PRE-SPM NOTE

FORCES AND MOTION

PHYSIC
QUANTITY( unit)
LAW/PRINCIPLE
Velocity
V ( ms-1)
Acceleration
a ( ms-2)

Momentum
( kgms-1)

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA

Velocity=displacement/time
V = s/t
a = initial velocity-final velocity
time
-2
a= v-u ( ms )
t
Momentum= mass x velocity
= mv

Rate of change of distance

Kadar perubahan jarak
Rate of change of velocity
Kadar perubahan halaju

Conservation of momentum
The total momentum before and
after collision is the same.

Note: Compare elastic and

inelastic collision.
Force
( N)

Product of mass and velocity

Force= mass x acceleration

F= ma
F = m (v-u) =mv-mu
time
t

Rate of change of velocity

Kadar perubahan momentum
Note: Formula for impulsive force

Inertia

Tendency of object to remain at

rest or move with constant velocity
if no force is acted upon it.

Gravitional
Force (N)

Weight=mg

g= gravitational
acceleration

Energy
Work
( Joule)

Kinetic energy= mv2

Gravitational
= mgh
Potential energy
1

Bigger mass bigger inertia

Harder to start and to stop from
moving.
Note: check example of inertia
Weight is downward force due to
gravitational acceleration.
As object falls velocity increases but
accelaration remains constant.
Energy is work
Principle of Conservation of energy
Energy can be transformed to other
form but the total energy remain
the same.

Power
( Watt )

Power= Energy
time

Rate of energy consume

Elasticity the ability of material to
return to its original shape when the
force exerted upon it is removed.

Elastic potential Ek = kx
Energy
EK= Fx
K = constant
Ek
X = extension
K = gradient of graph
F

Hookes law
F=kx , Force is directly propotional
to extension or compression
provided it does not exceed the
elastic limit.

spring A
SpringB

X
Shaded area = Work done=1/2Fx
Gradient A > Gradient B
Spring A is stiffer than spring B

Characteristic/Modification design using Physics concept

Characteristic of design
Low mass/light object
Low density
Aerodynamic shape (car)
Aerofoil shape ( airpalne)
Streamlineshape ( boat/ship)

Explanation
High velocity/ accelerate
Light (ringan) easy to carry around
Less air resistance, high velocity
Less air resistance, high velocity
Less water resistance, high velocity

Car safety design

Seat belt/airbag/head rest

Avoid injury due to inertia

Crumple zone/rubber bumper

Lengten time of collision, less impulsive force

Application of spring
High spring constant
Long spring
Thick spring

More stiff and more elastic , high frequency, ayunan

pantas.

Spring for absorber

penyerap hentakan pada roda

Antirust, made of steel for long lasting.

Double spring

Softer and low frequency.

2

FORCES AND PRESSURE

PHYSICS
FORMULA
QUANTITY (UNIT)
LAW/PRINCIPLE
Pressure
Pressure = Force
-2
Nm ( pascal)
Area
P= F/A
F1

DEFINITION/IDEA

Force per unit area

Daya yang bertindak ke atas
seunit luas
F1=F2

Small Area big pressure

F2

A
A
Pressure in liquid Pressure = density x gravity x depth
P = gh
water

h=5m

Bermaksud - tekanan pada suatu

titik dalam cecair.
Tekanan bertambah apabila
density and depth bertambah
secara berkadar terus.

water= 1000kgm3
g=10ms-2
Pressure at point = gh
1000x10x5
= 50000 Pa
Pascal Principle

F1 = F2
A1 A2
P1 = P2

Archimedes
Principle

Buoyancy force = Vg
V= Volume of object
= density of fluid
g = gravitational force
T

In an enclosed system pressure

can be transmitted equally to all
direction .
Application - hydraulic jack or
brake.
Bagi suatu object yang tenggelam
atau separa tenggelam upthrust
force is equal to the weight of
water displaced.

W
Fb

Bernoullis
Principle

Semakin dalam jasad tenggelam

semakin banyak air tersesar
semakin besar daya tujahan
keatas.
For floating object W= Bouyancy
In moving fluid pressure
increases when velocity
decreases and vice verse.

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

CHARACTERISTICS
Hydraulic brake
Use oil as liquid
Made of Stainless steel
Liquid used- high boiling point
Ratio of cross sectional areaSmall piston : big piston is big

EXPLANATION
Cannot be compressed, pressure transmitted efficiently
- Long lasting and antirust
- Can stand heat, doesnot evaporate at high temp
- Increase force, bigger force produce

Hot air balloon

Big size
Material - canvass
Fuel - butane
Best time to launch- morning

More air displaced, bigger upthrust force

Water proof
Not flammable
Low air density, easy to go up

More water displaced, bigger upthrust force

Less water resistance
More oxigen for passenger
More buoyancy force, easy to go up
More water weight, easy to go down

Ship or submarine
Big volume
Streamline shape/aerodynamic
Air tank for submarine - big
Balast tank big

Hidrometer

Is used to measure the density of liquid

Stem - long and small

Glass wall
Large diameter of bulb
Use lead shots

- Smaller scale more accurate/skala kecil dan tepat

- Transparent
- Displaced more liquid
- To keep hidrometer stay upright

Water rocket
Small mass
Aerodynamic shape
45 angle of launching
Volume of water is 1/3
Bullet shape on top

Accelerate faster
Reduce air resistance
Rocket go further, maximum distance
High momentum
Reduce air resistance

HEAT
PHYSICS
QUANTITY
Heat ( Joule)

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT/ IDEAS

Q= mc
Q= Heat
m = mass of material
c = specific heat capacity
= temperature rise

HEAT is form of energy

Thermal equilbrium
Kesimbangan terma

Specific heat capacity

note: temperature is the

degree of hotness of matter.

when two objects of different

temperature in contact reach
the same temperature.
Net heat transfer is zero.
C= Q
m

(Jkg-1c)

Heat required to raise the

the temp of 1kg material by
1 C.
Material with big c take
Longer time to heat up and
Longer time to cool down.

Latent Heat

Lf=latent heat of fusion

Q=mlf ( Jkg-1)
Lv = latent heat of vaporisation
Q=mlv ( Jkg-1)

Heat required to change 1 kg material

from solid to gas at constant
temperature.
Heat required to change 1 kg material
from liquid to gas at constant
temperature

Gas Law

PV = constant
T
P= Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature

Boyles Law - For fix mass of

gas pressure is inversely
propotional to volume

Note: Draw the 3 graph

of gas law.

P1v1=P2V2, Boyles LAW

P1 = P2 , Pressure LAW
T 1 T2
V1 = V2 , Charles LAW
T1 T2
5

Pressure Law- For a fix mass of

gas pressure is directly
propotional to its absolute
temperature
Charles Law For a fix mass of
gas volume is directly
propotional to its absolute
temperature.

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATON USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristic
Cooking pan for fast cooking

Explanation

Large base diameter

Low density material
Low specific heat capacity
Anti rust
Handle made of insulator/wood

Bigger area more heat transfer

Easy to carry around
Fast heating
Long lasting
Poor heat conductor

Food container to keep heat

High specific heat capacity
(inner part)
Made of good insulator
(outer part)
Low density material
High melting point

Keep heat longer

Poor heat conductor
Easy to carry around
Can withstand high temperature

Efficient electric kettle

Body- high specific heat capacity
Made of insulator
Low density
Heating element- a lot of loop
Handle made of insulator
Heating element made of nichrome

Keep heat longer

Poor conductor
Light
Increase surface area, more heat transfer
Safe to hold.
To produce high energy

LIGHT
PHYSICS/QUANTITY
LAW/PRINCIPLE
Law of reflection

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEAS

Angle i =angle r
i = incident angle
r= reflection angel

Convex mirror

Ray Diagram

Angle of incidence=angle of reflection

Real image - image that can be
Displayed on screen
Virtual image-cannot be displayed
On screen
Characteristics of image formed
Smaller, upright and virtual

object
Image
F
C

Concave mirror

Ray diagram
Object placed between C
and F

Ray diagram
Object placed in front of F
image

object
C

object

Characteristic of image
Bigger, upsidedown,real
Refraction of light

Snells Law

Index of refraction n
n = sin i/sin r
n = velocity in vacuum
velocity in medium
n = real depth
apparent depth

Critical angle
C

glass
c

Characteristics of image
Bigger ,virtual, upright
The bending of light due to changes
in velocity as light move to medium
of differnce density.

Note: n is always bigger than 1

Critical angle c is incidence angle that
produces refractive angle of 90
n = 1/sin c, n is refractive index

cahaya bergerak dari kaw

tumpat ke kurang tumpat.
7

total internal reflection occurs

when i>

LENSES

FORMULA

POWER OF LENS
( DIOPTER)

P=1/focal length

CONVEX LENS

1/f = 1/v +1/u

u=object distance
v=image distance
f = focal length

DEFINITION/CONCEPT
IDEA
NOTE: f must be in meter

Refraction - light is refracted

when it travels through lens

Object
2f

Characteristics of image:
Upside down,bigger,real

F
image

CONCAVEX LENS

Application: overhead
projector

object is placed between f and 2f

image
Characteristic of image:
Upright, bigger, virtual

o
2F

Application: magnifying glass

O=object

CHARACTERISTICS/MODIFICATION DESIGN USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristics
Cermin Keselamatan
Convex mirror
Big mirror
High refractive index
Placed at the top end
Small curvature
Endoscope /telecomunication cable
(Teropong organ dalaman)
Consist of a few find lines
High flexibility
High strengh
Refractive index ni/no>1

Explanation
Wider field of view
Wider view and sharper image
Clearer image
Easier to look up
Wider angle of view

More signal can be transmitted

Can be bent to move into difficult position
Does not break easily,withstand force
Repeated internal reflection can occur
8

Problem: You are given 2 convex lens of focal lenght 45cm and 5 cm. Suggest a design for
telescope.
Objective lens

eyepiece lens

fo

Fo/fe
45 cm

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

fe

5 cm

Convex lens of 45 cm is used as objective lens

Convex lens of 5 cm is used as eyepiece lens
Distance between 2 lens is 45+5 = 50 cm
The image of objective lens will fall on the focal point of eyepiece lens
Image is at infinity

Lenght of telescope is 50 cm
Magnification of object 45 5 = 9 X

- END OF NOTE GOOD LUCK

By: Puan Azizah/smkp.alam/2012

WAVES
PHYSICS
QUANTITY/LAW
PRINCIPLE

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA

Waves

Wave is a moving distubance.

V=f
f = 1/T

Waves originates from vibrating

sources.

=ax
D
Graph
Displacement /
cm

Waves oscillate and propagate at

the same time.

W,y=wavelength
X = amplitude = 5 cm
Y = Period

= wavelength, the distance

between 2 consecutives points.

5
X
Time / s
Z

f=frequency, no of oscillation in
one second. ( Htz)
T= period, time taken for one
Complete oscillation.( sec)
Amplitude/displacement=
The highest displacement from
the rest position.

2 types of waves
-tranverse waves
Direction of oscillation is
Perpendicular to the
Direction of propagation
- longitudinal waves
Direction of oscillation
Parallel to direction of
Propagation.

Direction of oscillation
Direction of propagation

Sound waves is the only

longitudinal waves. It is the
vibration of air molecules.

Reflection

Wavelenth, frequency and velocity

do not change after reflection.

Note: check pattern of

reflection

10

Refraction
1

v1

v2

Deep

Diffraction

1>2
V1>V2

shallow

Gelombambang melalui celah

atau halangan

Di kawasan dalam gelombang

bergerak pantas , panjang
gelombang lebih dari kawasan
cetek.
Tiada perubahan panjang
gelombang , velocity dan frequency
selepas gelombang melalui celah
atau halangan.
Amplitud berkurang.
Note : check pattern of diffraction

Interference

Constructive inteference
wave
direct
ion

wave
directi
on

Distructive
interference
Light waves

Fringes if dark and light.

Sound waves

Soft and loud sound.

The effect of over lapping of two

coherent waves
Coherent waves- wave of same
frequency and phase.

dire
ction

dark fringes- destructive

light fringes- constructive
soft sound - destructive
loud sound- constructive

Question
1.

The diagram below shows ultrawaves of velocity 1200 m/s

transmitted by a radar to the seabed. If the reflected waves is
detected 8 s later. What is the depth of the sea?
S= V x t/2
= 1200 x 8 2 = 4800 m
11

boat

sea
sonar
waves
sea bed

2.
.

The figure below shows two water waves superimposed to form interference
patterns. The distance between the two vibrating sources, a is 3.0 cm. The
separation between two adjacent antinodal lines, x is 5.40 cm, at a distance
D = 10.8 cm from the sources

antinodal line

antinodal line

antinodal line

x
x =5.4 cm
cm
D =10.8 cm

a =3.0 cm

Calculate the wavelength, of the water waves produced.

= ax
D
= (3.0 x 5.4) 10.8 = 1.5 cm

12

CHARACTERISTIC AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Cadangan rekabentuk sebuah pelabuhan yang selamat

Characteristics
Location
Tembok tinggi
Tembok bertangga
Menggunakan concrete
Bercelah/ diffraction

Explanation
- At bay, not expose to strong waves and storms
- memantulkan ombak, melindungi pantai
- menggurangkan tenaga ombak
- Tahan lama dan kuat
- mengurangkan tenaga ombak

Cadangan ciri-ciri reka bentuk sistem radar dilapangan terbang

Characteristics

Explanation

Jenis gelombang

Microvaves, high frequency, high energy and velocity

Diameter parabola besar

Menerima banyak gelombang

Penerima signal/signal receiver

diletak pada focal point

Gelombang dari jauh yang selari dipantulkan pada disc

dan difokuskan pada focal point

Parabolic disc placed at high

location

Tiada penghalang. Dapat menerima signal dari semua arah.

Spt piring astro di rumah anda yg menerima gelombang satelite berfrequency tinggi dan laju

ELECTRICITY
PHYSICS QUANTITY
LAW/PRINCIPLE

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT

I = Q/t

Current is Rate of flow of charge

Current flow from positive
Terminal to negetive terminal.

CURRENT ( AMPIRE)
Q= charge ( coloumb)
t= time (sec)

Flow of charge produces current

Voltage/potential difference V =E/Q
( Volt)
OHMs LAW
R=V/I
V=IR

v
x
y
I

RX >RY

Work done to move one Coloumb

Of charge.
For Ohmic conductor potential
differnce is directly
Propotional to current .
Gradient = resistance R

13

PHYSICS QUANTITY/
LAW/PRINCIPLE
Resistivity

FORMULA

DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA

R series= R1 + R2+ R3............

Factors affecting resistivity in

a conductor
Length,diameter,
temperature and material.

R Parallel
R=1/R1 + 1/R2+1/R3...........

Emf ( Electromotive
force)

E=V+Ir
= IR+Ir
E=voltage of batery
V=voltmeter reading when
Circuit in connected
R=Resistance if rheostat
r=internal resistance
V
E gradient=r

I
-1

POWER( watt)/Js

ENERGY ( Joule)/Ws

Power=energy
Time
Power=VI
Energy =Powerxtime
E=Pt
E=VIt

Soalan
Sebuah seterika berlabel
240V,1000Watt digunakan
selama 30 minit. Berapakah
tenaga yg digunakan?
E=Pt=1000x30x60=1.8x106J
Rintangan pemanas,R
P=VI,
I=P/V=1000/240
=4.1A
R=V/I
=2404.1=58

14

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristics of cabel for electricity transmission
Characteristics

Explanation

Low resistivity per

meter
Low density material
Low thermal expansion
High melting point

Less power loss

Light ,does not require alot of support
Does not sag at high temperature ( melendut)
Does not expand on hot day.

Electromagnetism
PHYSICS QUANTITY/LAW
ELectromagnet

Formula
Note: Fleming left
Hand rule.

Definition/concept
Temporary magnet made by winding
insulated wire around
Soft iron core.

Aplication- motor
force
magnet
Faradays law

current
Note: Fleming right
hand rule

The magnitude of induced current is

directly prpotional to the rate of
change of its relative motion.

Application- dynamo
F
Induction

The cutting of magnetic flux to

produce induced current

M
I

Characteristics of good transformer

Characteristics
Use soft iron core
Laminated iron core
Thick coil
Primary coil is place on top
of secondary coil.

Explanation
Easily magnetized and demagnetized
Reduce eddy current
Less resistance
Reduce magnetic flux leakage.

15

SMK PUNCAK ALAM

NOTA/MODUL FIZIK SPM

AZIZAH TAIB/PANITIA FIZIK/SMKPA/EDISI 2013

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