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that hard to
figure out because if we called this terms
the a sub n's, they are
definitely bounded above by a sequence b
sub n,
given by one of our 3 to the n.
Summing that up gives us a geometric
series, which definitely converges.
Therefore, the a series converges as well.
Now, one of the problems
is no one told us which is a, which is b,
and what we should use.
We could.
Have bounded the a sub n by a
p series.
Where p in this case is equal to 2.
That p series converges and so the
comparison test
would tell us that the original series
converged as well.
On the other hand, a perfectly good upper
bound is given by
1 over n.
However, this p series
diverges and it doesn't tell us anything
about whether the a series converges or
not.
This is the subtlety of using the
comparison test.
P series tend to be extremely helpful when
using the comparison test.
Consider the sum from 0 to infinity of
cosine squared n over 1
plus the square root of n cubed.
Let's let that be our a sub n.
We can bound the numerator.
From above by one since cosine squared is
always between 0 and 1.
What can we do with that denominator?
Well, the denominator is strictly larger
than n to the 3 halves.
Therefore, we can bound
this a sequence by a b sequence of the
form, 1
over n to the 3 halves.
Since we know something about the p
series, for p equals 3 halves, we know
that the larger series
converges.
Therefore, the smaller a series converges
as well.
Now let's see an example where
it runs in the other direction.
Consider the sum of our n of 1
plus square root of n.
Over square root of 1 plus n cubed.
Now if we let that term be our a sub n,
then we can bound the numerator
by, let's say, 2 square root of n.
And the denominator.
By square root
of n cubed.
Now, that's going to give us a b sub n
that is a p series with p equals 1.
That is not going to help us.
That series diverges.
It doesn't tell us anything about the a
series.
So, what are we going to do?
Well, we implicitly assumed that our given
was the a.
But there's no reason why that has to be
the case.
Well let's let this be the b terms.
And we can choose an a term that bounds
from below.
Taking a numerator of the square root of
n, and a denominator of let's say
2n cubed.
Then we get a lower bound for the b
terms, since the a terms give us a p
series
with p equals 1.
The a series diverges and thus
does the b series diverge as well.
Now another example leads us to some
complexity if
we inlet a sub n b to n cube plus 3 n
minus
8 over n to the fifth minus 5 n cubed
minus n squared plus 2.
And what are we going to choose, when we
try to do the comparison test?
Well, we need to bound the numerator from
above.
Let's say 2 n cubed, no that's not going
to work, because we've got the 3 n.
Let's say 3 n cubed.
That will do the job.
The denominator,
well we can bound from below by 2n to the
fifth?
No.
N to the fourth?
No, that's not going to be good, that
gives us
a harmonic series for the v sub n, that
diverges.
Ugh, this gets very complicated.
Maybe, the comparison test is the wrong
one.
Instead, let's try an integral test.
Who wants to integrate 2x cubed plus
3x minus 8 over x to the 5th minus 5x
cubed minus x squared plus 2.
Hello, class?
Where did everyone go?
Well, what are we going to do in this
case?
Asymptotic analysis is going to save us as