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SCIENCES
TRAINING REPORT
GENARAL INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
AT
SUBMITED BY : P.A.U.A.BANDARA
ADD. NO
: EP\01\4701
FIELD
DURATION
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Vision
1.3 Mission
1.4 The boards statuary obligation
1.5 Environment policy statement
1.6 Power stations operated by CEB
Chapter 2 Government Installation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cinnamon Garden Depot
2.3 Wiring Installation & testing
2.4 Trip switch
Chapter 3 High Tension Maintenance
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Main element connected in Ring system
3.3 Underground Cables
3.4 Construction of cables
3.5 Cables for three-phase service
3.6 Types of cable faults
3.7 Fault location
3.8 Cable fault Locating Methods
Chapter 4 Sub Stations (Kolonnawa & Biyagama Grid Sub Station)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Sub Stations according to the service
4.3 Types of Sub Stations according to the construction
4.4 Switch yard Equipment
4.5 Oil breakers
4.6 Circuit breaker testing
4.7 Interlocking System
4.8 Transformer protection
4.9 Operation of transformers
4.10 Transformer testing
4.11 Laying underground cables
Chapter 5Generation (Victoriya power station)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Water ways
5.3 Underground Power station
5.4 Generators
5.5 Protection of generators
2
5.6 Excitation
5.7 Control room
5.8 Switch yard
Chapter 6 Medium voltage maintenance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Equipment applied in overhead distribution lines
6.3 Hot line Maintenance
6.4 sub Station Maintenance
6.5 Line Maintenance
Acknowledgement
It is indeed a great pleasure to present the training report in the
completion of the second practical training 6 months of general industrial training at
Ceylon electricity board which were very satisfactory places to cover most of the
modules that gave me technical and management knowledge.
It is pleasure to thank the chairmen and all the managers and engineers
at C.E.B for contributing the optimum support and guidance to receive a standard
training in electrical field. Further Im very much thankful to other engineers,
electrical superintendents, foremen, supervisors in various technical work shops &
fields in addition I received the fullest cooperation from all segments of general
workforce.
I would also like to thank the TTI management Including all the IT & Academic staff
for providing necessary instructions, guidance, and giving me the fullest cooperation.
Finally I thank all my colleagues for been with me exchanging views, sharing
experiences, etc during this period.
Thank You,
P. A.U.A.Bandara
EP / 01/4701
Period
From
Work site
To
Government installation (Cineman garden)
High Tension Maintenance (Maligawatta)
Grid substation (Biyagama)
Grid substation (Kolonnawa)
Mahaweli complex (Victoriya power station)
Medium Voltage Maintenance (Piliyandala)
1.1 INTRODUCTION
CEB is a leading government institute. It has the responsibility of handling almost all the
control of electricity sector in Sri Lanka.
Namely,
Generation
Transmission
Distribution (major part)
Ceylon Electricity Board has the monopoly of electrical power sector in Sri
Lanka. C.E.B. constituted under the Ceylon Electricity Board Act No 17 of 1969, which
had been subsequently amended by Act No 31 of 1969 and Act No 29 of 1979. Now
CEB is under ministry of energy and power and the ministry of energy and power is Mr.
Susil Premjayantha
1.2 Vision
Be an internationally recognized efficient utility providing high quality service to
all its stakeholders.
1.3 Mission
To provide reliable quality electricity to the entire nation at internationally competitive
prices effectively and efficiently through a meaningful partnership with skilled and
motivated employees using appropriate state-of-the-art technology for the socio economic
development of the country in an economically sustainable manner while meeting
acceptable environment standards.
1.4 The boards statutory obligation
The Board is under a statutory duty to develop and maintain an efficient,
coordinated and economical system of Electricity Supply. It is also the duty of the Board
to generate or acquire supplies of electricity; to construct, maintain and operate the
necessary works for the generation of electricity by all means, to construct, maintain and
operate the necessary works for the inter-connection of Generating Stations and Substations and for the transmission of electricity in bulk from
General Manager
Chief Internal
Auditor
A.G.M.
Generation
A.G.M.
Transmission
A.G.M.
Human Resources
A.G.M.
Distribution
Operation
Finance
Manager
Secretary To The
Board
A.G.M. Distribution
Development and
Services
D.G.M.
Engineering
Audit
Manager
Investigation
A.G.M.
Commercial
Pension and
Provident Fund
Generating Stations and Sub-stations to such places as may be necessary from time to
time; to distribute and sell electricity in bulk or otherwise.
It is the duty of the Board to exercise its powers and perform its functions so as
to secure that the revenue of the Board are sufficient to meet its total outgoing properly
Chargeable to revenue account including depreciation and interest on capital, and to meet
a reasonable proportion of the cost of the development of the services of Board.
1.5 Environment policy statement
Ceylon Electricity Board will manage all its business activities in a manner, which
cares for the natural and manmade environment and contribute to sustainable
development. By means of openness in dealing with environmental issues, CEB intends
to create confidence in their activities on the part of the public, customers, authorities,
employees, and owners. CEB will actively pursue a policy of incorporating and
integrating environmental considerations into CEB activities.
CEB policy is elaborated below in more concrete terms
a. CEB will lead the development of environmentally compatible and efficient
energy solutions.
b. CEB will, by means of quantifiable environmental targets, endeavor to cause
minimum impact on the environment.
c. CEB will, in all our operations, economize on natural resources and energy.
d. CEB will attach key importance to human health and safety.
e. CEB will analyze in advance the environmental impact of all new activities.
f. CEB will improve the environmental awareness of their staff by training and
motivating them to take responsibility for the environmental consequences of
their activities.
g. CEB will place the same high environmental demands on our suppliers,
contractors and business partners as CEB place on their own operations.
h. CEB will be able to discuss environmental issues with their customers from an
overall perspective and promote electricity's environmental benefits.
9
i.
CEB will openly report on our environmental work and their impact on the
environment, and conduct a close dialogue with various interested parties on
environmental issues important to our activities.
Plant
Installed Capacity
MW
Generation (million
units/yr)
Commissioning
Laxapana Complex
Canyon
2 * 30
60
137.3
Wimalasurendra
2 * 25
50
122.1
Jan 1965
Old Laxapana
3 * 8.33
2 *12.5
50
260.8
Dec 1950
Dec 1958
New Laxapana
2*50
100
465.8
Polpitiya
2*37.5
75
396.8
April 1969
Laxapana Total
335 1382.8
Mahawelli Complex
Victoria
3* 70
210 663.7
Kotmale
3*67
201 445.13
Randenigala
2*61
122 326.4
July 1986
Ukuwela
2*19
38 164.4
Bowatenna
1*40
40
Jan 1981
Rantambe
2*24.5
49 189.1
10
48.8
Jan 1990
Mahawelli total
660
Samanalawewa
2*60
120
Inginiyagala
2*2.475
2*3.15
11
Uda walawe
3*2
Nilambe
2*1.6
1837.53
277.3
Oct 1992
June 1963
26.8
7.6
April 1969
11.6
July 1988
306
Jan 2002
20
Under construction
Kukule
2*35
70
Total hydro
1205 3803.63
Table1.1Hydro Power plants of Sri Lanka
Thermal Plant
Installed
(MW)
Kelanitissa
Turbines
Gas 6
120
1*
115
Capacity Commissioning
*
Kelanitissa Steam
2*22
44
Sapugaskanda Diesel
4*18
72
Diesel
Asia power
(BOO)
diesel
Sep 1997
Late 1997
2.5
Mid 1998
51
11
Under construction
Kelanitissa
Cycle
combined 1*150
150
Sapugaskanda
Extension
Diesel 4*10
40
Early 1999
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The government installation branch of CEB has established to under take the
installation and maintenance of electricity supply in government organizations. All the
materials used by government installation branch are satisfied with British Standard and
all the wiring is carried out according to the IEE regulations. After the installation they
check whole wiring to make sure that all the wirings have done properly.
They check Earthling are proper
- Correct wires have used for correct place
2.2 Cinnamon Gardens depot
At Cinnamon Gardens depot we studied the following things,
Main switch
Distribution Board
MCBs
Electrical equipments
Earthings
Testing
Check live, neutral and earth are properly connected
Check earthings are properly connected
Live and neutral and live and earth are properly insulated
L N
Coil
Test
Live
Button
Neutral
Second
Earth wire
Fig 2.1
Voltage Control Trip Switch
L
13
Earth
Test
Resister
L
Test button
N
E
Fig 2.2
Current Control Trip Switch
INSULATION TEST
Insulation test for wiring is usually carried out with a 500v megger and tests
should be made.
Insulation Test Between Live and Neutral Conductors
Before carryout this test, Circuit breakers must be closed, Switches must be on
and lamps out. Then megger is connected between live and neutral. The reading should
not be less than 1.
INSULATION TESTS BETWEEN LIVE AND EARTH
Live and neutral must be connected together. Circuit breakers must be closed. All
switches must be on and lamps must be in. The megger is connected between conductor
and earth. The reading should not be less than 1 .
Trip switch
There are mainly two types of trip switches and they are
The function of operation of Voltage control trip switch is based on the leakage current in
the earth wire. Hence these types of trip switches prevent the electric hazards, which
could arise from any electric appliances and protect the human body.
Current control trip switch operation is based on current different between live and
neutral conductor. Hence prevents having electric shocks from live conductor.
2.4 OPERATION OF MCB
Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is a device which act as switch and it can be
operated either manually or automatically.
The tripping action may be either magnetic or thermal. Both these actions have applied in
the MCBs, which is observed in the G.I. branch. Protection against current slightly higher
than the rated current is given by the bending of a bimetal strip, while high-speed
protection against a short circuit is given by magnetic operation.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
High-tension maintenance can be divided into 6 parts.
Routine maintenance
Seasonal maintenance
Breakdowns
Shifting
Augmentation
Routine maintenance is done without interrupting the supply .eg: cleaning, visual
inspection. Seasonal maintenance are done without supply.(Oil circuit breakers
3yrs,Vacuum circuit breakers/ Air circuit breakers-1yr.,Ring main unit-3yrs.)
Breakdowns are done as they incur.
Other three are very rare situations.
Colombo City
Colombo city electricity distribution is carried out order of area office namely
South, East, West and North. An Area Engineer leads each area.
15
Ring substation
Radial substation
Satellite substation
Test terminal
Test terminal
16
To Ring
To Ring
Fuse
Bus-bar panel
This is a metal box, which is consisting of Cu bars that are isolated from fiber
plates. The current rating of the bus bar depending upon the consumer capacity and the
requirement. In general 1600A, 800A, 400A rating bus bars panels are placed in Colombo
city.
Feeder piller panels
This is a low voltage panel same as bus bar panels. But this panel has neutral
bus bar, which is connected to transformer neutral point. To protect the human life to the
electric shock metal panel casing should be grounded properly.
Circuit brakers
Circuit breakers are placed low voltage side for purpose of protect the
transformer where overload the consumer side.
In the under ground system, the cable is not effected by weather condition, such
as rain, storm, snow, etc. On the other hand, overhead lines are exposed to
weather conditions with consequent chances of interruption of power.
Under ground cables do not suffer from such fault as birdcage, breaking of
conductors owing to falling objects, flash over fault because of lightening.
In densely populated areas, overhead line is unsafe and can lead to accidents.
18
Since the chances of faults on underground cable are low, the maintenance cost of
the under ground system is low.
The underground system does not disturb the environmental because of its
location. Therefore, it is increasingly preferred in modern town and cities.
Because of the metallic sheath covering g on the underground cables, the system
concerned does not interfere with telecommunication cables.
The incidence of fault in under ground system rare. However, once a fault occurs
it is difficult to locate and repair it.
The current carrying capacity of the cable is reduced due to the close grouping of
cables and unfavorable conditions for distribution of heat.
19
In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids
or alkalies ) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is
provided over the insulation as shown in figure.
Bedding
Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding, which consists of a fibrous
material. The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and
from mechanical injury due to armoring.
Armouring
Over the bedding armoring is provided which consists of one or two layers of
galvanized steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose protects the cable from mechanical injury
while laying and during the course of handling. Armoring may not be done the case of
some cables.
Serving
In order to protect armoring from atmospheric condition, a layer of fibrous
material (like jute) similar to deeding is providing over the armoring. This is known as
serving.
20
Screened cables
These cable are used for voltage up to 33KV but in particular cases their use may
be extended to operating voltage up to 66KV.There are two types of screened cable.
H type cable
In this layer of impregnated paper insulates each core. The insulation in each core
is covered with a metallic screen, which usually consist of perforated aluminum and oil.
The cores are laid in such a way that metallic screens make contact with one another.
An additional conducting belt (copper woven fable tape) is wrapped round the
three cores. The cable has no insulating belt but lead sheath, bedding, armoring and
serving as usual.
SL type cable
It is basically H type cable but the screen around each insulation is covered by its
own lead sheath. There is no overall lead sheath but only armoring and serving is
provided.
There are two main advantages than H type. Frost the separate sheaths minimizes
the possibility of core-to-core breakdown. Secondary, bending of cables because easy due
to the elimination to overall lead sheath.
Pressure cable
For voltage beyond 66KV,solid cable is unreliable because there is a danger
of breakdown of insulation due to the presence of voids. When
the operation voltages are greater of than 66KV, pressure cables are used. There are two
types of pressure cable.
22
operation control center and HTM complex to Maligawatta. The maintenance and
repairing of high-tension line of 11KV and 33KV and low tension of Colombo city is
done by above branch. All of the high-tension lines are installed in an underground
ring system. Therefore special kinds of underground cables, special type of joints and
special kind of insulation are used to maintain that system.
Test-Vans
The branch has three state-of-the-art test vans equipped with the latest fault finding
technology. This equipment on board enables faults to be detected by sending a signal
down the cable to highlight any inaccuracies, which are shown on a computer screen. A
trace is put on the signal to pick up any mismatch to determine how far down the cable
the problem is. The exact fault is found by using a surge generator to pinpoint the area of
23
irregularity. The equipment is used mainly on the 11,000-volt and 33,000 volt
underground cable network
Rezaps
Low voltage cables are designed to be very resilient and when a fault does occur, they
have a tendency to rectify them, which can make fault location and repair extremely
difficult. This ability to self-repair means that low voltage faults can often be intermittent.
To help engineers locate them, the branch uses devices called Rezaps. Connected at a
local substation, this device automatically switches the power back on after a fuse has
blown, restoring customer supplies in seconds if the fault has cleared. Once the fault
develops permanently, engineers are dispatched to locate and repair it. Although
customers will experience short interruptions to their supply during this period, it does
reduce the time off supply from several hours to a minute or so.
Transient interruptions
Brief supply interruptions with duration of less than one minute are called transient
interruptions. There are many causes, such as lightning strikes, contact by animals and
birds, and high winds blowing tree branches onto overhead lines. By using sensitive
electrical equipment to disconnect the supply for a few seconds and then restoring it, the
cause of the fault is given the chance to clear.
This ensures customers supplies are restored quickly and prolonged interruptions are
often avoided. The HTM knows that transient interruptions are inconvenient to customers
and continues to work towards reducing the causes. This work involves extensive tree
cutting near overhead lines and installing modern, automatic switches, which can be set to
operate more sensitively without causing transient interruptions. These measures will
reduce the number of transients.
24
the instrument is carried crosswise to the track of the line. Both visual and acoustic
indications reach a maximum directly over the line. In this way the track can be selected
continuously.
Direct laying
Draw in system
Solid system
Direct laying
This method of laying underground cables is simple and cheap and is much
favored in modern practice. In this method, a trench of about 1.5 m deep and 45 cm wide
is dug. The trench is covered with a layer of fine sand bed. The sand prevents the enter of
moisture from the ground and thus protects the cable from decay. After the cable has been
laid in the trench, it is covered with another layer of sand of about 10 cm thickness. The
trench is then covered with bricks and other materials in order to protect the cable from
mechanical injury. When more than one cable is to be laid in the same trench, A
horizontal or vertical inter axis spacing of at least 30 cm is provided in order to reduce the
26
effect of mutual heating and also to ensure that a fault occurring on one cable does not
damage the adjacent cable.
This method of laying cables is used in open areas where excavation can be done
conveniently and at low cost.
Draw-in system
In this method, conduit or duct of glazed stone or cast iron or concrete are laid in
the ground with manholes at suitable positions along the cable route. The cables are then
pulled into position from manholes. Figure shows section through four way underground
duct line. Three of the ducts carry transmission cables and the fourth duct carries relay
protection connection, pilot wires. The distance between the manholes should not be too
long so as to simplify the pulling in of the cables.
This method of cable laying is suitable for congested areas where excavation is
expensive and inconvenient, for once the conduits have been laid, repairs or alterations
can be made without opening the ground. This method is generally used for short length
cable routes such as in workshops, road crossing where frequent digging is costlier or
impossible.
Solid system
In this method of laying, the cable is laid in open pipes or through dug out in earth
along the cable route. The troughing is of cast iron, stoneware, asphaltic compound and
covered over. Cables laid in this method are usually plain lead covered because troughing
affords good mechanical protection.
This method of laying underground cables is rarely used now a days. Because it is
more expensive than direct laying system & due to poor heat dissipation facilities, the
current carrying capacity of the cable is reduced.
27
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The
distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power
stations which are located quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution. Substation is the
assembly of apparatus with use to transform the electrical characteristic from one form to
another. Near the consumer localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to
utilization level. This job is done by sub stations.
Kolonnawa Stanley substation had four switchyards. There are 33kv, 66kv, 132kv
and 11kv. 11kvswitchyard is indoor switchyard and other three are out door switchyards.
But these outdoor switchyards converted to the indoor substation and gas insulation
substation (GIS). It has two switchyards. Those are 33kv and 132kv.
4.2 TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS ACCORDING TO SERVICE
REQUIREMENT.
28
Transformer sub-stations
Switching sub-stations
Industrial sub-stations
Transformer substations
Those sub stations which change the voltage level of electric supply are called as
transformer substations. These substations receive power at some voltage and deliver it at
some other voltage. Transformer is the main component in such substations.
Switching substations
These substations do not change the voltage level. There for incoming and
outgoing lines have the same voltage. They simply perform the switching operations of
power lines.
Power factor correction substations
Those sub stations which improve the power factor of the system are called power
factor correction substations. Such substations are generally located at the receiving end
of transmission lines.
Frequency changer substations
Those substations which change the supply frequency are known as frequency
changer substation. Such a frequency change may be required for industrial utilization.
Converting substations
29
These substations which change a.c power into d.c power are called converting
sub stations. These substations recive a.c power and convert it into d.c power with
suitable apparatus to supply for such purpose as electroplating, electric welding etc.
Industrial sub stations.
Those substations which supply power to individual industrial concern are known
as industrial sub stations.
4.3 TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS ACCORDING TO
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES.
Indoor substation
Underground substation
Motor controlled
After closing the isolator physically checking is required. (If possible). Also
isolators can categorized in two parts there are single operated and ganged operated (3
phase together)
Circuit breakers
Mainly circuit breakers are used for protection of equipment in a grid substation.
Also it is avoided over current faults and earth faults. Circuit breaker should be defiantly
placed in between two isolators. When close the circuit breaker first the isolators must be
disconnected.
30
Operating principle
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts, called
electrodes. Under normal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not
open automatically until and unless the system becomes faulty. The contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired, When a fault occurs on any part
of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and the moving contacts
are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.
When the contacts of a circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions, an arc
is struck between them. Therefore, the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish
the arc within the shortest possible time so that heat generated by it may not reach a
dangerous value.
Methods of arc extinction
There are two methods of extinguishing the arc in circuit breakers.
31
This method is employed for arc extinction in a.c circuits only. In this method, arc
resistance is kept low until current is zero where the arc extinguishes naturally and is
prevented from restriking in spite of the rising voltage across the contacts. There are
several ways of classifying the circuit breakers.
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
Also circuit breakers are classified in to parts according to arc extinguishing
medium. There are; oil circuit breakers, SF 6 gas breakers, air breakers.
It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases which have excellent
cooling properties.
It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.
The surrounding oil presents cooling surface in close proximity to the arc.
32
The arcing products remain in the oil and its quality deteriorates with successive
operations. This necessitates periodic checking and replacement of oil.
The breaking unit consists of braking chamber, top cap and mechanism housing. The
unit is hermetically sealed, filled with oil and nitrogen. The breaker chamber contains an
inner support cylinder, manufactured of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin and
constituting a consolidating and pressure absorbing element. The cylinder is housed in an
outer porcelain insulator. The active elements are the upper terminal, the fixed contact,
the extinguishing chamber, the moving contact, the rolling contacts and lower terminal.
The contact unit consists of the fixed sleeve contact and the moving plug
contact/The contact material is silver plated copper. Those parts of the contacts, which are
exposed to arcs during the breaking, which reduces, contact bum to a minimum.
The top cap is made of welded steel and constitution the expansion chamber
for the gases, which develop when high current are interrupted. It also houses the gas
cushion providing the permanent overpressure, which ensures restrike free interruption of
capacitive current. A magnetic oil level indicator and a pressure gauge shown oil level
and internal readings are clearly visible from ground level. A control valve maintains the
overpressure within the permissible limits.
The mechanism housing is a light alloy casting and contains the actuating
mechanism for the moving contact. It is furnished with an oil drain cock. The operating
force is transmitted via the link gear and operating insulator to the rectilinear motion
mechanism and further to the contact unit.
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
The most used gas circuit breakers are SF 6 gas circuit breaker. In such
breakers, sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6) gas is used as the arc-quenching medium. The SF 6 is
an electro negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electron. The contacts of
the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow of sf6 gas and an arc is stuck between
them. The sf6 circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for high power and
high voltage service.
33
First off the isolators between circuit breakers and then can off circuit breaker.
Single
Double
Ring
Bus section
34
Bus section is a breaker which it can connect and disconnect both side of bus bar.
Bus coupler
Bus coupler is the circuit breaker which it can connect and disconnect two bus
bars.
Current transformer
An instrument current transformer also called a CT is used to step down a
relatively high current to some lower value for the operation of instruments and isolate
current measuring instruments and relay s from the high voltage line. The primary of the
CT is connected in series with the load circuit and the secondary is connected to the
instruments or relays.
The CT is filled with oil and fine grain quartz sand for mechanical stabilization
and reduction of the oil quantity .The CT is completely sealed and expansion space is
filled with dry nitrogen gas.
Voltage transformer
It is essentially a step down transformer and step down the voltage to a
known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of a large number of turns of fine
wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns and
provides for measuring instruments and relays a voltage which is known fraction of the
line voltage.
PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER
Conservator
Conservator is a sort of drum, mounted on the top of the transformer. A
level indicator is fixed to it. Conservator is connected through a pipe to the transformer
tank containing oil. This oil expands and contracts depending upon the heat produced
and sob the oil level in the conservator rises and falls. Pipes connected to the conservator
is left open to the atmosphere through a breather so that the extra air may go out or come
in.
35
Breather
Breather is mounted on the top of the conservator tank & it is a small cylindrical
unit containing silica gel to absorb moisture of air entering the conservator tank.
Radiator
These are fitted for cooling the transformer oil. The hot oil circulate through these
unit where it becomes cool due to the air touching.
windings
Transformer windings are wound with rectangular, cable paper insulated copper
wires. There are two windings HV side and LV side.
Tap changer
Tap changer is used for on load changing of the voltage ratio. It is a threephase unit located in one container, which is placed in the transformer tank.
Each phase regulating winding is located at the star point of HV side of transformer. Tap
changer is controlled from a motor drive unit, fixed to the transformer tank.
Transformer voltage may have to be constantly regulated and it is often very
inconvenient to cut off the power supply each time. On load tap changer solve
such problems, and are being used increasingly as a means of offering better power
supply service as well as for general power receiving purposes.
Tap changer may be classified in to three groups; there are D type, V type
and MS type.
4.8 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Buchholz relay
36
This relay is situated in the pipe connected between the transformer and the
conservator. Relay is a gas actuated relay which is meant for the protection of oil
immersed transformer from insulation failure, core heating or any type of internal fault
which may cause the heating of coil beyond the specified temperature due to this faults
either alarm circuit or the trip circuit operate.
Pressure & relief valve
If is the fault condition in transformer a signal is came to relief valve and it
is operated. There fore circuit breaker is tripped.
Temperature meters
Those meters measure oil temperature and winding temperature and meters
are set to fixed temperature when temperature is rise over that settings circuit breakers
tripped.
Arching horns
Arching horns are situated top of the transformer it is protected transformer by
lightings.
Differential
When two or three transformers are parallel, if the tap or impedance differs
from each other, this tripped without alarm.
4.9 OPERATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
Master follower method
This method is used in substations. One transformer act as a master and
other transformers are followed it. In this case master transformer keep to operate
manually and other one or two transformers act auto mode. If master transformer had a
fault another transformer will be master or transformers will be run individual.
4.10 TRANSFORMER TESTING
Transformer oil testing
37
The oil is to be tested is poured in to the glass container supply with the
tester. This should be done in a dry day. Because humidity can change the actual reading
that the oil test shows. Oil samples should be taken carefully without opening to the
atmosphere. Applying a voltage across terminals is increased slowly until the sparking
occurred. Now the reading of the indicator is the break down voltage of the insulating oil.
This is done several times to obtain average breaking voltage of oil.
We have use two different kinds of oil testers. In one tester we have to
manually increase the voltage apply to it and the final value that the dial shows is the test
reading. And the other tester voltage is automatically increased by it self and it shows the
voltage that the sparking occurs.
Meter reading > 30Kv -it is good for breakers
Meter reading > 45Kv -it is good for transformers
After this test, if transformer oil is bad oil refilling or oil filtering.
Vector group test
Normally transformer vector group is represented by this format; DY1 or
DY11. It means;
DY1
delta
Yr-409V
Br-410V
RY-409V
Ry-138V
Yy-298V
By-298V
YB-409V
Rb-138V
Yb-430V
Bb-299V
RB-409V
RN-80V
YN-375V
BN-315V
38
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Medium Voltage maintenance (MVM) branch is responsible for maintaining
33KV distribution system of entire Island. [i.e. both routine maintenance and restoration
of supply after major break down in 33KV lines or primary substations] There are four
sections.
Substation maintenance
39
The switch can in most cases be equipped with a load current interrupting
device. Still, the switch has only very limited making performance .In the CEB, the ABS
were installed in area boundaries, interconnection points and on long spur line etc. to
facilitate isolation of section for fault location, maintenance and repair works.
Load Break Switch
The so-called general purpose switch is according to standards defined as
follows; mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying the breaking currents
under normal. A circuit condition, which may include specified operating overload
conditions, such as those of a short circuit .It may also be capable of as those of a short
circuit. It may be capable to making but not breaking of short circuit current. The load
break switch contains some special arts .One of the interrupter head. It reduces there
formed. When the switch is operate.
Aout Recloser
Auto reclosers are self contaminated devises that make and break the
distribution system under normal at and fault conditions. A basic feature of a recloser is to
reclose immediately once the circuit under which it served breaks due to temporary fault.
Recloser will lock out its operation whenever it senses a permanent fault clears before
lock out, recloser will reset for another cycle of operation.
Before CEB has introduced auto reclosers to the distribution system, only
DDLOs are provided as the protective devices.
But this needs some one to operate the DDLO in order to isolate the line
from the power supply. Therefore by introducing auto reclosers to distribution system, the
speed of fault clearing has improved and hence which promotes the stability of the power
system. Because of these reasons the concepts of auto reclosers entered as a time and
money saving method [the interruption period becomes less].
The minimum requirement for installing an auto recloser is 100 km 1 MVA.
The reclosers are sensitive for over current, and in modern types sensitive earth faults too.
There are three types of auto reclosers available in medium voltage system in
CEB.
A control battery supply 12V and 24V battery pack for control circuit and
energized auxiliary closing coil and main trip coil.
Electronic control unit; the settings can be change within a range at 25% to 225%
with 25 % intervals.
Dynatrip reclosers having CT ratio of200/1 is available in CEB .The
advantage of this type is that the recloser s are independent of thee total no of trips can be
set as dead time, reclosing time, auto/non auto switch and earth protection enable /disable.
The major disadvantage of this type is that the possibility to leak SF6 gas if the bushings
are damaged.
PMR Micro type
The following types are available in CEB 33KV CT ratio 300/100/1, 11KV
CT ratio 300/100/1.
The main advantage of this type is;
Micro trip type is programmable and therefore different settings can be given
Availability of memory facility, data for later viewing can be stored. This will
includes the no of tripping occurred, the no of occurred as over current and earth
fault or sensitive earth fault and the percentage of these failures .The only thing is
42
to maintain the pressure of the gas in side at specified region given in the name
plate.
The tripping period (dead time) for this type when connecting in the
distribution system are selected as follows;
1st tripping operation 0.25 sec.
2nd tripping operation 0.50 sec
3rd tripping operation 1.00 sec
4th tripping operation trip /lockout
This type of reclosers is guarantied for 2500 tripping operations without
maintenance. Not like in previous type there is no any possibility to leakage of SF6 gas
under a damage of bushings.
Inspection and replacement of suspension and pin insulators of the 33kV towers
There are three gangs and each gang has eight workers. The workers are working with the
live 33KV wires. If there is a small mistake, it will cause damages to their lives. So the
safety precautions shown below are extremely needed.
in out door and 11 KV side is indoor. There is the normal diagram of primary substation.
6.5 LINE MAINTANANCE
This section involves in maintenance of 33KV tower lines, routine
maintenance, installation and restoration of air break switch [ABS], load break switch
[LBS] and DDLO, identification of breakdowns, and preventive maintenance of 33KV
network.
5.1 INTRODUCTIOn
The Victoriya Project is one of five major hard works projects being under taken the
accelerated Mahaweliganga Scheme. It is the most upstream of these projects and
develops the hydro potential of a major right bank tributary of the MahaweliGanga,at
Hakuruthale. The Victoriya is SriLanka largest power station. The primary functions of
the project is the generation of electric power but additional irrigation and power benefits
will arise from the improved regulation of river flows at the Randenigala &Rantabe
division Woter way tunnel is 5.8 km ,before the power generating water way has many
main point.
44
438 m
- MSL
370 m
- MSL
Length of tunnel
Type
Diameter of penstock
5.8 km
linier concrete lined (Steel line at base)
3m
Surge shaft
The surge tank is a concrete lined, 145 This is situated in 5 km from the
beginning of the tunnel. These are some of the functions of a surge chamber.
45
When the load on the turbine decreases, the governor closes the gates of turbine,
reducing water supply to the turbine. The excess water at the lower end of the
conduit rushes back to the surge tank and increases its water level.
When load on the turbine increases, additional water is drawn from the surge tank
to meet the increased load requirement. Hence the surge tank acts as a reservoir
during increase of load on the turbine.
The gat in the surge chamber is use to separate low-pressure tunnel and highpressure tunnel.
Draft Tube
This is the end of the water way . Draft tube divide to 2 part four end s at tail raise with
rectangular opening. The two gates per machine availability insulated draft tube from tail
raise.
Tail Race
The water after having done its usual work in the turbine is discharged to the
tailrace, which may lead it to the same stream or to another one.
46
The reaction type turbines works on the principle of reaction. Water enters the turbine at
high pressure and low velocity in the guide passage. Some pressure energy is converted in
to kinetic energy and water then enters the runner and pressure energy is converted in to
kinetic energy. As the water flowing through the runner is accelerated, it creates a reaction
on the runner vane and the runner is rotated.
According to the type of flow of water, the water turbines used as prime
movers in hydroelectric power stations are of four types.
to 1800 m head.
47
48
Francis type
This is suitable for low to medium head and water flow plants. These type
turbines can be constructed in vertical and horizontal forms. In Kotmale the three
vertical shaft turbines are designed to operate at 375rev/min, and to deliver 90 MW
under a net head of 201.5m.
Spiral case
This is an angular spiral-shaped casing forming the circumference
of the turbine. One end of it is connected to the penstock to receive the
water under pressure from it, and this water is admitted uniformly all over
the circumference of the runner. The cross sectional area of the casing
decreases progressively, as more and more water is diverted on the runner
so that the velocity of the flow is constant. The inner shape of the casing
is cylindrical, Where the stay vanes ring is attached.
To guide the water received from the Spiral case at a proper angle
on the movable guide vanes for which their shape is carefully
designed.
(ii)
To strengthen the spiral case against the high pressure of the water
passing through it. There for it is rigidly welded to the spiral case.
Guide Vanes
The guide vanes are located between the stay vanes and the
runner.This serves three functions
(i) To receive water from the stay vanes and direct it at proper angles on
the runner vanes
Kaplan type
49
5.4 GENERATORS
The three generators are of the vertical shaft, salient rotor type of
construction and are designed for counter clockwise rotation as viewed from above the
unit. Each generator has a rated output of 95MVA at 0.85 power factor with a stator
winding temperature rise of 600c and a maximum continuous output of 95,000 kVA with a
rise of 40c. The generated voltage is 1250 V at 50 Hz and the normal running speed is
333.3 rev/min.
It will be noted that a semi umbrella arrangement has been adopted in which
a combined thrust and guide bearing is mounted below the rotor and a second guide
bearing is located above the rotor. The thrust bearing is designed for a maintain the
maximum load.
The generator stator is enclosed above the machine floor level by a D shaped
sheet steel casing, which completes the air circuit and also forms an integrated design
with the line and neutral terminal cubicles. The ventilating air is circulated by axial fan
mounted at each end of the rotor. These fans are assisted by the natural fan action on the
rotating salient pole s.
Cool air is drawn in at each end of the machine and forced between the poles,
where it flows across the machine air gap into radial ducts formed in the stator core. After
passing through these ducts and cooling the stator winding and core, the hot air passes
through to water cooled air cooler units mounted on the back of the stator frame. The
cooled air is then re circulated to the top and bottom of the machine. The generator slip
ring s and brush gear, together with creep detector unit and a speed signal toothed wheel
are mounted in a separate enclosure located above the casing floor panels for ease of
access and maintenance.
Six combined braking and jacking units are mounted on the bottom
bracket .W hen used as breaks the units are operate by compressed air from the unit break
air compressor and when used as jacks by oil from a portable high pressure pump.
Installed capacity
Turbine - Type
80.75 MW
Vertical Francis
50
Rating
71 MW
Speed
333.3 R.P.M.
Over voltage
(ii)
Over speed
(iii)
(iv)
Unbalanced loading
(v)
(vi)
Loss of excitation
(vii)
External faults
5.6 EXITATION
D.C current should be fed to the poles to excite them. Standby battery bank use
for first excitation. Now a days static excitation system is used in which a transformer
brings down the generator voltage to 230 V and thyristors convert it to D.C and feed it to
the rotor .
In Victoriya, excitation system is as follows. When the r.p.m is increased up to
300 the battery supply disconnects and the need voltage is taken from the generator out
put. From the excitation transformer the 415 v out put is step down into 230v and then the
thyristors convert this A.C supply in to D.C. Then it is given to the stator winding through
the field breaker.
51
Lighting arresters
generating station to the substations and from substations to the consumers premises. So
conductors are made of that material which has;
Copper
Aluminium
54
55
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by means of under ground
cables or by overhead lines. The underground cables are rarely used for power
transmission due to two main reasons. Firstly, power is generally transmitted over long
distances to load centers. Obviously, the installation costs for under ground transmission
will be very heavy. Secondly, electric power has to be transmitted at high voltages for
economic reasons. It is very difficult to provide proper insulation to the cables to
withstand such higher pressures. Therefore as a rule, power transmission over long
distances is carried out by using overhead lines. With the growth in power demand and
consequent rise in voltage levels, power transmission by overhead lines has assumed
considerable importance.
An overhead line is subjected to uncertain weather conditions and other
external interferences. This calls for the use of proper mechanical factors of safety in
order to ensure the continuity of operation in the line.
4.2 CONDUCTORS AND THEIR MATERIALS
The purposes of the conductors are to carry the load current from the
CU
From the point of view of conduct and tensile strength copper conductor is used,
but being very costly and requiring to be imported, nowadays, it is not used as conductor
material for overhead lines in our country.
ACSR
56
Due to low tensile strength, aluminium conductors produce greater sag. This
prohibits their use for larger spans and makes them unsuitable for long distance
transmission. In order to increase the tensile strength, the aluminium conductor is rain
forced with a core of galvanized steel wires. In CEB the mostly used conductor is ACSR.
AAC
These are stranded conductors made of aluminium wires. Stranded aluminium
conductors are durable and flexible. Stranded Aluminium conductors are durable and
light. Mainly used of this conductor on low voltage distribution system.
Aluminium has conductivity of 60% that of copper and therefore, for the same
resistance and voltage drop in carrying same current, aluminium conductor has 1.6 times
the cross sectional area of copper. The density of aluminium is 2.7 gm/cc as against that
of 8.89 gm/cc for copper. Taking combined effect of low conductivity and low density of
aluminium into account, the weight of aluminium required for the same resistance of the
line, is nearly half that of copper. This is big advantage in favor of aluminium.
Moreover, the aluminium is cheep and easily available, main drawback of
aluminium is that its ultimate tensile strength is about half that of copper and therefore, it
cannot be used as such for long spans.
ABC
A bundled conductor is made up of two or more stranded ACSR sub conductors
per phase. Bundle conductors are called duplex, triplex etc. With the higher effective
diameter of the bundle conductor the corona inception increases. Bundle conductors are
used for 400 kv lines. The sub conductors are held apart by means of spacers at regular
intervals along the length of line.
57
mechanical strength of the line is such so as to provide against most probable weather
conditions.
INSULATORS
The successful operation of an overhead line depends of a considerable
extent upon the proper selection of an insulator. There are several types of insulators but
the most commonly used are pin type, suspension type, strain insulator and shackle
insulator.
Pin insulators
The part section of a pin type insulator is shown in figure 5.1. As the name
suggests the pin type is secured to the cross arm on the pole. There is a groove on the
upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through this
groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the same material.
Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric
power at voltages up to 33KV.Beyond operating voltage of 33KV, the pin type insulators
become too bulky, and hence uneconomical.
Suspension insulators
The cost of pin type insulator increases rapidly as the working voltage is
increased. Therefore, this type of insulator is not economical beyond 33KV. For high
voltage (>33KV), it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in figure
5.2. They consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal link in the
form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of the string is secured to the cross arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is
designed for low voltage, say 11KV .
The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage .For
instance, if the working voltage is 66KV, than six discs in series will be provided on the
string.
Strain insulators
59
When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the line is
subjected to greater tension .In order to relive the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used for low voltage lines (<11KV), shackle insulators are used as strain
insulators. However, for high voltages transmission lines, strain insulators shown in
figure 5.3. The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical plane. When the tension in
the lines is exceedingly high, as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in
parallel.
Shackle insulators
Now a days shackle insulators are frequently used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used either in horizontal position or in a vertical position.
They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm. Figure shows a
shackle insulator fixed to the pole. The conductor in the groove is fixed with a soft
binding wire.
LINE SUPPORTS
The supporting structures for overhead line conductors are various types of
poles and towers called line supports. In general the line supports should have the
following properties.
High mechanical strength to withstand the weight of conductors and wind loads
etc.
Long life
The line supports used for transmission and distribution of electric power are of
various types including wooden poles, RCC poles, steel poles and lattice steel towers .The
choice of supporting structure for a particular case depends upon the line span, cross
sectional area, line voltage, cost and local conditions.
60
Towers
For every great heights and extra high voltage, transmission towers are used.
Various angle iron sections are used to form a close cage to form tower.
Wooden poles
These are light in weight and cheap in comparison with all other types of
poles, made up of modern beam. These are easily affected and spoiled by atmosphere,
rain water, white ant soil, moisture, etc. These are used for temporary works and with
special chemical coating for works of permanent nature.
R.C.C poles
These are made by reinforcing steel rods in concrete slabs of pole shape .The
usual ratio of mixture is 1:1:5:3 for cement, sand, stone rubbles and steel rods
respectively. These poles are of permanent nature, long life, unaffected by rain sunlight
etc. So are usually used nowadays. Ducts are provided inside the poles section along its
length for,
Drawing cables/wires
Steel poles
Steel poles are of L shape, rail type and tubular in shape. These poles are
heavy in weight and cheaper than R.C.C poles. Atmospheric moisture, rain etc., affect
these poles hence while using, these poles are always painted or coated with chemicals to
avoid rusting.
Selection of route
Following factors should be considered when selecting a line route.
The use of taller poles at uplifts shall be avoided and construction of tension
points at uplifts also be avoided.
Selection of poles
All poles used in the LV lines should be concrete poles. However wooden
poles may be used in difficult terrain with the recommendation of the chief engineer
(construction) of the province.
8.3 m 100 kg RC poles shall be used for LV lines. However 9m 115 kg poles may be used
to maintain the ground clearances where necessary. 8.3 m 100 kg pre stressed poles also
may use in difficult terrain.
Erection of self-supported 8.3 m 500 kg RC pole may be recommended
where erection of stays and struts is not possible due to ground conditions.
Handling and transportation of concrete pole
Concrete poles for electrical distribution networks are designed to have a
strength in the down line direction at least the strength in the transverse direction. The
shape of a section through a typical concrete pole easily demonstrates this difference in
strength.
Therefore a pole must be stored, transported, and handled at all times with
its longer axis in the vertical plane to ensure that the resulting forces are always resisted
by the poles stronger direction.
Poles must not be dropped off a truck but lifted by means of crane. Poles should
not be jarred by twisting the cross arm.
During erection the pole should not be allowed to bend on the flat or wide sides,
or to lurch against the side of the hole when it is dropped into place.
62
Foundation types
Where poles have to be erected in wet or swampy locations, special
foundations are required to prevent the pole sinking. Where the conditions are very wet
63
and soft additional outrigger supports must be added bellow the ground surface to prevent
sideways movement of the pole.
A 100 mm layer of concrete is poured in the bottom before erection of pole
and allowed to harden. The cuission is backfilled with concrete. Temporary stays can be
used to support the pole until the concrete has hardened.
Erecting of poles
The preferred method of erection is by cranes of adequate size for the weight
of pole being handled. Traffic wardens should be posted when the crane obstructs the
road and interference with normal traffic flow must be kept to an absolute minimum.
Manual methods of inaccessible to cranes.
The face of the narrow side must be aligned with the LV line in straight sections
of the line. This method is applicable to both tension and terminal poles.
D brackets, stay clamps and earth damps shall be fixed end to the pole using nut
and bolts at the ground level before erection of the pole.
Facing poles
The fact of a pole is defined as the side of the pole on which the D brackets
are mounted the narrow side of the pole.
In straight sections of the line, the face must be line with the distribution line
64
Number of conductors and size of the conductor along with conductor tension.
The angle between pole and the stay wire or strut pole shall not be less than 300
If shall be ensured that the correct side of the ratchet nut faces the ratchet force of
the cross head of the buckle before tighting the stay buckle.
Stay and flying stay wire over a street must not be less than 5.5m from the
ground.
In flat terrain poles used for struts and flying stays shall be of the same size as line
poles.
Stay insulator shall be positioned below the level of the lowest current carrying
conductor and not less than 3.7 m above the ground.
Splicing of stay wire shall be done according to drawing. Depth of the pole pit of
the strut pole shall not be less than 800mm.
65
String of conductors
During running out, the cable drum should be securely supported on drum
jacks, with and the axle should be level.
The work areas should have sufficient employees on site to ensure that the
conductors are not damaged by contact with the ground or pole equipment during running
out. Care should be taken to avoid kinking, twisting or abrading the conductor in any
manner. Conductor should not be trampled on, run over by vehicles or dragged over the
ground. Vehicles should not be used to run out conductors.
Special care must be taken when running out conductors near other existing
electrical systems, whether they are alive or not.
4.6 TENSIONING AND BINDING (BARE CONDUCTORS)
All aluminium 7/3.40 mm (fly) and all aluminium 7/4.39mm (wasp)
conductors shall be used for LV lines.
Earth wire no: 8 shall be strung on the top of the pole before stringing the
bare conductors. Conductors shall be strung in vertical formation as per drawings. After
final tension of the conductor LV shackle insulator shall be fixed to the D brackets of the
intermediate poles. Conductors shall be bound to the insulator at each
support using aluminium-binding wire no: 11. Only one mid span joint per conductor
shall be allowed for a shackle point span .All mid span joints shall be compression type.
During stringing of conductors maximum precautions shall be taken to
prevent excessive strain and damage to the conductor. Standard sag and tensions
applicable ton the particular size of conductor shall be maintained.
The conductors shall be tensioned using ratchet pullers and wire grips (come
along clamps) designed to prevent damage to the conductor using tensioning.
4.7 EARTHING ARRENGMENT
Bottom part of the down run of the shackle point and the terminal point shall
be covered using 2m length of 12mm PVC conduit pipe. No: 8 GS wire shall be
connected to the copper clad earth rod using a crimp type tinned copper adaptor at the
66
ground level to ensure a proper connection of the GS wire and the earth rod. Down run
shall be clamped along the pole by stainless steel at three positions.
The earthing rod shall be grounded approximately 500mm away from the base
of pole. The top of the earthing rod shall be approximately 300 mm below finished
ground after installation is completed.
All hardware parts of the pole shall be bridged together and connected to the
earth clamp on the pole top-using no: 8 GS wire.
kVA meter
67
kVAr meter
50 Hz frequency
68
KWH METER
P
supply
Load
70
N
Figure 8.1
71
The phase wire current enters and leaves the meter via the two terminals
[1 and 4]. Two terminals [2 and 3] serve to connect the neutral wire and the voltage coil.
The other end of the voltage coil is connected internally [2] to the current input terminal
[1], which carries phase potential.
A link [called calibration link] serves to separate the voltage circuit from the
Current when the meter is beginning tested and calibrated. The consumer load, i.e. the
power at the metering location, is measured by individual measurement of the voltage (U)
and the current (I).
The consumer load, i.e. the power at the metering location, is measured by
individual measurement of the voltage and the current.
The magnitude of current and voltage and their phase position, i.e. the lag angle of the
current with respect to the voltage, are measured.
8.7 METERING ELEMENT DESIGN
The metering element produces two torques, the driving torque [MD] and
the barking torque [MB], required to measure the electric energy. The metering element
comprises, primarily;
Remove the cover and disconnect the inner voltage link between the current and
voltage terminal.
Place the meter onto the test bench and connect the wires.
Heating
Pre heat the meters by applying the rated voltage and basic current at 1.0
power factor for approximate 30 minutes.
Quality test
Check the meters by applying the maximum current (40 A ) for approximate 5
minutes.
Full load check
Set the power source to the base current (IB) at 1.0 power factor (unity).
73
74
75
Creep test
With no current in the current circuit, check that the rotor of the meter does not make one
complete revolution when a voltage between 80% and 110% of the rated voltage is
applied.
Dial test
Set the meter to rotate rated speed (420rev/kwh) and check the unit consumption.
Shown in fig: 6.testing report of single-phase meters.
8.9 WIRING OF ENERGY METERS
There are several types of L.T. single phase, three phase (Direct) and three
phase (CT operated) meters in CEB. Hence the wiring methods are also different from
type to type of the meter, especially in CT operated meters.
Wrong wiring of a meter would result a high magnitude error. Therefore it
is very essential to wire the meters correctly. Following steps should be taken when
meters are wired.
Direct Meters
1. Meter should be selected according to the consumer load
2. Meter should be installed vertically
3. Load wire should be connected properly.
CT Operated Meters
1. Meter should be selected according to the consumer load
2. Meter should be installed vertically.
3. CTs should be inserted correctly (correct direction)
4. CT connection to the meter should be correct.
5. Voltage connection to the meter should be correct.
6. Do not use single strand wire for meter wiring. Always use multi strand wires.
7. Check phase sequence.
8. Terminal cover should be sealed properly after meter connection.
76
N
Timer
(English Type)
th
Connect to 11
Terminal
P N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
1212
1 2 3
E 4 56 6
Connect to 11th
terminal
Supply
Wiring Diagram of 3 phase two rate kWh meter GEC with timer(English type)
Figure 8.3
77
8.9 TIMERS
1.correct wiring of the timer.
2.proper wind up by using the key (when the timer is mechanical one)
3.To set the time turn the dial in direction of arrow until pointer indicates the time of
day at the moment of setting.
4.turn dial one round to the correct side and check whether the solenoid in the timer
operates in set time.
5.Timer also should be sealed properly.
8.10 ELECTRICITY METERING ERROR
The electric meter serves the CEB to measure and bill electrical energy
consumption. It is essential that the meter reading represent, with the smallest possible
deviation, the true value of the energy supplied to the consumer. All disturbance factors,
which can cause metering errors, must be recognized and attended to.
78
79
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Lift has been an essential component in modern multi storied buildings.
It makes easy for passengers and it is economically worth and it save most of the time
that takes to travel up and down of a building.
All the Lifts in the Government Buildings are maintain by the lift branch.
9.2 MAIN PARTS OF A LIFT
Lift well
In most buildings lift well is situated near the main entrance. Lift well is created
to cover machinery and open space to present a smooth finished surface for passenger
protection. The area of the well depend on the size and number of the cars, and by the
disposition of the car and landing entrance. The necessary clearance for the car and
counter weight is also determine when creating the lift well.
Car and the two door system
There is a door provided for the car extending the full height and width of the car
opening and Another door is provided at all landing openings. When the lift reaches to a
floor these two doors open together. These are provided for the protection of the
passengers.
Counter weight
The object of the counter weight is to provide traction and to balance the weight
of the car. Incidentally the counter weight provides a certain measure of safety when
landing on its buffer and removing traction from the car. This is made up of cast iron
sections firmly secured against movement by at least two steel tie rod having lock nuts or
split pins at each end and passing through each section.
Car traveling cable
This is made by means of multi core hanging flexible cable, one end is connected
to a terminal box fitted under the car floor. The other to a terminal box fitted in the well at
approximately the mid position to remove any twist in the cable.
80
Machine room
This is at the top of the well and it consists of driving motor, break, gearing and
the control panel.
9.3 THE OPERATING MECHANISM OF LIFTS
There are mainly two types of roping system in lifts. Those are
(i)
2 x 2 system
(ii)
2 x 1 system
In first type there are four or six ropes as sown in the figure. There is a spring connected
to one end of the cable. So that if there is a break in any rope the spring get release and it
operate a switch for emergency stop. In the Second type The one end of the rope is
connected to the car and the other to the counter weight.
Over load alarm
Modern lifts are made to give maximum protection to the passengers. There are
four springs which acts as resistors and those are connected according to the principle of
vinston bridge.
If
R1
R3
R2
R4
81
10.1INTRODUCTION
In Western Province There are five area offices as follows. Kelaniya, Ja-Ela,
Gampha, Negambo and Veyangoda. Under Kelaniya area office there are three Consumer
Service Centers. Those are Delgoda, Mavaramandiya andKirillawala.
We were at the Kelaniya area office for three week. During that period, we were
asked to go to the Mawaramandiya depot for One week, to Area Maintenance Branch
Kiribathgoda for One week and one week at the area office.
The main function of an area office is making bills. There are meter readers and they
take the reading and the billing part is done by the area office. Electricity bill chargings
are different from each other according to the purpose of the building. Tariff is the rate at
which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer. There are five main types.
1. Domestic tariff
2. Tariff applicable to religious premises and charitable institutions
3. Tariff applicable for bulk sales to Lanka Electricity Company (pvt)Limited.
4. General purpose Tariff
5. Industrial Tariff.
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83
We were able to study about cable Joints, Sub stations, Auto reclosers,
Breakers, Insulators,.etc. The duties of this unit is to maintain the overhead
lines in Kelaniya area, take actions for customer complains and requestsetc.
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10.5 CLEARANCES
When laying a voltage line we must keep particular distance between conductors, and
high enough from ground. It is always pre calculated value, mainly depend on line
voltage.
5.5 m
4.9 m
Clearances above
Voltage exceeding 650 V & below 11 KV
Across the road street
6.1 m
5.2 m
4.6 m
6.1 m
5.2 m
4.6 m
Over head line conductors must have following clearances from other conductors
of same circuit.
low voltage
11 kV
33 kV
0.2 m
7.0 m
6.7 m
85
0.3 m
0.6 m
0.9 m
circuit voltage
clearance
0.2 m
0.5 m
33 kV & 11 kV
0.9 m
11 kV & 11kV
0.9 m
33 kV & 33 kV
0.2 m
The medium voltage circuits & the vertical clearances between conductors of the
different circuits at any point of the support under normal working conditions
shall not be less then specified below;
The horizontal spacing between different shall not be less than specified below.
circuit voltage
clearance
1.2 m
1.5 m
33 kV & 11 kV
1.2 m
11 kV & 11kV
0.9 m
33 kV & 33 kV
1.2 m
Safety clearances
0.8 m
5.0 m
0.15
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Location of poles
Poles are located so as to provide a easy access for maintenance works. some compromise
may also be needed to ensure that poles located on corners and drive way will not unduly
obstruct vehicular traffic maximum pole spacing are :
Pole height
MV on 11m pole
MV on 30m pole
10m pole only be used with maximum span of 80m, when runs across country.
The distance between shackle poles are not exceed either of following.
Pole height
MV 12m
MV 11m
MV 11m
adjacent poles
560m
490m
490m
07
07
07
11.1 INTRODUCTION
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Demand side management activities are those involve action on the demand
side of the electric meter either directly caused or indirectly simulated by the utility.
DSM branch of CEB provides a range of services to industrial and
commercial electricity consumers. Features of some DSM services are described below.
Power quality analyzing :an analysis of voltage, power, harmonic variations and
measures available to suppress harmonic and improve voltage quality.
1. Power analyzer
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Power analyzer is mainly used for getting any reading of consumed electricity.
According to the customers required, when gives the service like energy audit we
must used the power analyzer. By using current transformers and other component it
must be connected to the supply and can get readings.
2. Data Logger
Also data logger is act as the power analyzer. By using data logger we can
record the data of the supply within number of days as required. After setting the data
logger to the supply, it can be recorded any data and after required days, it must be
down loaded and disconnect from the electricity supply.
The comparison between power analyzer and data logger
Power analyzer
Can record the harmonics
Need external power supply
Memory capacity is less
All data were recorded
Data logger
Cant recorded harmonics, only can seen
Not need external power supply
Memory capacity is high
Recorded only the selected data
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90
Peak Clipping
Valley Filling
figure 11.1
figurer 11.2
LOAD SHIFTING
STRATEGIC CONSERVATION
figure 11.3
figure 11.4
FLEXIBLE LOAD SHAPE
figure 11.5
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Valley Filling
Valley filling essentially includes building off-peak loads resulting in an increase in the
total energy consumption with no increase in the peak load. This is applicable for utilities
with low cost plants running on low load factors.
In the case of Srilanka, for example railway electrification can successfully achieve high
utilization of inexpensive plants in the system during off-peak hours.
Load Shifting
Load shifting can be viewed as a combination of peak clipping and valley filling.
Consumers are encouraged to reduce consumption during the peak hours by shifting their
consumption from peak to off-peak hours.
Some industrial consumers whose consumption can be shifted to off-peak hours with
minimum disturbance can take advantage of load shifting .
This is achieved mostly through introduction of two-part (time-of-use) tariffs. Other
methods such as direct load control and thermal energy storage can also be used .
Strategic Conservation
Strategic conservation targets selected applications for energy conservation .Reduction of
electricity consumption mostly through efficient use of end-use equipment, will generally
cause a downward shift in the load curve. The reduction in the peak demand will be
determined by the coincidence factor.
Flexible Load Shape
Some customers may be willing to trade reliability for some incentive such as reduced
rates. Utilities are then able to make some adjustments to the load shape according to their
operating needs. Utilities (by offering a choice of reliability) can effectively reduce the
necessity for adding peaking plants.
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Customer education
Seminars
Workshops
Promotional programs
Publicity programs
Provide direct incentives and other financial options for customer to adopt DSM
measures
Cash grants
Subsidised installation
Rebates
Set efficiency standards for electrical machinery /equipment /appliances(coordinate with SLS)
Customer
Utility incentives.
Utility
Reduced demand.
Industry sector
Hotel and large commercial buildings sector
From the figure we can see that that the most electricity consumption is taken by the
industrial sector and the retail sector is the least contributor to the electric power
consumption.
11.5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy efficiency measures available for domestic customers
Efficiency lighting.
Efficient refrigerators
Energy audits/surveys
Efficient motors
Efficient lighting.
Load management.
Fuel switching.
Captive generation.
Energy audits/surveys
Efficient lighting.
Load management.
Fuel switching.
Captive generation.
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Energy Audit
Maintenance
Water treatment
Building structure
Building orientation
Air leakages
Equipment efficiency
Motor rewinding
Evaluation
Monitoring &
Enforcement
Standards
Labeling
Testing
Facilities
Testing
Procedures
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Figure 11.7
Star rating
loss <4 W
*****
****
***
**
loss > 12 W
no stars
Preparation of report
AUDIT PROCEDURE
Customer request
Information to customer
Data collection
Analysis of data
Preparation Of costs/benefits
Formulate recommendations
Presentation of report
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Real power (generally expressed in kilowatt) that produces useful work ranging
from providing motive power to industrial machinery to lighting a single bulb in
ones home.
reactive power requirements from the electricity distribution system to which they are
connected.
The ratio of useful power to total power is called the power factor. When
equipment has a low power factor, it will require a relatively large amount of reactive
power. The power factor correction capacitors essentially provide the necessary reactive
power requirements from the electricity distribution system
power demand and provide the right amount of reactive power demand and provide the
right amount of reactive power (by connecting the required number of capacitors) is more
appropriate in such situations. This method, obviously, is more expensive than installing
fixed capacitors as additional switching circuits are involved. Switched capacitor banks,
however, are superior in performance as they could follow the load curve closely
(provided capacitor selection is done carefully).
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ELECTRICITY BILL
The energy charge number of units used during the billing period in kilowatt
hours (kWh);
Demand charge this charge compensates the utility for the capital investment
required to serve the plants peak load. Demand charge can be a large portion of
the total electricity bill. Demand charge can be reducing by smoothing out the
peaks. This charge usually involved power factor or kVAr.
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sub system of the main network and to analyse any sub categories of end uses.
Load research may either be conducted by starting from customer end use to
build and develop the total system load shape or by starting form the total system load
shape and breaking it down
two.
Both approach require primary and secondary data collection and are
generally accomplish through a combination of the following data collection methods:
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Metering
Market survey
Statical methods
of the CEB system. It has used the bottom-up approach, with a combination of data
collection by metering, customer surveys and using other recorded load data.
RESULTS
Final results of the load research project consisted of the following load
profiles and the associated data for the CEB network.
1. CEB system
2. Provincial load profiles
3. System load profiles by sectors
4. Domestic sector by segments
5. End use load profiles
Domestic
The knowledge available from load research regarding the composition of the
load shape is of valuable to design any of these DSM activities and to forecast their
impacts. Through subsequent load research, i.e. after implementing the DSM measures,
the utility would also be able to evaluate and monitor the impacts of such measures.
11.15 AIR CONDITIONING
INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning is the control the temperature and moisture content of the
occupied space.
Discharge line
Hot vapor
High pressure
Expansion
valve
Filter
Liquid line
Compressor
Suction line
Cold vapor
Low pressure
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Evaporator
Figure 11.9
Evaporation
Liquid
Vapor
Condensation
Most air conditioners have their capacity rated in British Thermal Units
(BTU). Generally speaking a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of one found (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 0C).
11.16 REFRIGERATION CYCLE
105
Window type
Normal small size air conditioning plants are available in this form. We can
identify the following parts and assures in this plant, there are compressor, condenser,
evaporator, blower, fan expansion valve and controlling arrangement etc.
Window type plants are available in as a compact set including all
mentioned above. But the unit can be filter, exporter, motor drives fan remote bulb and
refrigerant control. The out side part consists of compressor condenser and motor driven
fan. The two fan driven by the same motor. The condenser cooling system is air-cooling.
Split type
This type air-conditioning plants are available in small and medium size,
which differ from the other parts. This type has several advantages than window type or
package type, which is not noise. Evaporator can be installed very suitable place etc. This
plant consists of air-cooling and water-cooling system.
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DUCTABLE SYSTEM
This system is categorized in two types. There are package type and chill
water type.
Package type
This type air conditioning plants available in large sizes , which are better to
use corridors and large halls. Where condensing unit and evaporator are separate one and
the duct line are used to distribute cooled air into rooms or anything. This is two types
fresh air type and return air type .In fresh air type we supply atmospheric gas into room
through the evaporator and the return air type cooled air release to evaporator from the
room and then re cooled the gas.
Central type
Large size air conditioning system are commonly used this system. Which
has as advantage of comparatively low refrigerant volume is used for
Condenser Water
(95)
Outdoor
Air
Condenser Water
(85)
Outdoor
Air
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Figure 11.10
refrigerant cycle. According to condenser cooling system the chill water plants are two
types.
centrifugal or reciprocating type), water cooled or air cooled condenser, filter, cooling
tower, duct line, evaporator with large chill water system expansion valve and various
types of controlling and protection device.
Compressor
Compressors may be classified as either open or hermetic.
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Cooling tower
The cooling tower is used in a conjunction with the water-cooled condenser
(see fig:11.). Water in passing through the condenser water tubes only gets warmed up but
does not get contained. It can therefore be used again, after cooling. The cooling tower
cools the warm water for re circulating it in the condenser. It is thus a water conservation
equipment .The heat removed by the refrigeration system from the space or product to be
cooled is ultimately thrown to the atmosphere through the cooling tower in a water-cooled
condenser system. Thus cooling tower should function efficiently for the refrigeration
system to perform well.
The warm water from the condenser is pumped to the top of the cooling
tower. From there it is allowed to fall down a substantial height to the cooling tank or
through at the bottom. The falling water droplets are cooled by the air circulating through
the tower. The cooling is brought about both by sensible heat transfer and by the
evaporation of the water.
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