivores.
Answer: D
53. In the biomass pyramid above, the bottom level (shown by letter d) represents
A. primary producers.
B. primary consumers.
C. herbivores.
D. carnivores.
E. detritivores.
Answer: A
54. Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the
producer would produce about ______ kilograms of consumer tissue that would provide about __________
kilograms of tissue for a secondary consumer.
A. 100, 10
B. 10, 1
C. 100, 1
D. 1, 0.1
E. 10, 0.1
Answer: D
55. Detritivores, scavengers, and decomposers are all similar in that they
A. consume nonliving organic matter.
B. are primarily microorganisms.
C. are primary producers.
D. are among the Earths least useful organisms.
E. consume abiotic material.
Answer: A
56. Which of the following does not cycle repeatedly through the Earths ecosystems?
A. water
B. nitrogen
C. matter
D. carbon
E. energy
Answer: E
57. Living vegetation and the ocean are known as carbon sinks because
A. they are made of carbon.
B. they create carbon.
C. they destroy carbon.
D. they store carbon.
E. due to gravity carbon is found closer to the ground.
Answer: D
58. Nitrogen is an essential component of

A. amino acids and proteins.
B. organic molecules.
C. sugars, the product of photosynthesis.
D. the hydrologic cycle.
E. carbohydrates.
Answer: A
59. Nitrogen gas (N2), the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, is
A. also the easiest for plants to use.
B. the easiest form for both animals and plants to use.
C. outside of the global nitrogen cycle.
D. inaccessible to most plants.
E. usually transported in aqueous form.
Answer: D
60. Phosphorus cycles through the Earths ecosystems

A. extremely quickly.
B. very slowly.
C. only when activated by human activity.
D. very rarely.
E. quickly when humans burn large amounts of fossil fuels.
Answer: B
61. Human activities such as the ____________ release large quantities of sulfur.
A. burning of fossil fuels
B. burning of wood
C. use of synthetic fertilizers
D. use of detergents
E. cultivation of sulfur-fixing crops
Answer: A
62. Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle?
A. nitrogen fixation
B. nitrification
C. photosynthesis
D. ammonification
E. denitrification
Answer: C
63. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles does not have an atmospheric phase?
A. hydrologic cycle
B. nitrogen cycle
C. sulfur cycle
D. carbon cycle
E. phosphorous cycle
Answer: E
64. Water molecules readily dissolve ionic substances such as sugar because of the covalent bonds between the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
65. Acids and bases are highly reactive so they can cause important environmental problems.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
Short Answer/Essay Questions

66. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Nutrients are cycled in the ecosphere in biogeochemical cycles.
B. Elements in the rock cycle are generally cycled slower than elements in gaseous cycles.
C. Biogeochemical cycles are driven by the sun and by gravity.
D. There are three types of biogeochemical cycles: air, water, and land.
E. The hydrologic cycle involves the ocean, air, land, and living organisms.
Change the false answer above to a true statement.
Answer: For a total of 6 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
6=
Identified the correct false statement; Changed the statement to reflect the appropriate number of
biogeochemical cycles; Provided accurate examples of all biogeochemical cycles
4=
Identified the correct false statement; Changed the statement to reflect an inappropriate number of
biogeochemical cycles; Provided accurate examples of most biogeochemical cycles
2=
Identified the correct false statement; Changed the statement to reflect an inappropriate number of
biogeochemical cycles; Did not change the statement examples (i.e., left air, water, and land in statement)
0=
Identified the incorrect false statement
67. Using examples, compare and contrast the cycling of energy through biological systems and biogeochemical
cycles.
Answer: For a total of 20 points (Note: The numbers can be changed to fit your assessment needs.)
20 =
Provided at least three accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence; Provided
at least three accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence; Communicated effectively
with a well written summary
15 =
Provided at least two accurate comparisons; Supported the comparisons with accurate evidence; Provided
at least two accurate contrasts; Supported the contrasts with accurate evidence; Communicated with a fairly
well written summary
10 =
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence; Provided at
least one contrast; Supported the contrast with evidence; Communicated with a fairly well written summary
5=
Provided at least one accurate comparison; Supported the comparison with accurate evidence OR Provided
at least one accurate contrast; Supported the contrast with accurate evidence AND Communicated with a
poorly written summary
0=
Provided at least one comparison; Did not support the comparison with accurate evidence OR Provided at
least one contrast; Did not support the contrast with accurate evidence AND Communicated with a very
poorly written summary

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Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life

2. How are matter and mass related?

3. Water vapor, water, and ice are examples of

5. The law of conservation of matter tells us that matter

8. A compound is to a(n) _________ as a word is to a ________.

9. In chemical terms water (H2O) would best be described as a(n)

10. Which of the following is not a molecule?

13. A fat or oil is to a _______ as an enzyme is to a _______.

14. Nucleic acid is to _______ as lipid is to _______.

18. Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of

19. Energy is the ability to

20. Which of the following is a form of energy?

21. Potential energy is _______ energy.

22. The motion of a rock rolling downhill is known as __________ energy.

23. Metabolism can be seen as the process of converting

24. Which of the following has the highest quality energy?

29. Photosynthesis is the process of converting __________ into __________ energy.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

33. Photosynthesis produces sugars from

35. The process of cellular respiration

38. A biological community consists of all

39. An ecosystem consists of

41. With respect to _________, every ecosystem is open.

43. Productivity in an ecosystem has to do with

45. Biomass includes all

46. A simple linked feeding series such as grass-rabbit-wolf is known as a(n)

48. Living things that carry out photosynthesis are known as

50. Primary consumers are also known as

51. Omnivores eat mainly

Question Classification: Comprehension

58. Nitrogen is an essential component of

60. Phosphorus cycles through the Earths ecosystems

Question Classification: Knowledge

Short Answer/Essay Questions

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8. A compound is to a(n) _ as a word is to a .

13. A fat or oil is to a _ as an enzyme is to a _.

14. Nucleic acid is to _ as lipid is to _.

29. Photosynthesis is the process of converting into energy.