Unit 1

Naval Architecture. Future

1.1. Naval architecture
A ship is any large floating vessel capable of crossing open waters, as opposed to a
boat, which is generally a smaller craft. The term formerly was applied to sailing vessels
having three or more masts; in modern times it usually denotes a vessel of more than 500
tons of displacement. Submersible ships are generally called boats regardless of their size.
Naval architecture
The term shipbuilding usually refers to the actual construction of a ship. The design
stage that precedes shipbuilding is performed by a naval architect, and the science of ship
design is called naval architecture. The specialty dealing with power plants used in ships
is known as marine engineering.
The design of ships employs many technologies and branches of engineering that also
are found ashore, but the imperatives of effective and safe operation at sea require
oversight from a unique discipline. That discipline is properly called marine engineering,
but the term naval architecture is familiarly used in the same sense. In this section the
latter term is used to denote the hydrostatic and aesthetic aspects of marine engineering.
The measurements of ships are given in terms of length, breadth, and depth. The length
between perpendiculars is the distance on the summer (maximum) load waterline, from
the forward side of the stem at the extreme forward part of the vessel to the after side of
the rudder post at the extreme rear, or to the centre of the rudder stock, if there is no
rudder post. The beam is the greatest breadth of the ship. The depth is measured at the
middle of the length, from the top of the keel to the top of the deck beam at the side of the
uppermost continuous deck. Draft is measured from the keel to the waterline, while
freeboard is measured from the waterline to the deck edge.
The basis of naval architecture is found in Archimedes' principle, which states that the
weight of a statically floating body must equal the weight of the volume of water that it
displaces. This law of buoyancy determines not only the draft at which a vessel will float
but also the angles that it will assume when in equilibrium with the water. A ship may be
designed to carry a specified weight of cargo, plus such necessary supplies as fuel,
lubricating oil, crew, and the crew's life support. These combine to form a total known as
deadweight. To deadweight must be added the weight of the ship's structure, propulsion
machinery, hull engineering (non-propulsive machinery), and outfit (fixed items having
to do with crew life support). These categories of weight are known collectively as
lightship weight. The sum of deadweight and lightship weight is displacement, that is, the
weight that must be equalled by the weight of displaced water if the ship is to float. Of
course, the volume of water displaced by a ship is a function of the size of that ship, but
in turn the weight of water that is to be matched by displacement is also a function of the
ship's size. The early stages of ship design, therefore, are a struggle to predict the size of
the ship that the sum of all weights will require. The naval architect's resources include
experience-based formulas that provide approximate values for making such predictions.
Subsequent refinements usually produce accurate predictions of the ship's draft, that is,
the depth of water in which the finished ship will float. In some cases a ship may be

intended for cargo of such a high stowage factor (i.e., volume per weight unit) that
providing for the required internal volume is more of a problem than providing for a
specific deadweight. Nevertheless, the problem of designing for a displacement that
matches the weight of the ship is essentially the same.
1.2. Ways of expressing future
There are several forms of expressing future out of which we are going to study some:
Simple Future Tense, Future Continuous Tense, Be Going To Future and Future Perfect.
1.2.1. Simple Future Tense
Shall and will
Will is used with all persons, but shall can be used as an alternative with I and we in pure
future reference. Shall is usually avoided with you and I (e.g. You and I will work in the
same department.)
Contractions
Shall weakens to [al] in speech, but does not contract to ll in writing. Will contracts to
ll in writing and fluent, rapid speech after vowels (Ill, well, youll, etc.) but ll can also
occur after consonants. So we might find ll used:
- after names: Tomll be here soon.
- after common nouns: The watchll start in a minute.
- after question words: Whenll they arrive?
Negatives
Will not contracts to ll not or wont, shall not contracts to shant (e.g. I/We wont or
shant go.)
In AmE shant is rare and shall with a future reference is unusual.
Uses of shall/will future
a. Will/shall for prediction briefly compared with other uses.
Will or shall can be used to predict events, for example, to say what we think will happen,
or to invite prediction.
Tottenham will win on Saturday.
It will rain tomorrow. Will petrol price rise again next year?
I dont know if I shall see you next week.
This is sometimes called the pure future, and it should be distinguished from many other
uses of will and shall:
Ill buy you a bicycle for your birthday (promise = will is not used to mean want
to)
Will you hold the door open for me, please ? (request)
Shall I get your coat for you? (offer)
Shall we go for a swim tomorrow. (suggestion)

Just wait....youll regret this! (threat)

Though all the above examples point to future time, they are not predicting, they are
coloured by notions of willingness, etc. Will/ shall have so many uses as modal verbs that
some grammarians insist that English does not have a pure future tense.
b. Will in format style for scheduled events
Will is used in preference to be going to when a format style is required, particularly in
the written language.
The wedding will take place at St. Andrews on June 27 th. The reception will be
at the Anconi Hotel.
c. Will/ shall to express hopes, expectations, etc.
The future is often used after verbs and verb phrases like assume, be afraid, be sure,
believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think.
I hope she ll get the job shes applied for.
The present with a future reference is possible after hope.
I hope she gets the job shes applied for (compare).
Lack of certainty, etc, can be conveyed by using will with adverbs like perhaps, possibly,
probably, surely.
Ask him again. Perhaps hell change his wind.

1.2.2. The Future Continuous Tense

Uses of the future continuous tense.
a. Actions in progress in the future
The most common use of the progressive form is to describe actions which will be in
progress in the immediate or distant future:
Hurry up! The ship will be arriving at any minute.
A space vehicle will be circling Jupiter in five years time.
It is often used for visualizing a future activity already planned.
By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.
b. The softening effect of the future continuous
Sometimes the future continuous is used to describe simple futurity, but with a softening
effect that takes away the element of deliberate intention after implied by will.
Ill work on this tomorrow. (intention, possibly a promise)
Ill be working on this tomorrow. (futurity)
In some contexts, the future continuous sounds more polite than will especially in
questions when we do not wish to appear to be pressing for a definite answer:
When will you finish these letters? (e.g. captain to cadet)
When will you be seeing Mr. White? (e.g. cadet to captain)

Sometimes there really is a difference in meaning:

Mary wont pay this bill. (she refuses to)
Mary wont be paying this bill. ( futurity - viitor, stare sau actiune viitoare)
Will you join us for dinner? ( invitation)
Will you be joining us for dinner? (futurity)
Wont you come with us? ( invitation)
Wont you be coming with us? (futurity)

c. Arrangements and plans

The future continuous can be used like the present continuous to refer to planned events,
particularly in connection with travel:
Well be spending the winter in Australia. (= we are spending)
Professor Craig will be giving a lecture on coastal navigation tomorrow evening.
(= is giving)
1.2.3. The going to future
The pronunciation of going to
There can be a difference in pronunciation between be going to (which has no connexion
with the ordinary verb go) and the continuous form of the verb go:
- In I am going to have a wonderful time. going to is often pronounced [ gn] in
everyday speech.
- In I am going to Chicago. going to can only be pronounced [guing tu] or
[guint].
Uses of the going to future
a. The going to future for prediction
The going to future is often used, like will, to predict the future. It is common in speech,
especially when we are referring to the immediate future. The speaker sees signs of
something that is about to happen:
Oh look! Its going to rain!
Look out! Shes going to faint!
This use of going to includes the present whereas It will rain is purely about the
future. Alternatively, the speaker may have prior knowledge of something which will
happen in the near future:
Theyre going to be married soon. (Her brother told me)

A future time reference may be added with such predictions:

Its going to rain tonight.
Theyre going to leave on voyage next day.
We usually prefer will to the going to future in formal writing and when there is a
need for constant reference to the future as in, for example, weather forecasts.
b. The going to future for intentions, plans, etc.
When there is any suggestion of intentions and plans, we tend to use the going to future
rather than will in informal style:
Im going to practice the chart work for two hours this evening. (i.e. thats my
intention; what I have planned / arranged to do)
However, we generally prefer will to going to when we decide to do something at the
moment of speaking:
We re really lost. Ill stop and ask someone the way.
Intention can be emphasized with adverbs like now and just which are generally
associated with present time.
Im now going to show you how to make some repairs.
Im just going to change. Ill be back in five minutes.
The use of be going to refers to the remote future and is less common and generally
requires a time reference:
She says shes going to be a jockey when she grows up.
If we want to be precise about intentions and plans, we use verbs like intend to, plan to,
propose to, rather than going to:
Theyre going to build a new ship. (vague)
They propose to build a new ship. (more precise)
c. The going to future in place of the present continuous
The going to future may be used where we would equally expect to have the present
continuous with a future reference:
Im having dinner with Janet tomorrow evening.
Im going to have a dinner with Janet tomorrow evening.
However, we cannot use the present continuous to make predictions, so it would not be
possible in a sentence like this:

Its going to snow tonight.

Though be going to can combine with go and come, the present continuous is
preferred with these verbs for reasons of style. We tend to avoid going next to go or come
(e.g. going to go/ going to come):
I m going/ coming home early this evening.
d. The going to future after IF
We do not normally use will after IF to make predictions but we cant use be going to
to express an intention:
If youre going to join us, well wait for you.
Be going to can often be used in the main clause as well:
If you invite Jack, theres going to be trouble.

1.2.4. The future perfect simple and future perfect continuous tenses
future perfect simple
will have + past part

future perfect continuous tenses

will have been + -ing form

Uses of the future perfect simple and continuous tenses

a. The past as seen from the future
We often use the future perfect to show that an action will already be completed by a
certain time in the future:
I will have retired by the year 2020. (That is, before or in the year 2020, my
retirement will already be in the past)
This tense is often used with be and not till/ until + time and with verbs which point to
completion: build, complete, finish etc. We also often use the future perfect after verbs
like: believe, expect, hope, suppose:
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
b. The continuation of a state up to the time mentioned.
What is in progress now can be considered from a point in the future:

By this time next week, I will have been working for this shipping company for 24
years.
We will have been married a year on June 25th.
1. 3. Vocabulary

open waters = mri, oceane

sailing vessels = nave cu pnze
mast = catarg
displacement = deplasament
submersible ship = nave submersibile
branches of engineering = ramuri ale ingineriei
marine engineering = inginerie naval
naval architecture = construcii de nave
hydrostatic = hidrostatic
length = lungime
breadth = lime
depth = adncime
length between perpendiculars = lungime ntre perpendiculare
summer (maximum) load waterline = linia de ncrcare maxim de var
forward side of the stem = partea dinspre prova
extreme forward part = extremitatea prova
rudder post = etambou al crmei
extreme rear = extremitatea pupa
rudder stock = axul crmei
keel = chil
uppermost continuous deck = cea mai de sus punte continu
waterline = linie de plutire
freeboard = bord liber
deck edge = marginea punii
displace = a dislocui
law of buoyancy = lege de flotabilitate
draft = pescaj
fuel = combustibil
lubricating oil = ulei de ungere
crew = echipaj
deadweight = greutate proprie
propulsion machinery = mecanisme de propulsie
hull engineering = construcia corpului
non-propulsive machinery = mecanisme auxiliare
outfit = instalaii
lightship weight = greutate a navei goale
stowage factor = factor/indice de stivuire