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we multiply this by i?
Well, i times e equals i times x plus
i squared times y.
The i squared becomes a negative 1, and we
can reverse the order so that we keep it
real part an n imaginary.
Now we know that z prime equals i times z.
So what is z prime?
Well, I can use the linearity of the
derivative and
say that z prime equals x prime plus i
times y prime.
And now my differential equation z prime
equals
iz really turns into a system of two
differential equations.
One for the real part that says x prime
equals negative y
and one for the imaginary part that says y
prime equals x.
Now this is a system of two differential
equations.
There's no imaginary numbers in here.
These are both real functions but they are
not independent, they are coupled.
The x prime depends on y, the y prime
depends on x.
We have not learned how to solve systems
of
coupled ordinary differential equations.
And you might look at this and say, well,
if x were cosine
of t and y was sine of t, then this would
work
since the derivative of cosine is minus
sine and the derivative of sine is cosine.
That's fine.
But this is not a principled or systematic
approach, it's just a guess.
When you do take Multi-variable Calculus,
this will be an easy result.
You will learn methods for solving systems
of coupled linear ordinary
differential equations from which will
follow easily Euler's Theorem.
Let's turn to one last problem that we
can't do, this one involving series.
It is a result that we've mentioned
several times that the sum over
n of 1 over n squared equals pi squared
over 6.
You know that the series converges, you
know
how to bound the error for finite
approximation.
But how do you show that the exact result
is pi squared over 6?
Well, let's give it a try.
We're going to show as much of the proof
of this as we can on one
slide.
Let's begin with the function u equals arc
sine of x and in a somewhat unmotivated
step, we're going to integrate
u du as u goes from 0 to pi over 2.
When we do so, we get, of course, u
squared over 2
evaluated at the limits yielding pi square
over 8.
Note the presence of a pi squared.
That is a critical piece.
Now when we substitute in arc sine of x
for u, we get the integral of
arc sine dx over square root of 1 minus x
squared.
Changing the limits, this becomes the
integral
as x goes from 0 to 1.
Now, we don't want to evaluate this
integral, but we already know the answer.
It's pi squared over 8.
What we want to do is substitute in the
Taylor series for arc sine of x.
We've run across this once or twice
before.
It's an unusual looking series.
The coefficients involve the products of
odd numbers and
the numerator, the products of even
numbers and the denominator, and an x to
the n over 2n plus 1.
Now, this is looking rather complicated.
We can integrate this series term by term,
but integrating that
x to the n over square root of 1 minus x
squared is highly non-trivial.
That is doable by the methods of this
class.
You can do it with integration by parts
and a reduction formula.
I'm not going to show you all of those
steps and it wouldn't exactly fit on this
slide.
But trust me that when you do so, you will
get after a lot of simplification.
The sum
then goes from 1 to infinity of 1 over
quantity 2n minus 1 squared.
that's so close to what we were looking
for.
This is the sum of the odd numbers in the
denominator squared.
Well, again, with just a little bit more
of an
argument involving a geometric series, one
can show that that
sum is 3 4th of the sum over n of 1 over
n squared.
And that sum of 1 over n squared is what
we were looking for knowing that this is