CE 3205

Water and Environmental

Engineering

Flood Routing
SOCE

Hydrological Flood Routing

The movement of flood wave down to a channel
or through a reservoir and associated change in
timing or attenuation of the wave constitute an
important topic in floodplain hydrology.
It is essential to understand the theoretical and
practical aspects of flood routing to predict the
temporal and spatial variations of a flood wave
through a river reach and/or reservoir.
Flood routing is also used to predict the outflow
hydrograph from a watershed subjected to a
known amount of rainfall.
SOCE

Routing
Simulate the movement of water through physical
components of watershed (e.g., channels)
Commonly used to predict the magnitudes,
volumes, and temporal patterns of flow (often a
flood wave) as it moves down a channel
Physical/Hydraulic: Conservation of mass and
momentum
Conceptual/Hydrologic:
Some
physics
(continuity), but inexact representations

SOCE

Hydrologic Routing: Application

Analyse the effects of conduit modifications

Stormwater detention pond storage
Flood mitigation
Reservoir storage
Spillway sizing
Pumping stations
Changes in land use and
Overtopping of highway embankments

SOCE

Routing and Types

Routing is the process of predicting temporal
and spatial variation of a flood wave as it
travels through a river (or channel reach or
reservoir.
Two types of routing can be performed:
Hydraulic Routing
Hydrologic Routing
SOCE

Hydraulic Routing
Hydraulic routing method combines the continuity
equation with a more realistic relationship describing
the actual physics of the movement of the water
The equation used results from conservation of
momentum, assuming
uniform velocity distribution (depth averaged)
hydrostatic pressure
small bottom slope
In hydraulic routing analysis, it is intended that the
dynamics of the water or flood wave movement be more
accurately described
SOCE

Use of Manning Equation

Stage is also related to the outflow via a
relationship such as Manning's equation

1.49
Q
ARh S f
n
2

SOCE

Hydrologic Routing
Hydrologic routing techniques involve the balancing
of inflow, outflow and volume of storage through use
of the continuity equation.

Application:
Flood predictions

Evaluation of flood control measures

Assessment of effects of urbanization
Flood warning
Reservoir design and operation
Spillway design for dams

SOCE

Bukit Merah Reservoir, Malaysia

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Lake Livingston, USA

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Lake Conroe, USA

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Detention Ponds

Detention ponds store and treat urban runoff and also

provide flood control for the overall development.
Ponds constructed as amenities for the golf course
and other community centers that were built up
around them.
SOCE

Detention Pond, AUSTIN, TX

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Hydrologic Routing
Continuity Equation:
Where

IO

DS
Dt

I = Inflow
O= Outflow
DS/Dt = Rate of change of storage

Problem:
You have a hydrograph at one location (I)
You have river characteristics (S=f(I,O))
Need:

A hydrograph at different location (O)

SOCE

Hydrologic Routing
Hydrograph at point A

Hydrograph at point B

The hydrograph at B is attenuated due to

storage characteristics of the stream reach.

Assumption: no seepage, leakage, evaporation,

or inflow from the sides.
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Comparisons:
River vs.
Reservoir
Routing

Level pool reservoir

River Reach
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Hydrological Routing
Combine the continuity equation with some
relationship between storage, outflow, and
possibly inflow
These relationships are usually assumed,
empirical, or analytical in nature
An of example of such a relationship might
be a stage-discharge relationship

SOCE

Hydrological Routing
River or Channel Routing
Muskingum method
Muskingum-Cunge Method

Reservoir Routing
Inflow-Storage-Discharge Curve Method
(Puls Method)

Storage-Indication Method
(Modified Puls Method)
SOCE

River or Channel Routing

- Flood prediction
- Flood control measures
- Reservoir design and operation
- Watershed simulation
- Urban design

Hydrologic Channel Routing

Muskingum Method:
wedge

Flow in a channel
prism

wedge

prism

prism

Storage in wedge:

KX(I-O)

Storage in prism:

KO

Storage

S=KX(I-O)+KO

SOCE

Muskingum Method
Sp = K O

Prism Storage

Sw = K(I - O)X

Wedge Storage

S = K[XI + (1-X)O]

Combined

Obtained by weighting the storage due to inflow and

outflow with X, assuming that discharge and storage
are single-valued functions of depth, and that storage
responds linearly to discharge. K is a storage factor
with units of time.
SOCE

Muskingum (cont...)
Substitute the Storage Equation
S = K[XI + (1-X)O]

into the continuity equation

S n 1 S n I n I n 1 Qn Qn 1

Dt
2
2
Outflow
O2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 O1
C0 = -

Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt

C1 =

Kx + 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt

C2 =

K - Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt

SOCE

Muskingum Notes:
The method assumes a single stage-discharge
relationship
However, it is used to handle variable storagedischarge relationships
inflow exceeds outflow: positive wedge
outflow exceeds inflow: negative wedge
constant cross section channel: prism storage

SOCE

Estimation of K
K can be estimated as the travel time through the
reach.
This may pose somewhat of a difficulty, as the travel
time will obviously change with flow
The question may arise as to whether the travel time
should be estimated using the average flow, the peak
flow, or some other flow
The travel time may be estimated using the kinematic
travel time or a travel time based on Manning's
equation
Use slope of the [XI + (1-X)O vs S] plot
best X is the least looped
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Estimating X
The value of X should be between 0.0 and 0.5
The parameter X is a weighting coefficient for inflow and
outflow.
As inflow becomes less important, the value of X decreases
The lower limit of X = 0.0 is indicative of a situation where
inflow, I, has little or no effect on the storage
A reservoir is an example of a situation where attenuation
would be the dominant process
Values of X = 0.2 to 0.3 are the most common for natural
streams; however, values of 0.4 to 0.5 may be obtained for
streams with little or no flood plains or storage effects
A value of X = 0.5 represents equal weighting between inflow
and outflow and would produce translation with little or no
SOCE
attenuation

Muskingum Example Problem

A portion of the inflow hydrograph to a reach
of channel is given below. If the travel time is
K=1 unit and the weighting factor is X=0.30,
then find the outflow from the reach for the
period shown below:
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1

C2O1

Outflow
3

SOCE

Muskingum Example Problem

The first step is to determine the coefficients in this
problem
The calculations for each of the coefficients is given
below:
C0 = -

Kx - 0.5Dt
K - Kx + 0.5Dt

C0= - ((1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167

Kx + 0.5Dt
C1 =
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
SOCE

Muskingum Example Problem

K - Kx - 0.5Dt
C2 =
K - Kx + 0.5Dt
C2= (1- (1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167

Therefore the coefficients are:

C0 = 0.167
C1 = 0.667
C2 = 0.167
SOCE

Muskingum Example Problem

The three columns now can be calculated.
C0I2 = 0.167 * 5 = 0.835
C1I1 = 0.667 * 3 = 2.00
C2O1 = 0.167 * 3 = 0.501
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835

C2O1
2.00

0.501

Outflow
3

SOCE

Muskingum Example Problem

Next, the three columns are added to determine the
outflow at time equal 1 hour.
0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835

C2O1
2.00

0.501

Outflow
3
3.34

SOCE

Muskingum Example Problem

This can be repeated until the table is complete and the outflow at
each time step is known
Time

C0I2

Inflow
0
1
2
3
4
5

3
5
10
8
6
5

C1I1
0.835
1.67
1.34
1.00
0.835

C2O1
2.00
3.34
6.67
5.34
4.00
3.34

0.501
0.557
0.93
1.49
1.31
1.03

Outflow
3
3.34
5.57
8.94
7.83
6.14

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge
Muskingum-Cunge formulation is similar to the
Muskingum type formulation
The Muskingum-Cunge derivation begins with the
continuity equation and includes the diffusion
form of the momentum equation
These equations are combined and linearised

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Working Equation

Q Q
Q

m 2 cq Lat
t x
x
2

where:
Q
=
t
=
x
=
qLat =
c
=
m
=

discharge
time
distance along channel
lateral inflow
wave celerity
hydraulic diffusivity
SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
Method attempts to account for diffusion by taking into
account channel and flow characteristics
Hydraulic diffusivity is derived to be :

Q
m
2 BS O
The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :

dQ
C
dA
SOCE

Solution of Muskingum-Cunge

A solution can be obtained by discretising the equations

Dt
+ 2x
k
C1 =
Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k

C2 =

Dt
- 2x
k

Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k

n+1
j +1

n
j

C4 =

n
j+1

= C1 Q + C 2 Q + C 3 Q + C 4 QL

2(1 - x) C3 =

n+1
j

Dt
k

Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k
Dt
2

Dt
+ 2(1 - x)
k

t
X
SOCE

Calculation of K & X
Dx
k=
c

1
Q

X 1
2 BS O cDx

Q, B, and c are best taken as the average values over

the Dx reach and Dt time step
K is the travel time constant for the reach

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge - NOTES
Muskingum-Cunge formulation is considered an approximate
solution of the convective diffusion equation
As such it may account for wave attenuation, but not for
reverse flow and backwater effects and not for fast rising
hydrographs
Properly applied, the method is non-linear in that the flow
properties and routing coefficients are re-calculated at each
time and distance step
Often, an iterative 4-point scheme is used for the solution.
Care should be taken when choosing the computation
interval, as the computation interval may be longer than the
time it takes for the wave to travel the reach distance
Rules exist for selecting time and distance steps
SOCE

Channel Routing
Example

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The hydrograph at the upstream
end of a river is given in the
following table. The reach of
interest is 18 km long. Using a
subreach length Dx of 6 km,
determine the hydrograph at the
end of the reach using the
Muskingum-Cunge
method.
Assume c = 2 m/s, B = 25.3 m, So
= 0.001 m and no lateral flow.

3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147
9
150
10
146
11
129
12
105
13
78
14
59
15
45
16
33
17
24
18
17
19
12
20
10

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
First, K must be determined
K is equal to:

Dx
K
c

Dx = 6 km, while c = 2 m/s

6km 1000m / km
K
3000 seconds
2m / s
SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
The next step is to determine x

1
Q

x 1
2 BS O cDx
All the variables are known, with B = 25.3 m,
So = 0.001 and Dx =6000 m, and using the
peak Q taken from the table

1
150m3 / s
0.253
x 1
3
2 (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m / s

3
Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0
10
1
12
2
18
3
28.5
4
50
5
78
6
107
7
134.5
8
147

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

150
146
129
105
78
59
45
33
24
17
12
10

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
If there is no lateral flow, QL = 0. Then, the
equation can be simplified to:

n 1
j 1

C1Q C2Q
n
j

n 1
j

C3Q

n
j 1

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33

18
20
22
24
26
28

17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km

12 km

18 km

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10

12 km
10

18 km
10

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation

Q nj11 C1Q nj C2Q nj1 C3Q nj1

Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Using the table, the quantities can be determined

Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10

Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q00

10
Q 18
Q10 10
1
0

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10
13.89

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q11 C1Q00 C2Q01 C3Q10

Q11 (0.7466)(10) (0.4863)(18) (0.2329)(10)
Q11 13.89 m3 / s

SOCE

Muskingum-Cunge Example
Time (hr)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28

0 km
10
18
50
107
147
146
105
59
33
17
10
10
10
10
10

6 km
10
13.89
34.51

12 km
10

18 km
10

Q12 C1Q01 C2Q02 C3Q11

Q11 (0.7466)(18) (0.4863)(50) (0.2329)(13.89)
Q11 34.51 m3 / s

SOCE

Determination of Storage Coefficients

Determination of Storage Coefficients

Determination of Storage Coefficients

Reservoir Routing

Required Information
Inflow hydrograph
Outflow hydrograph
Surcharge Storage vs Water Level graph

SOCE

Inflow-Storage-Discharge (ISD)
Step 1: At first, a suitable time interval Dt is chosen and a
curve is prepared between elevation as Ordinate and [2S/Dt
+ O] as abscissa. The time interval is usually taken as 0.20
to 0.40 times the time of the rise of the inflow hydrograph.
From the same plot, a curve between outflow rates and
elevation can be drawn.
Step 2: At the start of the routing, the terms on the L.H.S. of
Eq. (3) are known and [2S2/Dt + O2] is computed.

Step 3: For the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] computed in Step 2,

the value of elevation is determined from [2S/Dt + O] vs
Elevation curve and O2 from Outflow vs Elevation curve.
SOCE

SOCE

Inflow-Storage-Discharge (ISD)
Step 4: Step 3: For the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] computed in
Step 2, the value of elevation is determined from [2S/Dt + O]
vs Elevation curve and O2 from Outflow vs Elevation curve.
Step 5: Then the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] by deducting 2O2 is
determined from [2S2/Dt + O2]
(I2 + I3) + [2S2/Dt - O2] = [2S3/Dt + O3]
Step 6: The above procedures are repeated till the entire
inflow hydrograph is routed.
Step 7: Finally, the maximum water level and the maximum
outflow rate are determined. Also the outflow hydrograph is
drawn.
SOCE

Modified Puls
The Modified Puls routing method is most
often applied to reservoir routing
storage related to outflow
The method may also be applied to river
routing for certain channel situations
The Modified Puls method is also referred to
as the Storage-Indication method
As a hydrologic method, the Modified Puls
equation is described by considering the
discrete continuity equation...
SOCE

Storage Indication or Modified Puls

Method
S n 1 S n I n I n 1 Qn Qn 1

Dt
2
2
Re-writing (substituting O for Q to follow convention)

2S n
2S n1
I n I n1
On
On 1
Dt
Dt

The solution to the Modified Puls method is

accomplished by developing a graph (or table) of O vs
[2S/t + O]. In order to do this, a stage-dischargestorage relationship must be known (rules) or derived
(outlet works).
SOCE

Modified Puls Example

Given the following inflow hydrograph and 2S/Dt + O
curve, find the outflow hydrograph for the reservoir
assuming it to be completely full at the beginning of the
storm.

Discharge (cfs)

Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example

180
150

120
90
60
30
0
0

10

Time (hr)
SOCE

Storage Indication or Modified Puls

Method

Step 1: At first, a suitable time interval Dt is chosen and a

curve is prepared between Elevation as Ordinate and
[2S/Dt + O] as Abscissa. The time interval is usually taken
as 0.20 to 0.40 times the time of the rise of the inflow
hydrograph. From the same plot, a curve between outflow
rates and elevation can be drawn.
Step 2: At the start of the routing, the terms on the L.H.S.
of Eq. (3) are known and [2S2/Dt + O2] is computed.
Step 3: For the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] is computed in Step
2, the value of Elevation is determined from [2S/Dt + O]
vs Elevation curve and O2 from Outflow vs Elevation
curve.
SOCE

Modified Puls Method

Step 4: Then the value of [2S2/Dt + O2] by deducting 2O2
is determined from [2S2/Dt - O2]

Step 5: Then, the value of [2S3/Dt + O3] is computed from

the values of [2S2/Dt - O2] and (I2 + I3), thus
(I2 + I3) + [2S2/Dt - O2] = [2S3/Dt + O3]
Step 6: The above procedures are repeated till the entire
inflow hydrograph is routed.
Step 7: Finally, the maximum water level and the
maximum outflow rate are determined. Also the outflow
hydrograph is drawn.
SOCE

Modified Puls Example

2S/Dt + O curve:

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

A table may be created as follows:
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)

In+In+1
(cfs)

2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)

On+1
(cfs)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

Next, using the hydrograph and interpolation, insert the
inflow (discharge) values.
For example at 1 hour, the inflow is 30 cfs.
In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1
(cfs)

2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)

On+1
(cfs)

Hydrograph For Modified Puls Example

Discharge (cfs)

Time
(hr)

180
150
120
90
60
30
0
0

10

Time (hr)

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

The next step is to add the inflow to the inflow in the
next time step.
For the first blank the inflow at 0 is added to the inflow
at 1 hour to obtain a value of 30.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30

On+1
(cfs)

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

This is then repeated for the rest of the values in the column.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
90
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

2S n
2S n1
I n I n1
On
On 1
Dt
Dt

The 2Sn/Dt + On+1 column can then be calculated using the following
equation:
2 S1
2S
- O1 = 2 + O2
I1+ I 2 +
Dt
Dt

Note that 2Sn/Dt - On and On+1 are set to zero.

Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0

30 + 0 = 2Sn/Dt + On+1

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

Then using the curve provided outflow can be determined.
In this case, since 2Sn/Dt + On+1 = 30, outflow = 5 based on the graph
provide (darn hard to see!)
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

To obtain the final column, 2Sn/Dt - On, two times the outflow is
subtracted from 2Sn/Dt + On+1.
In this example 30 - 2*5 = 20
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5

SOCE

Modified Puls Example

2S n
2S n1
I n I n1
On
On 1
Dt
Dt

The same steps are repeated for the next line.

First 90 + 20 = 110.
From the graph, 110 equals an outflow value of 18.
Finally 110 - 2*18 = 74
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
74
110
210
270
330
315
225
135
45
0
0
0

On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18

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Modified Puls Example

This process can then be repeated for the rest of the columns.
Now a list of the outflow values have been calculated and the
problem is complete.
Time
(hr)

In
(cfs)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
135
90
45
0
0
0

In+In+1 2Sn/t - On 2Sn/t + On+1

(cfs)
(cfs)
(cfs)
30
0
90
20
30
150
74
110
210
160
224
270
284
370
330
450
554
315
664
780
225
853
979
135
948
1078
45
953
1085
0
870
998
0
746
870
0
630
746

On+1
(cfs)
0
5
18
32
43
52
58
63
65
65
64
62
58

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Introduction
Water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric project
drawing water from a stream may be unable to satisfy
the demands during low flows.
Storage reservoir can retain excess water from
periods of high flow for using during periods of
drought.
Storage flood water may also reduce flood damage at
the down stream
Main function of the reservoir is to stabilise the flow
of water either by regulating varying supply in a
natural stream or to satisfy a varying demand b the
ultimate consumers.

Reservoir Development Process

Basic Concepts for
Reservoir Development

Establishment of Purposes
Single/Multiple

Basic Investigation

Collecting Data

Collecting Data

Basic Investigation

Not Feasible

Preliminary Study

Overall Evaluation

Feasible

Determination of
Basic Plan

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Reservoir Storage

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Topographic Map

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Characteristics of Reservoir
Reservoir Parameters

Unit

At 100 m At 80 m At 60 m

Height

40

20

Catchment Area

ha

1,000

1,000

1,000

Impounded Area

ha

269

42

5.4

Crest Elevation

100

80

60

Active Height

43

20

Crest Length

560

340

160

Mm3

115.67

18.30

0.64

Expected Storage Volume

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Impounded Area (60, 80 and 100 m)

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Impounded Area (60 and 80 m)

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Elevation Profile along the Dam

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Storage Elevation Curve

105
100
95
90
85
80
75

Elevation (m)

70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Storage (Mm3)

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Dam Height vs Crest Length

1000
900

Crest Lenght (m)

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Active Dam Height (m)

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Dam Height vs Storage Curve

25

Active Height (m)

20

15

10

0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

Storage (Mm3)

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End

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