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t&SifOwrmeE(ay&ma'ed
(ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;
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pHjyKxu
kd af omESv;kH om;
Essential Knowledge of English

(uGeyf sLwmrl? oifwef;oH;k )

olwdkYavQmufaomvrf;
Exam Guide For MA (uGey
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pepfwusrSm;
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k f
Ak'p mayvmacgi;f aqmifryI nmESihf
oabmw&m;rsm;
Ak'b
momESiahf cwfopfurm (vufurf;pmtky)f
aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyem
("r okw &o pmpkrsm;)
yk*u
H kd a&mufcw
hJ ,f
wwd,&wem (odrYk [kw)f avmu\jynfph jkH cif;
(vufurf;pmtkyf)
Ak'b
momESiEhf ikd if aH &;
rd;k udq
k w
G f EGrH mS epfol (vufurf;pmtky)f
NrD (odrYk [kw)f rNy;D qH;k aom &,ljcif;
vl? jyemESihf tajz (vufurf;pmtky)f
qufvufxkwfa0rnfhpmpOfrsm;
aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyem-2
rwlxl;jcm;"avhrsm;ESifhb0&orsm;

2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2012
2013
2013
2013
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
(,ck)
2015
2015

tprod j cif ; onf y if vl \ tpjzpf \ /

tprodjcif;[k qdkjcif;rSm tpr&Sdjcif;[k ,ljcif;
r[kw/f jzpfwnf&mumv rlvtpudk twdtus
rodEikd jf cif;rSsom jzpf\/ xdt
k wl vl\tqH;k udv
k nf;
rodEikd /f vnf; tqH;k udk rodEikd jf cif;rSsomjzpfNy;D
tqH;k r&Sjd cif;um; r[kwaf y/ vl\ jzpfwnf&m tqH;k
-tpudk odEikd jf cif;? od&&dS jcif;wdo
Yk nf vl\ todmPf
e,ftwGi;f r&Sad om t&mwpfco
k m jzpfonf/
txufygtjrift& vludkem;vnf&mwGif
wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf; (Individual)udk twdtus
owfrw
S Nf y;D em;vnfjcif;rsK;d r[kwo
f nfrmS xif&mS ;
k f em;vnfjcif;om jzpf
\/ rsKd;dk;ADZ (Genetic)tvdu
\/ yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D wpfa,muftaejzifh em;vnfjcif;
k nf; twdtus odEikd f
t&rl vl\tp (Origin)udv
k nf; twdtusoEd ikd o
f nf/
onf/ tqH;k (End)udv
todonf rdru
d kd tjcm;olu od&aom todrsK;d

t&SifOwrmeE

jzpfNyD; rdrdu wpfyg;oltay: odaomtodrsKd;vnf;

jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh trd0rf;wGi;f rS arG;
onfukd odjcif;ESihf pkwu
d rZkyw
f Ykd csKyaf ysmufysupf ;D
aojcif;udk odEikd jf cif; jzpfonf/ ,if;odYk vl
wpfa,muf\ jzpf&yfudkaxmufq tjcm;vlrsm;
udk rSef;qodEdkifjcif; jzpf\/ todonf vlom;
wpfa,mufcsi;f wpfa,mufcsi;f pDtwGuf trSejf zpf
aomfvnf; rsKd;EG,fpkwpfckvHk;t& rrSefEdkifay/ xdk
aMumifhom vl\tprxifjcif;? tqHk;rjrifjcif;wdkY
jzpfay:&jcif; jzpfonf/ tpdwpf w
d f oabmtrSef jzpf
aomfvnf; taygi;f oabmt& vJEG ikd jf cif;jzpfonf[k
qdkvdkjcif; jzpf\/
xdt
k odt& vlqo
kd nfrmS arG;zGm;jcif;onf
tpjzpf aoqH k ; jcif ; onf tqH k ; jzpf o nf /
&SifumrwrSsonfom vl[ljzpfawmhonf/
tcsuu
f akd xmuf vlwpfa,muf\ arG;jcif; ao

vl? jyemESifh tajz

jcif;rSm vltm;vH;k \ tp-tqH;k r[kwaf y/ wdwd

usus owfrw
S &f vSsif vlom;tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfcrk sS \
jzpf-wnf-ysupf ;D rIom jzpfonf/ odjYk zpf&m vlonf
ow0gwpfO;D taejzifh aojcif;jzifh tqH;k owfay;jcif;
cH&aomt&mwpfco
k m jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh 'e
orm;wdu
Yk vlqw
kd m aorsK;d (Man is mortal.)[k
qdkMujcif; jzpfonf/
oabmtm;jzifh opf&Gufwpf&Guf a<uus
jcif;onf opfyifwpfyifvHk; aoqHk;jcif;r[kwf/
odkY&mwGif tqdkyg a<uusaom opf&GuftwGufrl
&Sifoefjcif;oauFwtwGuf tqHk;owf jzpfonf/
tvm;wlyif yk&pfz;l wHwpfck tanmufwpfck xGuf
vmonfukd jrif&jcif;onfvnf; opfyifw\
Ykd tpudk
od&jcif; r[kwaf y/ od&Yk mwGif yk&pfz;l wHwpfct
k ae
jzifrh l tpom jzpfonf/ txufyg taMumif;t&m
wdu
Yk kd axmufcsihf rlvqdo
k nfrmS odpYk cJh odYk

t&SifOwrmeE

qH;k cJo
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k m rSe;f q od&jcif; jzpfonf/ wdu
k f
du
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f &d aom todrsK;d r[kwb
f J axmufqNy;D od&
aomtodrsKd;om jzpfonf/
avmuqdo
k nfrmS wnfae&m todu
k t
f NrKH
(Dwelling Place)wpfck jzpfonf/ ouf&dS oufrhJ
(Animate and Inanimate)wdYk jzpfwnf&m t&yf[q
k kd
u ydk oihrf nfxifonf/ rlvblwtaejzifh tjyef
tvSef &yfwnfNy;D &Sio
f ef&aomurm[k qdMk uonf/
ouf&Sd-oufrJhESpfck&Sd&m ouf&Sdu OD;aqmifaom
urmjzpfonf[k aESmif;ydkif;wGif ,lqvmMuonf/
ouf&Sdtaexm;jzifh MunfhvSsif urmavmuwGif
ra&rwGuEf ikd af tmif rsm;jym;vSonfh ow0grsm; &Sd
onf/ ,if;txJwiG f vlom;vnf; tyg0if jzpfonf/
rEkaA'ynm&Siw
f Ykd tvdt
k & vlqo
kd nf
rSm ,aeY rsuaf rSmufrm udk odrYk [kwf avmuBu;D
udk raeYwpfaeYurStajccsvmonfh {nho
f nfrsS om

vl? jyemESifh tajz

jzpfonf/ wd&mef
p trsKd;pm;aygif; rsm;pGmwdkYonf
vlxuf urmajrudk t&ifa&muf&cdS MhJ uNy;D tOD;tp
tdrf&Sifrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkMuonf/ rlydkifrowfrSwf
&ao; OD;olu tydik f odrYk [kwf tdr&f iS jf zpfonf[k
,lqvSsif ,if;t,ltqonf avmuwGi;f trSef
w&m;wpfckom jzpfonf/
bmoma&;qdik &f m t,ltqrsm;t& Munfh
&vSsif vl\ jzpfwnf&mudo
k m txift&Sm; awGU&Ny;D
tjcm;tjcm;aom ow0gteEw\
Ykd jzpfwnf&mudrk l
tjznhfcHoufoufrSstaejzifhom wifjyxm;onf/
,if;tqdt
k & vlom;onf tpjzpf tjcm;ouf&dS
ow0grsm;rSm aemufvdkufrsm;? toHk;awmfcHrsm;
jzpfonf/ vlYvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;&onfh
tjznfch rH sm;om jzpfonf/ tjznfch EH iS hf jznfq
h nf;ol
onf tjyeftvSef rDcS rkd aI Mumifh &Sio
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obm0ed,mrudk qefYusifvQuf vlomt"duus

t&SifOwrmeE

aom urm[l avmuudk t"dyg ,f zGiMhf uaomtcg

,dr;f xd;k vmaom avmuBu;D udk txift&Sm; awGU
vm&awmhonf/ odjYk zifh rNird rf oufjzpfjcif;? vIycf wf
jcif;udyk if vlom;urm odw
Yk nf;r[kwf avmu[k
qdk&tHhawmhxifonf/
trSeftm;jzifh ow0g (Sentient Being)
wpfO;D wpfa,mufp\D ud,
k yf ikd Of pm (Karma) oabm
t& ud,
k Ahf ZD ESiu
hf ,
kd ?f ud,
k jhf zpfwnfrEI iS hf ud,
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vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ rnfou
l rS rnfou
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awmfcHp&mrvdk/ onfrSm obm0ed,mr jzpf\/
tjcif;t&mudk axmuf tjyeftvSe&f yfwnfjcif;
(Mutual Existence)? tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKjcif;
(Reciprocal Assisting) onfom vlEiS v
hf aYl vmu
odrYk [kwf vlEiS hf oufrjhJ 'yfwYkd aygi;f pk yg0ifaom ow
avmuESifh MoumoavmuwdkY\ oabmw&m;
trSejf zpfonf[k qdMk ujcif;onf/ ouf&-dS oufrw
hJ Ykd

vl? jyemESifh tajz

wnfae&mudk avmu[k4if;? urm[k4if;

a,bk,stm;jzifh qdkMuygonf/
avmuESifhvlonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif woD;
wjcm;jzpfonf/ xyfwljzpfonfhtcgvnf; &Sdonf/
vl\tqifhudk jrifhwifvdkonfhtcg oD;jcm;jzpf
em;vnfru
I kd tajccHaomtcg ESpcf rk jym; wpfom;
wnf;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfaMumif; wifjyMu
onf/ a&S;pum;udkrSD; t"dyg,faumuf&vSsif
arcjrpfa&ESihf rvdcjrpfa&wdYk aygi;f &m arca& rvdc
a&[k uJGjym;rIudk rawGU&bJ {&m0wDjrpfa&tjzpf
wpfrsKd;wnf; awGU&jcif;rsKd;om jzpfonf/
txufyg t,lqt& vlurkd w
l nf urm
avmuudk vSnfhvnf&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfvSsif
vlqo
kd nfrmS todmPf&jdS cif;[k taqmifta,mif
wpfckudk ydkaqmif;ay;&awmhrnfvnf; jzpfonf/
tjcm;aom ow0grsm;vnf; yifudk,f todmPf

10

t&SifOwrmeE

&SMd uonfcsn;f om jzpfonf/ odYk a,bk,stae

jzifh ,l&rnf jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh toufESifhcEmudk,f tdk;pm;
ruJGap&ef ywf0ef;usiftwdkif; twdtus jyKrl
aexdik af om ykwo
f ifwpfaumif\ ADZtodmPfEiS hf
t&nftaoG;udk vlwYkd rawGUEikd jf cif;rsK;d jzpfonf/
aqmif;cdik u
S w
f \
Ykd &moDOwk tajymif;tvJukd BuKd wif
cefYrSef;Edkifjcif;? yk&GufqdwfwdkY\ rdk;av0otajc
taeudk BuKd wifo&d jdS cif; ponfwv
Ykd nf; tygt0if
jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;aom ow0grsm;xuf
todmPf&jdS cif;aMumifh vlvaYkd c:q&kd onf[k xyfrH
0daooe rvdu
k af omtcgrl vlqo
kd nfrmS txif
t&Sm; jrifomonfh okyo
f uefjzpfvmonf/ vlvl
csi;f yif wlapumrl acgi;f wpfv;kH jrifo
h nf[k qdjk cif;rsK;d
jzpfonf/ wcsKdUuvnf; tcsufonf vlwdkY\
twukd ydk txift&Sm; jrif&jcif;[k oH;k oyfMu\/

vl? jyemESifh tajz

11

vlYpHESifh vludkowfrSwfjcif;jzpf tjcm;ow0grsm;

xuf omonf[v
k nf; qdMk u\/
&Sdjcif;? r&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm qefYusifbuf
oabmt& xyfwljzpfonf[k 'eorm;wdkYu
qdMk uonf/ xdt
k qdt
k & todmPfykd &Sjd cif;qdo
k nf
rSm ydkrdkufrJjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifaMumif; qdkvdk&m
a&mufavonf/ bmoma&;orm;wdkY\ tjrift&
vlqdkonfrSm tjzLwpfbuf trJwpfbuf? rD;
wpfbuf a&wpfbuform;rsm; jzpfonf-[l\/
yxrurmppf 'kwd,urmppfwdkYvdkrsKd; avmu
ql y G u f o nf h u mvwd k Y u d k & nf & G , f N yD ; ol w d k Y t qk d
rSefuefaMumif;udk xyfavmif; twnfjyKMu\/
vlonf tjcm;aom ow0grsm;xuf tpp
t&m&m omvGeo
f nfqo
kd nft
h csuEf iS yhf wfoufrl
yHak oum;csyrf &So
d nfrmS aocsmonf/ qefu
Y sib
f uf
taejzifh vluyif wd&mef
p rsm;tay: q&mwif&onf

12

t&SifOwrmeE

txd jzpfonf[k qdkMujyefonf/ wd&mef

p wdkYonf
vlpY x
H m;&m wpfct
k aejzifh jrifah omae&mwGif cdik cf ikd f
rmrm&So
d nf[k qdv
k jkd cif;vnf; jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh
vlpY EH iS yhf wfouf yHak oum;csyf r&So
d nfrmS aocsm
onf/ taMumif;rSm vlu wd&mef
p udktm;usNyD;
vdu
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f yk o
f nfrsm; &So
d nf/ cefx
Y nfatmifajym&vSsif
vd k u f u sif h o nf [ k qd k j cif ; jzpf o nf / ,if ; ud k
oDvAwy&mro[k qdo
k nf/ acG;? EGm;rsm;uJo
h Ykd
aexdkifjyKrljcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ acG;usifh EGm;usifh usifh
onf[k pmayrsm;u azmfjyavh&Sdonf/
trSe-f trSm;udk wifjyjcif; r[kwyf g/
pHxm;Ny;D vdu
k f wkyjcif;udo
k m &nfeT ;f jcif; jzpf
onf/ xdak Mumifh pHqdo
k nfrmS trSejf zpfEikd o
f uJo
h Ykd
trSm;vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nfom jzpfonf/ wpfO;D twGuf
rSef wpfO;D twGuf rSm;jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf[k qdv
k jkd cif;
jzpfonf/ aeESiu
hf rmwd\
Yk vSnyhf wfrt
I ay:rw
l nf

vl? jyemESifh tajz

13

wpfjcrf;vif; wpfjcrf;arSmifaom urmhed,mrrsKd;

jzpfonf/ aexGufjcif;udk aeYwpfaeY\ tp[k
vnf;aumif;? ae0ifoGm;jcif;udkyif aeYwpfaeY\
tqHk;[kvnf;aumif; a,bk,sowfrSwfjcif;rsKd;
jzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh aeESifhurmwdkYonf olwdkY
obm0twdik ;f yHrk eS v
f n
S yfh wfaejcif;jzpf&m tvSnfh
ywfcaH e&olrsm;uom rdrw
d u
Ykd s&m tvif;? tarSmif
taexm;udk ,lNyD; wifjyaeMujcif; jzpfonf/
olYpHonf olYtrSefjzpf udk,fhpHonf udk,fhtrSef
jzpfonf[k ,ljcif;jzpfonf/
taumif;bufu wifjy&mwGifrl vltpm;
wd&mef
p wu
Ykd kd xH;k jyK erlemay;Muonf/ urmph may
xJu tDpGwf (Aesop Fable)vdkrsKd;ESifh Ak'pmay&Sd
ig;&mhig;q,fwdkYwGif yg0ifaom Zmwfaumifrsm;uJhodkY
jzpfonf/ t0Dpda&mufatmifyif usif;wl;NyD; rdkufrJ
aeaom vlom;udk todmPfjynh0f aom wd&mef
p

14

t&SifOwrmeE

rsm;u vrf;rSeu
f rf;rSeaf &mufatmif oifjyMuonf/
vlyDoatmif oifjyay;jcif;[kqdku ydkoifhavsmf
rnfxifonf/ odkYjzpfvSsif vlqdkonfrSm ,aeY
rsuaf rSmufwiG f jrifae&onfh toGio
f Pmefrsm;ESihf
tawmfujGJ ym;[ef &So
d nf/ taumif;tqd;k udk cJjG cm;
a0zefwwfaomaMumifh vl[q
k jkd cif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
taMumif;udk axmufqjyefaomf vlqdkonfrSm
rnfonfht&menf;[k ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfvm
onf/ rodonfum; r[kwaf y/ taumif;-tqd;k
udk odaomaMumifh vlqdkonfht&mudk oHo,jzpf
zG,f &Sad eonf[k qdv
k jkd cif; jzpfonf/ rnfoq
Ykd akd p
jzpf&yfEpS cf v
k ;kH wGif wd&mef
p wo
Ykd nf vlw\
Ykd pHxm;&m
tjzpf wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;jzifh ae&m,lcJhMu
onfom jzpfonf/ tDpGwfESifh ig;&mhig;q,fvm
jzpf&yfrsm;udk vlqdkolrsm;taejzifh rausreyfjzpfrI

vl? jyemESifh tajz

15

r&Sdjcif;uvnf; txufygtjrifrsKd; jzpfvmonfrSm

tHhMop&mr&Sd[k owdrlrdolrsm;u qdkMuonf/
qifu
h jJ zpfpOf (Evolution) oabmw&m;t&
rl vlonf um,udk tm;ud;k Ny;D b0udk wnfaqmuf
vmMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ odw
Yk nf;r[kwf &yfwnfru
I kd
&,lcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh taMumuf
w&m; Bu;D rm;onf/ aMumufjcif;aMumifyh if zefqif;
&Siftjzpfudk vdkcsifMuonf/ tzefqif;vnf; cHcsif
Muonf / tm;ud k ; &mud k twG i f ; tjyif xm;NyD ;
taMumufw&m;udk ajzazsmufzdkY BudK;pm;Muonf/
ajzazsmuf&if; aMumuf&if;jzifh vH;k vnf csmvnfvu
kd f
ae&onf/ wpfaeYwpfeyfpm &Smpm;onfh ow0grsm;
udk rdkufrJolrsm;tjzpf tjypfwifMuonf/ IHUcsus
onf/ tcsufuvnf; vlwdkYu wd&mef
p paom
xdx
k o
kd w0grsm;xuf omaomtcsu[
f v
k nf; wifjy
Muonf/

16

t&SifOwrmeE

vlwdkYwifjyaom vlYjzpfpOftapmydkif;udk
Munfhaomtcg vlonfvnf; wd&mef
p rsm;yrm
wpfaoGrwdr;f jyKusichf o
hJ nfom jzpfonfukd awGU&
onf/ wpfaeYpmudk wpfaeYyif &Smpm;aMumif; qdMk u
onf/ ydk wdwu
d susq&kd vSsif wpfeyfpmudk wpfcg
&Smpm;aMumif; qdMk uonf/ rnfou
l a&S;us rnf
olu aemufusonfukd txufwiG f azmfjycJNh y;D jzpf
onf/ rnfou
l rnfou
Yl kd twk,&l onfukd apmif;iJh
MunfEh ikd af p&ef jzpfonf/ odw
Yk nf;r[kwf ouf&w
dS Ykd
obm0tp jyKral exdik yf u
kH kd owdrrl ad p&ef jzpfonf/
aemufydkif;wGif vl\Zmwdudk rxdef;csKyfEdkifrIaMumifh
yifudk,fpGrf;&nftcsKdU ysuf,Gif;vmNyD; wpfeyfpmu
ae wpf&ufpm? wpf&ufpmuae wpfvpm ponfjzifh
&SmazGpm;aomufryI pkH H ajymif;vmonf[k qdMk uonf/
pGrf;&nfedrfhusoGm;onfhtxJwGif dk;om;rI yg0ifNyD;
wd;k wufrt
I xJwiG f avmbygvmjcif; jzpfonf/

vl? jyemESifh tajz

17

a&S;ya0oPDupNyD; vlom;onf cGeftm;

udk tm;ud;k cJo
h nfrmS aocsmaom tcsujf zpfonf/
vkyef nf;vky[
f ef uGmjcm;oGm;onfrv
S GJ cGe;f tm;udk
tm;ud k ; aeMuqJ o m jzpf o nf / aemif u d k v nf ;
tm;ud k ; vd r h f O D ; rnf [ k vl o d v l w wf q d k o l r sm;u
a[mude;f xkwMf uonf/ Edik v
f rkd if;xuf jyKjcif;onf
vlY mOf[yk if qdMk uonf/ ajredr&hf m vSpH u
kd w
f wfNy;D
wpfurmvHk; ukef;aumufp&mr&SdawmhrS arwm
w&m;qdkonfudk jycsifMuonf/
a&S;tcgu um,tm;udk;jzifh avmuudk
Adv
k u
f s (Bully)cJhonf/ olrsm;tay: AdkvfuscJhonf/
rd r d w d k Y tcsif ; csif ; tay:vnf ; Ad k v f u scJ h o nf /
rMumao;cifumvrsm;txd xdek nf;udk rlaotjzpf
oH;k cJo
h nf/ rsuaf rSmufumvwGirf l mPudk tm;ud;k
Ny;D yg0gjyvmonf/ um,rS mPajymif;onfuvJG
AdkvfusonfrSmawmh twlwlomjzpfonf/ Adkvfus

18

t&SifOwrmeE

jcif;qdo
k nfrmS tmomajzjcif;[k acwftqufquf
u vlom;wdYk em;vnfcMhJ uonf/ vl\ yifu,
kd Af ZD
taMumufw&m;udk zHk;uG,fjcif;[kvnf; qdkMu
onf/ tqdyk gem;vnfru
I kd rSeo
f nf[k ,lqMuaomf
vnf; enf;ynmydik ;f ? toH;k csryI ikd ;f t& rSm;onf[k
jriforl sm; &Sv
d mcJo
h nf/ oabmw&m;ydik ;f (Theory)
t& rSeNf y;D ? vufawGUusio
hf ;kH rIyikd ;f (Practical)t&
rSm;onf[k qdjk cif; jzpfonf/ odaYk pumrl tpOftvm
wdik ;f oGm;olrsm;uvnf; rjywfrpJ woJoyJ if &Sq
d J
jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh avmu0da&m"donf odod
omom BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/
,if;0da&m"dudk tajccHNy;D vlqdo
k nfukd
t"dyg,fwpfrsKd; xyfzGifhzdkY vkyfcJhMuonf/ xdktcgwGif
wpfydkif;u ydkIyfaxG;oGm;NyD; wpfydkif;u ydk &Sif;
vif;vmonf[k qdMk uonf/ vlukd jyifyoPmefrsm;
jzifh zGiq
hf Mkd u (Translation)aomolrsm;rSm ydk Iyf

vl? jyemESifh tajz

19

aom tIyt
f axG;twGi;f udk usa&mufomG ;Ny;D tar
bkwfESifh olYcsnfcif oHo&miif&awmhonf/ vludk
twGi;f ydik ;f jzifh zGiq
hf Mkd u (Interpretation)aom olrsm;
taejzifhrl vl\rlvyef;wdkifudk a&mufcJhMuonf[k
qdkygonf/ wpfcku kef;&if;epf&onfhoabmjzpf
wpfcu
k wpfpcsi;f vGwaf jrmuf&aom oabmw&m;
jzpfonf/ todmPf &ifu
h suv
f mcsed f twGi;f ydik ;f
(Inner Quality)udkyif ESpfrsKd; odkYr[kwf oHk;rsKd;[k
qdkvmMuonf/
a'oemESifhtnD ajym&vSsif wpfrsKd;rsKd;buf
udk ,dr;f vdu
k v
f sS if tpGe;f a&mufonf[k awGU&onf/
xdak Mumifh ESprf sK;d qdo
k nft
h ,lqonf twdik ;f twm
wpfct
k xd rSeNf y;D xdx
Yk ufrydEk ikd [
f k qdo
k nf/ oH;k rsK;d
oabmt& odkYr[kwf oHk;ckajrmufoabmt&om
tpOftquf rSeu
f efonf[k awGU&onf/ ESprf sK;d ydik ;f
rSm todmPf (Intelligence)udk a&SUwef;wifaom

20

t&SifOwrmeE

tydik ;f ESihf pdwcf pH m;rI (Emotion)udk a&SUwef;wifaom

tydkif;wdkY jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYtm; vl\ udk,f&nf
ud,
k af oG;udk wdik ;f wm&mwGif twdak umuftaejzifh
IQ-[k4if;? EQ-[k4if; acwfopfyikd ;f wGif wifjyMu
onf/ Intelligence Quotient ESih f Emotional Quotient
wdYk jzpfonf/ vlom;wd\
Yk mPf&nfjyude;f ESihf pdwf
cHpm;rIprG ;f &nf wdjYk zpfonf/ tapmydik ;f umvu vlukd
IQ-aywHjzifh wdik ;f wmcJNh y;D ody0
f ra0;aomumvu
kd nf
pdwfynm (Psychology)Iaxmifrh S ae vlqo
h ikd ;f wmcJo
h nf/ od&Yk mwGif oH;k ck
udk EQ-jzifh xyfjznfw
ajrmuf oabmw&m;udkrl vGefcJhaom axmifpkESpf
ESpfckausmf oHk;ck0ef;usifuyif wifjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/
l efrI (Bigot)
,if;rSm nDrsS jcif; (Balance)ESihf wpf,o
r&Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ rZdry#dy'g tv,ftvwf
vrf;pOf[k4if;? tpGef;vGwfvrf;pOf[k4if; qdkMu

vl? jyemESifh tajz

21

onf/ vrf;aMumif;rS vJo

G mG ;vSsif tpGe;f a&muf
onf (Extreme)[k awGU&onf/
wpfbufpeG ;f udk reif;vdv
k sS if twGi;f -tjyif
ydkif;taejzifh odkYr[kwf tod-tusifhydkif;taejzifh
ormorwfus&rnf jzpfonf/ txufwiG f jycJo
h nfh
twGif;ydkif;ESpfckrSmvnf; wpfom;wnf;us&rnf
jzpfonf/ ,if;wdu
Yk kd csKyv
f u
kd v
f sS if oDvESiyhf nm[l
jzpfonf/ tydq
k m'g;r&Sd tnDtrSs&&dS rnf? vdu
k af vsm
nDaxGjzpf&rnf[k em;vnf&jcif;jzpfonf/ wZGwx
f ;kd
ESpfrsKd;vHk;onf c&D;omaygufNyD; tBuHrajrmufjzpf
rnfudk owdrloifhygonf/
twGi;f -tjyifoabmudk qufygrnf/ ,if;
wd\
Yk taMumif;udk wifjy&mwGirf l ESpcf v
k ;kH tm;ud;k &m
jzpfaom mPfydkif;taejzifh wlMuNyD; dk;om;jcif;?
rdk;om;jcif;taejzifhrl awmifESifhajrmuf? ta&SUESifh
taemuf zDvmjzpfonf/ xkdaMumifh tusKd;&v'f

22

t&SifOwrmeE

taejzifhvnf; ajzmifhajzmifhyif qefYusifMujcif; jzpf

onf/ enf;ynmydkif;taejzifhvnf; yk*dKvfwpfOD;
wpfa,muf\ud,
k u
f siyhf ikd ;f ? avmu\ud,
k u
f siyhf ikd ;f
[k ESprf sK;d uJjG ym;oGm;onfukd awGU&onf/ ig tay:
tajccHonfh tusihfydkif;ESifh avmutay: tajccH
aomtusifhydkif;[kvnf; qdkMuonf/ xdkaMumifh
tjzL-trJuo
JG nfuyif ta&mifoabmt& xyfwl
jzpfEikd af omfvnf; vlqdo
k nfukd zGiq
hf &kd mtydik ;f u
rl vH;k 0jcm;em;awmhonf/ odjYk zifh auseyfrcI si;f vnf;
uJG&awmhonf/
ae&mwGif vludk avmu[k xyfrH
qdk&ygawmhrnf/ ,if;avmuudkvnf; ouf&Sd?
oufrJh[l aemufxyfESpfrsKd;cJG&ygOD;rnf/ oabm
w&m;taejzifrh l uJjG ym;jcif;r&S[
d k qd&k ygrnf/ enf;
ynmydik ;f t&om odcYk &GJ jcif;[k em;vnf&rnf jzpf
ygonf/

vl? jyemESifh tajz

23

a& qdkonfrSm taygif;wpfck\ trnf[k

acwfopfvw
l u
Ykd qdMk uonf/ "mwkaA'orm;wdu
Yk
H2O [kqdkMuonf/ atmufpD*sifwpfqESifh [dkuf
'd*k siEf pS q
f udk a&mNy;D a&jzpfvmonf[k qdMk ujcif;
jzpfonf/ ta&moabmudk em;vnfonfjzpfap?
em;rvnf onfjzpfap a&qdkonfrSmtjzpf w&m;
wpfcktaejzifh wnf&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ tusKd;w&m;udk
od&Ny;D jzpfonf/ t,lqt& ouf&-dS oufrhJ t&m
0wKwpfcck u
k kd wdu
k f u
kd ef m;vnfjcif;onf tay:,H
em;vnfjcif;[k qdNk y;D ? ,if;\ rlvudk em;vnfjcif;
onfom trSet
f uefjzpfaom em;vnfjcif;[k qdMk u
onf/ taygi;f ESihf tpdwf em;vnfjcif;[kvnf; qdMk u
ygonf/ odkY&mwGif ESpfrsKd;vHk;onf olYae&mESifhol
vdt
k yfaMumif;udrk l xyfrH owdjyK&ygrnf/ ynwf
trSefESifh y&rwftrSef[k pmvdkqdkMuygonf/

24

t&SifOwrmeE

vludk em;vnf&mwGif ESpfrsKd;vHk; yg0if

aMumif; od&ygrnf/ "mwkaA'orm;wd\
Yk t&m0wK
tay: zGiq
hf ckd suo
f nf rMumvSao;aomfvnf; vl?
vlY0ef;usifESifh wpfavmuvHk;tay: oHk;ckajrmuf
vrf;pOft& zGiq
hf ckd suu
f rl axmifpEk pS f oH;k ckukd csO;f
eif;cJNh yD jzpfonf/ tqdyk g zGiq
hf ckd suu
f kd jiif;csi;f xkwf
Edkifol r&Sdao;/ jiif;csufxkwfEdkifol r&Sdovdk jiif;
p&mtaMumif;vnf; &Srd nf r[kwaf y/ onfrmS
avmu\ oabmw&m;trSefudk wifjyxm;jcif;
aMumifh jzpfygonf/
tqdyk g zGiq
hf rkd o
I abmw&m;t& vlqo
kd nf
rSm tydkif;ESpfydkif;yg0ifonf/ wpfckrSm emrfydkif; jzpf
onf/ tjcm;wpfckrSm ,if;emrf\ rSDwnf&m kyfydkif;
jzpfonf/ pdwEf iS hf yk [
f v
k nf; odMuonf/ kyu
f ykd if
udk,f[kvnf; em;vnfMujyefonf/ pdwfoGm;
wdkif; udk,fryg[laom pum;udk axmufcsifh

vl? jyemESifh tajz

25

od&jcif; jzpfonf/ a0g[m&aA' (Philology)t&rl

um,rS uk,
d f [k jzpfvmjcif; jzpfonf/ vd&k if;
tm;jzifh cEmud,
k f (Body)yif jzpfonf/
vlom;wdEYk iS hf qufpyfonfh rsuaf rSmufurm
avmuwGirf l kyyf ikd ;f oD;jcm;&So
d uJo
h Ykd emrfyikd ;f tae
jzifh wpfuefpY D r&SEd ikd yf g/ xdak Mumifh kyyf ikd ;f ESihf kyEf iS ehf mrf
ESpcf ak ygi;f tydik ;f [k oD;jcm;pD em;vnf&ygrnf/ yxr
ydik ;f onf oufrahJ vmuudk &nfTef; 'kwd,ydkif;
onf ouf&Sdavmuudk &nfTef;ygonf/ oufrJh
tydkif;wGif ouf&Sdudk rxnfhEdkifaomfvnf; ouf&Sd
tydik ;f wGirf l oufrv
hJ nf; wpfpw
d w
f pfa'otaejzifh
yg0ifaeonf[k em;vnf&ygrnf/ tcsufu
ouf&SdwdkYonf oufrJhwdkYtay: vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
r[kwaf omfvnf; &mcdik Ef eI ;f tawmfrsm;rsm; rDcakd e&
onfukd ay:viG af pygonf/ od&Yk mwGif ocFg&qdo
k nfh
oabmw&m;t&rl ouf&-dS oufrhJ twlwo
l m jzpf

26

t&SifOwrmeE

onf/ ocFg&onf jyKjyifpD&ifjcif;? rNrJjcif; ponfjzifh

taMumif;t&m uJGjym;rItvdkuf t"dyg,ftrsKd;rsKd;
aqmifygonf/
rNrjJ cif; qdo
k nfrmS vnf; aoqH;k oGm; ysuf
pD;oGm;onfudkrS qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ puefYrvyf
ajymif;vJaejcif;? arG;uif;prS p vuf&t
dS &G,t
f xd
qHyif-arG;nif;paom cEmudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;
wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmjcif;wdkYvnf; ocFg&yif
jzpfonf/ ,if; oabmw&m;rsm;rSm tNrJrjywf
pD;qif;aeonfh jrpfa&onf wpfckwnf;? wpfrsKd;
wnf;? wpfypHk w
H nf; xif&ouJo
h 4Ykd if;? xGe;f nx
d m;
aom za,mif;wdik rf ;D onf rukerf csi;f wpfcw
k nf;[k
xif&ouJo
h 4Ykd if; jzpfygonf/ trSet
f m;jzifh ,if;wdYk
onf puerYf jcm; w&pyfajymif;vJaeonfom jzpfyg
onf/ ajymif;vJrI jrefqefjcif;? tqufrjywf jzpfae
jcif;wdkYaMumifhom wpfrsKd;wnf;[k4if;? wpfckwnf;

vl? jyemESifh tajz

27

[k4if; xifae&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh cE? "mwk?

ocF g & ponf w d k Y r S m ynm&yf q d k i f & m a0g[m&
(Technical Term)rsm;tjzpf od&SdMuNyD; rlvblw
(Origin)rsm;tjzpf em;vnfMu&ygonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh a&udk H2O-[k vnf;aumif;? vlukd cEmig;yg;
[k vnf;aumif; em;vnfjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
vlurkd w
l nf wifjyjcif; jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh
tjcm;aom ouf&-dS oufrrhJ sm;udv
k nf; avsmn
f pD mG
,l&onf[k em;vnf&ygrnf/ vlqdkonfudkyif
Iaxmifhwpfbufuae Munfhaomtcg "mwfBuD;
av;yg; (r[mblw)tjzpf awGU&ygonf/ ajr (yx0D
"mwk)? a& (tmayg"mwk)? av (0ga,m"mwk) ESifh rD;
(awaZm"mwk) wdYk jzpfMuonf/ jrLrIeaf o;ao;av;
rSp vlpaom ouf&o
dS ufrw
hJ t
Ykd m;vH;k udk "mwf
BuD;av;yg;jzifh zJGUpnf;xm;onf/ rNrJjcif; ocFg&ESifh

28

t&SifOwrmeE

ta,mifaqmifjcif; rm,mudk odapvdkaomaMumifh

avmuudk odkY "mwfrsm;jzifh wifjyjcif; jzpfonf/
od&Yk mwGif yx0Dukd ajrBu;D (Earth)[k yHak o
rSwv
f u
kd v
f sS if vGrJ mS ;p&m jzpfvmygonf/ tvm;wl
yif a&udk Water-[k4if;? avudk Wind-[k4if;? rD;udk
Fire-[k4if; w&m;aorSwx
f m; r&Edik yf g/ ajr-a&av-rD;[k tvG,f rSwfom;Edkifaomfvnf; vHk;0
trSef[k ,l&rnfum; r[kwfay/ yx0D? tmayg?
0ga,m? awaZm-wdo
Yk nf txufwiG f jycJo
h uJo
h Ykd
ynm&yfqdkif&m a0g[m&rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfyg
onf/ tay:,t
H aejzifh rSeaf omfvnf; trSew
f u,f
vdk&if;t"dyg,fudk rNcHKiHkrd[k qdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;
wdkY\ rlvoabmw&m;rsm;udk ,lrSom oifhavsmf
rSefuefonf[k qdkvdkjcif;yif/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ajrBu;D yx0D"mwf qdo
k nfrmS
rmaMum? awmifw
h if; (Hardness)aom oabmudk

vl? jyemESifh tajz

29

,l&jcif; jzpfonf/ odq

Yk v
kd sS if vlcY Emud,
k f tyg
t0if pma&;pm;yJG xdik cf kH pojzifh rnfonft
h &mudk
jzpfjzpf vufjzifah xmufMunfh prf;Munfh rmaMum
onf? awmihw
f if;onfukd awGU&vSsif yx0D odrYk [kwf
ajr"mwf[k od&rnf/ ajrBu;D wpfcu
k o
kd m yx0D"mwf[k rSwfom;jcif;r[kwfbJ trmtjzpfawGU&aom
oabmw&m;tm;vH;k udk ,l&rnf[k qdv
k jkd cif; jzpf
onf/ ,if;enf;udrk DS a&qdo
k nfrmS ysUH EHYS ,dpk ;D jcif;
t&nf (Fliudity) oabm[k4if;? avqdkonfrSm
vIy&f mS ;wGe;f uefrI (Cohesion)[laom zJUG pnf;jcif;
oabm[k4if;? rD;qdkonfrSm tyl-tat;oabm
(Temperature)[k4if; em;vnf&rnf jzpfonf/
aemufq;kH tcsujf zpfaom rD;qdo
k nfrmS tyl
qdo
k nfrsS uo
kd m r[kwb
f ?J tat;udyk g xnho
f iG ;f ,l
&ygrnf/ tyl-tat; qdo
k nfrmS oabmwpfcw
k nf;
jzpf jrifw
h ufcsed w
f iG f tyloabm&Sd edru
hf somG ;csed f

30

t&SifOwrmeE

wGif tat;oabm&Syd gonf/ ae&m pdwf\

oabmESihf tawmfav; ES;D EG,af eonfukd awGU&yg
onf/ pdwfonf jrifhwufoGm;vSsif ylavmifaom
a'go-oabmud4k if;? avsmch sxm;vSsif at;jraom
arwm-oabmud4k if; aqmifygonf/ taMumif;t&m
udk jyefaumuf&vSsif awaZm"mwkt& tyl-tat;
ESprf sK;d vH;k udk ,l&ygonf/ "mwfBu;D av;yg; azmuf
jyef ysufqD;jcif;onfyif aoqHk;jcif;[l tvG,f
rSwfom;&ygonf/
txuf y g wif j ycsuf t & vl w d k i f ; onf
tao;pdwo
f abmw&m; odrYk [kwf rlv&if;jrpfrsm;
udk em;vnf&ef rvdt
k yfaomfvnf; ,if;e,fy,fukd
0ifa&mufolrsm;twGufrl rjzpfrae od&rnf/ em;
vnf&ygrnf/ "mwkaA'orm;wpfa,muftaejzifh
a&\ rlvblwtaMumif;w&m;udk em;rvnf rjzpf
Edik yf g/ omrefvw
l pfa,muftaejzifrh l em;rvnfjcif;

vl? jyemESifh tajz

31

onfyif taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf/ tvm;wlyif vlukd

cEmig;yg;taejzifh rodjcif;onf omrefvltwGuf
bmrSsrxl;jcm;aomfvnf; a,m*Dwpfa,muftzdkYrl
mPftvif;aygufa&muf&ef BuD;rm;aom t[efY
twm; jzpfygonf/
ouf&-dS oufrhJ t&m0wKwpfcck u
k kd em;vnf
jcif ; (Comprehend) taygif ; em;vnf j cif ;
(Appearance)? tpdwfem;vnfjcif; (Detail)[k
a,bk,stm;jzifh em;vnfjcif;ESprf sK;d udk awGU&onf/
ESpfckvHk; trSefjzpf wpfcku avmutrSefjzpfNyD;?
tjcm;wpfcu
k avmuvGet
f rSef jzpfygonf/ orKwd
opm odrYk [kwf a0g[m&opm (Conventional Truth)
[kvnf;aumif;? y&rwopm (Ultimate Reality)[k
vnf;aumif; a'oemoH;k a0g[m&t& od&ygonf/
avmuynwfcsuu
f kd rvGeq
f efjcif;onfyif
"roabmw&m;\ avsmu
f efaom rsuEf mS pmwpfck

32

t&SifOwrmeE

jzpfygonf/ rSeu
f efaom ESv;kH oGi;f jcif; (a,medaom
reodum&)[kvnf; qdMk uygonf/ odjYk zpfvsS if ESpcf k
vHk;onf olYtwdkif;wmESifhol olYem;vnfrItqifh
twef;ESio
hf l ta&;ygonf? vdt
k yfonf[k aumuf
csufcs&ygrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh vlwpfa,mufudk cEmig;yg;
tjzpf w&m;aoqkyu
f ikd Nf y;D ta0;rSvmaeaom vl
wpfa,mufukd b,fov
l q
J o
kd nfh tar;udak jz&m
cEmig;yg;BuD; odrYk [kwf kyEf iS ehf mrfBu;D vmae
onf[k ajzvSsif &,fp&mjzpfouJo
h Ykd wpfbufv\
l
qdv
k ckd suu
f kd trSet
f wdik ;f wHjYk yef&mvnf; ra&mufyg/
xkdaMumifh avmuynwfcsufonf y&rwopm\
oifhavsmfaomMum;cHtjzpf &Sdae&ygrnf/ avmu
abmiftwGi;f &Sad eaom vlom;udk avmuabmif
twGif;u rausmfvGefatmif wifjyEdkifjcif;onfyif
avmuvGeo
f pm\ a&mifeOD ;D jzpfygonf/ olt
Y d;k ESihf

vl? jyemESifh tajz

33

oljY yefx;kd ? ql;pl;vSsif ql;ESix

hf iG q
f o
kd nfo
h abmw&m;
jzpfygonf/ rwifw
h ,faom td;k pktjzpf (t|duur|mef;)udk tNrJIrSwfaeonfh oD[kdVfuRef; ae
&[ef;wpfyg;\ vl[laom taygif;udkvnf;rjrif?
cEmig;yg;[laom tpdwu
f v
kd nf;rjrifbJ td;k pkudk
om jrifonf[laom jzpf&yfrsKd;ESifh yk*dKvfrsm;udk
cRi;f csux
f m;&ygrnf/ 0dymem\ qHrk w
S w
f pfae&m
udk a&mufaeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xd;k xGi;f odrI
qdik &f m mPf&nfyikd ;f jrifo
h mG ;Ny[
D k qdv
k jkd cif; jzpfyg
onf/
taygi;f wGif vl? wd&mef
p ? opfyif ponfjzifh
toGiftjyifESifh oPmeftrsKd;rsKd; awGU&ouJhodkY
tpdww
f iG v
f nf; ky-f emrf? cEm? tm,we? "mwf
ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; awGUEdkifygonf/ rNrJjcif; (tedp)?
qif;&Jjcif; ('ku) ESihf tpd;k r&Edik jf cif; (tew)[laom
w&m;wdkYt&rl tm;vHk;twlwlcsnf;jzpfonf[k

34

t&SifOwrmeE

a&S;OD;pGm rSwx
f m;&ygrnf/ oabmw&m;rsm;udk
odjrifapvdkom taygif;rsm;udk tpdwftrsKd;rsKd;
vkyfNyD; wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;tjrifrsm;twdkif;
rjrifvsS if rSm;,Gi;f aom t,lqrsm;jzpfonfh t&m
0wKrsm;ESifh avmuonf NrJjcif; (edp)? csrf;omjcif;
(okc)ESihf tpd;k &jcif; (tw)[k qefu
Y sib
f ufrsm;udk
,lomG ;rnfjzpfonf/ taygi;f -tpdwf oabmESpcf u
k kd
vl-cEm[k csKH ajymvSsif tm;vH;k udNk cKH irkH d umrdonf[k
tMurf;zsOf; em;vnf&ygrnf/
cEmig;yg;&So
d nf[k a'oemawmfwiG f jyxm;
ygonf/ cEmig;yg;qdkonfrSm wifjycJhNyD;jzpfonfh
twdkif; vlqdkonfhtaygif;udk tpdwfjyKxm;aom
ynm&yfqdkif&m oD;jcm;a0g[m&wpfck jzpfygonf/
xdak Mumifh tpk? tyH?k taygi;f ? *kP?f ynm-paom
a,bk,sziG q
hf ckd surf sm;udk raumuf,b
l J wdusaom
tajzrsm;udo
k m atmufygtwdik ;f rSwo
f m;&ygrnf/

vl? jyemESifh tajz

35

(1) lyuEm = kyt

f pk
(2) a0'emuEm = cHpm;rItpk
(3) onuEm = rSwo
f m;rItpk
(4) ocFg&uEm= jyKjyifpD&ifrItpk
(5) 0dnmPuEm = odrt
I pk-wdYk jzpfMuonf/
onf r S m cE qd k o nf u d k rl w nf
tpk[k zGifhqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ lyESifhcEmudk
aygif;vdkufaomtcg kyftpkqdkonfudk &ygonf/
usefonfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; okdYem;vnf&rnf
jzpfonf/ wdy#d u ygV-d jrefrmtbd"mef\ &Si;f csurf mS
odaYk wGU&onf/ r[mbkwf 4-yg;? Oyg'gkyf 24yg;[laom rsm;pGmaom kyfwkdYudk pkaygif; lyuEm
kyftpk[k ac:a0:jcif;onf oifhwefap? onm
apwoduf wpfcw
k nf;udk tb,fuo
hJ Ykd onmtpk
tnuEm [k ac:rnfenf; - ar;jim;tH/h wpfcw
k nf;
aom onmapwoduo
f nfvnf; twdwf tem*wf

36

t&SifOwrmeE

ypyKef ponfjzifh wpfq,fhwpfyg; uJGjym;aom

aMumifh onmtpk tnuEm [k ac:oifah yonf[k
ajz&m\ [k qdyk gonf/
xdkjyifvnf; cEm[l omrntm;jzifh
ac:a0:o;kH pJv
G sS if edAm efrw
S yg; avmuD avmukw& m
w&m; tm;vH;k udk ,l&rnf/ cEmyk'af &SU Oyg'geo'g
wJzG uf Oyg'geuEm [kqv
kd sS if avmuD kyef mrfw&m;
rsm;tm;vH;k udk ,lav[k qufqykd gonf/ taMumif;
jy&mwGif avmuD kyfw&m; emrfw&m;rsm;onf
avmb'd|d[laom Oyg'gefw&m;wdkY\ usufpm;&m
tmHjk zpfaomaMumifh Oyg'geuEm rnf\[k jzpfonf/
wdusaom ta&wGurf sm;tay: a,bk,s
zGiq
hf ckd surf sm;udk wifjy&vQif tvG,w
f ul em;vnf
p&m&Syd gonf/ lyuEm qdo
k nfrmS twdw?f tem*wf?
ypKye pf aom kyw
f \
Ykd tpktaygi;f jzpfonf/ zGiq
hf kd
csufudkvdkuf tukeftjynfhtpHk rwifjyEdkifvSsif

vl? jyemESifh tajz

37

ydkIyfaxG;zG,f&Sdygonf/ tjynfhtpHk wifjyjyefvSsif

vnf; tvGefw&m us,f0ef;oGm;p&m &Sdygonf/
xdak Mumifh lyuEm -qdo
k nfukd kyf 28-yg;? odrYk [kwf
ky[
f q
k v
kd sS if em;vnfv,
G rf nf xifygonf/ tvm;
wlyif a0'emuEm-qdkonfrSm qif;&Jjcif; ('ku
a0'em)? csrf;omjcif; (okca0'em)? csrf;omonf
vnf; r[kw?f qif;&Jonfvnf;r[kwaf om tv,f
tvwfjzpfjcif; (t'ku-rokcg a0'em odkYr[kwf
Oayuma0'em) ponfu4kd if;? onuEm qdo
k nfrmS
rS w f o m;jcif ; [k 4 if ; ? ocF g &u E m -qd k o nf r S m
a&SUqufocFg&\ t"dyg ,rf sS jzpfaom rNrjJ cif;qdk
onfukd r,lbJ rSwo
f m;rItpk[l 4if;? 0dnmPuEm
-qdkonfrSmvnf; 0dnmOf[laomoabmrsKd;udk
raumufbJ odrt
I pkuo
kd m ,ljcif; wdjYk zpfygonf/
odYk vlponftpkukd cEmjzpfaom tpdwf
rsm;jzifh em;vnfjcif;onf igudk y,f&Sm;zdkY jzpf

38

t&SifOwrmeE

onf/ igqdo
k nfrmS twjzpfonf/ tw
qdkonfrSm tpdkiftcJ tNrJwnf&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/
vluaoqH;k oGm;aomfvnf; tw (od)Yk 0dnmOf (od)Yk
vdyjf ymqdo
k nft
h &mav;u raobJ wpfb0rS wpf
b0odYk ul;ajymif;oGm;um xm0&&Sio
f efaeonf[k
,lqjcif;udk qdv
k ykd gonf/ oabmw&m;rsm; r&Sd
aMumif;udk jyvdo
k nfjzpf vlqo
kd nfrmS kyEf iS ehf mrf
om jzpfonf[k &Sif;jyjcif; jzpfonf/ ig olwpfyg;
a,musmf ; rde;f r r&S?d ynwfoabm odrYk [kwf kyEf iS hf
emrfom&So
d nf[k qdjk cif;jzpfonf/ ,if;udk xyfrH
igqo
kd nfh twr&Sb
d J cEmig;yg;om &Sad Mumif; tao;
pdwjf cif; jzpfonf/
cEmig;yg;udk csjy wpfcpk jD yefaumufNy;D
t&m ig odrYk [kwf twr[kwaf Mumif; twnfjyKjcif;
jzpfonf/ um;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfaom bD;udk
aumufjy onfrmS um;vm;[k ar;vSsif r[kwf

vl? jyemESifh tajz

39

[kom tajz&onf/ xdt

k wl tif*sif 0if;kd paom
tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;udv
k nf; em;vnf&ygrnf/ ,if;ESihf
qdik &f m tpdwyf ikd ;f rsm; tm;vH;k udk pepfwus zJUG pnf;
Ny;D aom tajctaeudo
k m um;[kac:jcif;jzpfaMumif;
ynwfoabmtaejzifh em;vnf&jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf/
odv
Yk sS if ig? twqadk om t,ltq aysmufomG ;Ny;D
jzpfawmhonf/ jyemrSm twr&Sad wmhonfrmS
rSeaf omfvnf; cEmig;yg;om tNr&J o
dS nf[k tw
ae&mwGif cEmudk tpm;xd;k em;vnfomG ;jcif; jzpfyg
onf/ twurNrJ cEmig;yg;om NrJonf[k
em;vnfvuHoGm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/
od k Y jzpf & onfrSm vlwdkYtoHk;jyKaeom
bmompum;rsm; tm;vH;k \ tm;enf;csuf jzpfonf/
avmuvGefopmudk wifjy&eftwGuf vlYbmom
pum;rsm;udk tjynft
h 0 toH;k cs r&Edik [
f k awGUjrif
&jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ xdak Mumifh a,medaomreod

40

t&SifOwrmeE

um&-oifw
h ifah om ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;qdo
k nfrmS ynmudk
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ avmuvlwdkY omrefem;vnf
aom ynmrsKd;r[kwfbJ obm0udk xGif;azmuf
em;vnfjcif; (Turing-Point) rsK;d jzpfonf/ 0dyem
ynm[k tvG,frSwfEdkifygonf/ ,if;ynmonf
rSefuefaom orm"d (ormorm"d) tay: tajccHyg
onf/ tqdkaMumifh rSm;,Gif;aom orm"d (rdm
p
orm"d)vnf; &Sad o;aMumif;udk od&ygrnf/ rSeu
f ef
aom orm"donfvnf; jzLpifaom oDvtay:
tajccH&onf/ onfukd csKH ;vdu
k v
f sS if oDv? orm"d?
ynm[l jzpfygonf/
txufyg tqift
h wdik ;f oGm; vlqo
kd nfrmS
t&Sw
d &m; tppfr[kwb
f J tjzpfw&m;om jzpfonf
udk em;vnfzYkd jzpfygonf/ t&Sw
d &m; tppftrSerf mS
arG;jcif;? tdkjcif;? aojcif; ponfwdkYom jzpfygonf/
,if;udk jrifzdkY&ef cEmig;yg;udk xkwfaqmifjyjcif; jzpf

vl? jyemESifh tajz

41

onf/ cEmig;yg; qdo

k nfukd pepfwus cJjG crf;pdwjf zm
jrifvSsif rNrJjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/ rNrJjcif;qdkonfrSm
ocFg&jzpfaom jyKjyifpD&ifrIoabmjzpfygonf/ rNrJ
jcif; (tedp)aMumifh qif;&Jjcif; ('ku)jzpf&onf/ rNrJ
aom qif;&Jaomw&m;rsm;onf tpd;k &aomw&m;
rsm; r[kwMf u? tpd;k r&aom teww&m;rsm;om
jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzifh cEmqdkonfh tpdwftydkif;
oabmw&m;rsm;udk Munfh ouf&Sd oufrJhwdkY\
tedp? 'ku? tew oabmw&m;udk xif&mS ;odjrif&ef
jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfvSsif vlqdkonf\ ppfrSefaom
todmPfrmS cEmig;yg;wd\
Yk qif;&JaMumif;trSeu
f kd
od&efjzpfonf/ ,if;udk 'kuo
pm[k ac:onf/ cEm
ig;yg;wdYk jzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk od&efjzpfonf/
,if;udk ork',opm[k ac:onf/ cEmig;yg;wdkY
tppftrSef csKyfNidrf;&mudk od&efjzpfonf/ ,if;udk

42

t&SifOwrmeE

eda&m"opm[k ac:onf/ cEmig;yg;wdkY csKyfNidrf;&m

vrf;aMumif;udk od&efjzpfonf/ ,if;udk r*opm[k
ac:onf/
ed*;kH csKy&f vSsif trSet
f wdik ;f odjrifjcif;? odjrif
onfhtwdkif; y,fowfEdkifjcif;? y,fowfEdkifonfh
tavsmuf vGwaf jrmuf&m tppftrSef c&D;udk qdu
k f
a&mufjcif;ESihf ,if;okYd tqH;k owfyef;wdik o
f Ykd a&muf
&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/

arwmjzifht&SifOwrmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuodkvf)
ay&ma'ed,NrdKU? oD&dvuFmEdkifiH/
Sunday, November 09, 2014