The Skeleton

S
K
E
L
E
T
O
N

Functions:
Support and Protect
Lever for Muscles
Hematopoiesis
Mineral Storage
Calcium
Phosphorus (PO4)

BoneTerminology
OsteoblastOsteoclastOsteocyte

Compact
Bone
Spongy
Bone

Medullary
Cavity

BoneFormation
Endochondral

BoneFormation
Endochondral

Articulations

Articulations
Fibrous

Articulations
Cartilaginous

Articulations
Synovial

Intrinsic
Ligaments
Extrinsic
Ligaments

M
O
V
E
M
E
N
T
S

M
O
V
E
M
E
N
T
S

T
The Skeleton

Upper Torso

AXIAL
SKELETON

Skull
Frontal Bone

SkullBones

SkullBones

SphenoidBone

EthmoidBone

EthmoidBone

Skull:FacialBones

Skull:FacialBones Mandible

Head
Coronoid Process
Ramus

Alveolar Process

Angle

Skull

Skull

Skull:Sutures

Skull:Sutures

VertebralColumn

VertebralColumn

TypicalVertebra

Vertebrae

VertebraShapes

L
U
M
B
A
R

V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A

C
E
R
V
I
C
A
L

V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
E

CervicalVertebra:C1Atlas

OccipitalCondyles

CervicalVertebra:C2Axis

C1andC2

T
H
O
R
A
C
I
C

V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
E

ThoracicVertebra

ThoracicVertebrae

ThoracicVertebrae

L V
U E
M R
B T
A E
R B
R
A
E

L
U
M
B
A
R

V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A

S
A
C
R
U
M

Sacrum
Median
Crest

Auricular Surface

Sacroiliac
Articulation

S
A
C
R
O
I
L
I
A
C

R
T
I
C
U
L
A
T
I
O
N

IntervertebralDisc

IntervertebralDisc

Intervertebral
Discs
Increase vertebral body
and disc thickness as
descend vertebral column

HerniatedDisc

Herniated
Disc

VertebralLigaments

V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
L

L
I
G
A
M
E
N
T
S

VertebralLigaments

VertebralCurves

R
A
L

R
A
L

VertebralCurves

Vertebral
Curves
Primary (1)
Secondary (2)

AbnormalVertebralCurves

Ribs

Ribs

ThoracicVertebrae Ribs

Sternum

Infrasternal
notch

Respiration

RespirationIncrease
Vertical
Diameter

Respiration
IncreaseinDiameters

Respiration
IncreaseLateralDiameter

Respiration
IncreaseAnterior/Posterior
Diameter

Appendicular
Skeleton

Clavicle

ClavicularLigaments

ClavicularLigaments

Scapula:Posterior

Scapula:Anterior
Shoulder
Joint

Scapula:Medial

Rib
Cage

SternoClavicular
Movements

ScapulaMovements:
ScapulothoracicJoint

Humerus Anterior
Anatomical Neck

Greater Tubercle
Head

Intertubercular Groove
Surgical Neck
Anatomical
Neck
Deltoid Tuberosity

Lateral Epicondyle

Capitulum
Trochlea

Coronoid
Fossa
Medial
Epicondyle

Trochlear
Notch of
Ulna

Humerus Posterior

Olecranon Fossa

Trochlear
Notch of
Ulna

Humerus Posterior

Olecranon Fossa

ShoulderJoint:Anterior

ShoulderJointLigaments

ShoulderJoint

Shoulder
Joint
Movements

ReverseShoulderReplacement

Forearm
Radius

Ulna

Radius/Ulna:Anterior

Head
Neck
Radial Tuberosity

Radius Diaphysis

Styloid Process

Ulna/Radius:Posterior
Olecranon

Head

ElbowLigaments

Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Lateral Collateral
Ligament

Carpals

Medial Collateral
Ligament

Metacarpals

Phalanges

WristandHand

The Skeleton
Lower Torso

Pelvic
Girdle

Pelvic Bones
Medial View

Anterior

Posterior

Pelvic
Girdle

Pelvic Bones
Lateral View

S
A
C
R
O
I
L
I
A
C

J
O
I
N
T

Sacroiliac Joint
Gluteal Muscles

Femur

Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences

Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences
Female:
wider; the ilium has a greater lateral flare
acetabulum projects more laterally than male (which has a
greater anterior projection)
the sacrum is shorter and wider
the femur has a greater lateral-to-medial angle as it descends to
the tibia
the mechanics of muscle action is different

Pelvic Girdle: Gender Differences

Female

Male

Gender
Differences:
Hip/Knee
Mechanics

Angle of Movement in the

Knee

Female
Femur

Male Femur

Tibia
Platform

Angle of Anterior Muscle

Action

Female
Femur
Angle of Pull
of the
Rectus
Femoris

Male Femur

Angle of Pull of the

Rectus Femoris
Tibia
Platform

Angle of Posterior Muscle

Action

Female
Femur
Angle of Pull of
the
Semitendinosus

Male Femur

Angle of Pull of the

Semitendinosus
Tibia
Platform

Femur

Pelvic Bones
Lateral View

Knee

Patella

Hip
Ligaments:
Anterior
View

Hip
Ligaments:
Posterior
View

Tibia &
Fibula:
Anterior
View

Tibia &
Fibula:
Posterior
View

Quadriceps
Tendon &
Patellar
Ligament

Menisci of
the Knee

Lateral
Meniscus

Medial
Meniscus

Menisci of
the Knee

Menisci of
the Knee

Ligaments &
Menisci
Of The
Knee

Ligaments
& Menisci
Of The
Knee

Ligaments
& Menisci
Of The
Knee

Antero
Lateral
Ligament

Knee
Movements

Flexion- Extension Gliding

Motion

Screw-home
Mechanism

Screw-home Mechanism

Screw-home Mechanism
Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia at end of knee extension. This
action nestles the condyles of the femur onto the shallow platform of the
tibia so that the knee is locked. The posterior cruciate ligament
becomes taut and little muscle activity is necessary to stand for extended
periods of time.
There is a special muscle, the popliteus, located in the back of the knee,
which initiates knee flexion by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia.
This aligns the condyles of the femur so that flexion can proceed.

Ankle
and
Foot

Ankle and
Foot
Ligaments

Deltoid Ligament: Medial Side

Lateral Ligaments

Foot
Ligaments

Arches of the Foot

Plantar Ligaments