Fatigue Analysis (Compatibility Mode)

Deterministic and Spectral Fatigue Analysis
FATIGUE ANALYSIS
22-Jul-13
Prof. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras-36

Contents
Introduction
Global Response Models
Structural Model
Hydrodynamic Model
Foundation Model
Jacket appurtenances
Structural Response Methods
Static Analysis
Pseudo-Static Analysis
Wave Response Analysis
Free Vibration Analysis
Mass Modeling
22-Jul-13
Fatigue Analysis methods

Fatigue analysis steps
Deterministic Method
Wave scatter data
Directional Distribution
Spectral method
Stress Transfer function
Selection wave frequencies
Centre of Fatigue Damage
Wave Spectra
Linear System
Fatigue Damage

STRUCTURAL MODEL
The structural model should include all
necessary stiffness contributing elements
including the following.
Primary Structure of jacket and deck
Conductors
Piles
Following items shall be modeled to include
the hydrodynamic loads only
Caissons
Boat landing
A d
Anodes
Secondary structures such as walkway,
handrail and pad-eyes.
22-Jul-13

FOUNDATION MODEL
The foundation model for the jacket
structures can be any one of the following
three types.
Equivalent pile stub or depth of fixity
Super Element at pile head
Non
Non-linear
linear pile soil interaction
Conductors shall be modeled as non-load
sharing element as they suppose to
t
transfer
f the
th load
l d tto the
th jacket
j k t and
d partly
tl to
t
soil.
Usual practice is to model the conductors
up to a 10 diameter as the depth of fixity.
Pile soil interaction can also be performed
with appropriate boundary condition at the
jacket conductor interface.
22-Jul-13
Nonlinear Soil Springs

22-Jul-13
Equivalent Pile Stub

5
Linearised Pile head Springs

SUPER ELEMENT
Super element is a 6x6 stiffness matrix attached to the pile head.
The non-linear soils springs applied to the pile all along the length
is condensed to p
pile head.
The is obtained by carrying out a static analysis of the platform
with representative horizontal load that corresponds to the fatigue
sea state. Since the fatigue sea state contains several wave loads,
the representative sea state is taken as the center of fatigue
damage sea state.
The center of fatigue damage sea state shall be calculated
using the wave scatter data assuming a Rayleigh
distribution of the sea state.
state
Once this 6x6 matrix is obtained, the analysis of the
structure can be carried out.
22-Jul-13

NON-LINEAR PILE SOIL INTERACTION
Non-linear behaviour of soil is modeled using load displacement
characteristics for skin friction, end bearing and lateral reaction.
22-Jul-13

t z curve for deformation
t-z
of a pile under vertical
axial loading
22-Jul-13

Jacket Appurtenances
Hydrodynamic model of the following appurtenances shall be
included in the simulation of wave loading on jacket structures
Hydrodynamic coefficients for structural elements
Circular cylinders
Non-circular members
Hydrodynamic
H d d
i model
d l ffor secondary
d
structures
t
t
Caissons
Boat landing
g
Anodes
Secondary structures such as walkway, handrail and pad-eys.
Marine growth
Appropriate Mass models for dynamic analysis
22-Jul-13

Hydrodynamic Model
Even though the weight of the non-structural items has been calculated
and applied accurately, the following characteristics shall be simulated
so that the wave/current loads and the buoyancy effects are taken care
correctly
Buoyancy
Actual Dimensions for wave load calculation
Equivalent Hydrodynamic coefficients
22-Jul-13
10

Anodes
The wave loads on the anodes shall be considered carefully and the
number and shape of anodes affect this considerably. Following methods
are in use for the calculation of equivalent wave loads due to the
presence of anodes.
Equivalent Cd and Cm
Equivalent increase in Member Diameter
Typically the increase is around 5 to 10% depending on the number

and distribution of anodes in the jacket.
22-Jul-13
11

Boat Landing and Barge Bumpers
Boat Landing shall usually be modeled since large number of the members are
tubular and only fenders shall be treated carefully. However, for preliminary
analyses, the boat landing can be treated as equivalent tube with diameter and Cd
and Cm of the total boat landing approximately.
22-Jul-13
12

BOAT LANDING AND BARGE BUMPER MODEL
Barge
Bumper
Boat Landing
22-Jul-13
13

Mudmat and Supports
Mud mat is not modeled in the
in place analysis. However,
some times it may be worth
modeling if large number of
external braces supporting the
mud mat are required.
These
braces
will
additional wave loads
induce
Hence case to case basis, one

shall make a decision to include
the mud mat system or not.
22-Jul-13
14
Mudmat Braces

Buoyancy Tanks
Bouyancy
y
y
Tanks
Buoyancy Tanks are provided

during installation to enhance
the floatation properties of the
jacket.
These tanks are not required
after
ft the
th installation
i t ll ti
is
i
complete.
However, not always these
However
tanks can be removed.
If these tanks are left
permanently, then the wave
loads on these tanks shall be
considered.
22-Jul-13
15

ANODES BOUYANCY TANKS
Bouyancy Tank
Pile Guide
Skirt Sleeve
Anode
Mudmat
22-Jul-13
16

Equivalent Diameter Method
This method predicts the drag
component correctly but does
not include the inertia
component. This method is easy
to apply as the member
diameter can be increased for
wave load calculation only
Drag Area
Known
L
Anode
(dL) n * A anodes
d
L
'
Original
Structural
Member
where
n number of anodes
Aanodes surface area of anodes

Surface area of Anode includes the area of core and anode
22-Jul-13
17

Equivalent Cd and Cm Method
In this method, the equivalent Cd and Cm are calculated and applied for each
member.
As both drag and inertia components are taken in to account, this method is
more accurate
t than
th
the
th other
th methods.
th d
Equivalent Cd
member
n * A *C
C C
A
a
d'
da
dm
Cd Equivalent Drag Coefficient with effect of anodes

Cdm Drag Coefficient of the original member
Cda Drag Coefficient of anode
n Number of anodes in the member
Aa Surface area of anode
AT Total surface area of member and anodes
22-Jul-13
18

Equivalent Cm
member
n * V *C
C C
V
a
'
ma
mm
Cm Equivalent Inertia Coefficient with effect of anodes

Cmm Inertia Coefficient of the original member
Cma Inertia Coefficient of anode
n Number of anodes in the member
Va Volume of anode
VT Total volume of member and anodes
22-Jul-13
19

Walkways and handrails
The tubular members for walkways and handrails shall be included in
the calculation of equivalent Cd and Cm calculations
Caissons and Risers

Normally the Risers and Caisson will be modeled as part of the
structural model but can be deleted after the generation of
environmental loads. Some of the commercial software have the
capability
bilit tto carry outt such
h simulation
i
l ti
Launch Cradle
Launch Cradle has different dimensions
and
d shall
h ll be
b treated
t
t d carefully
f ll ffor the
th
calculation of the environmental loads
and buoyancy.
Dimensions W and H shall be specified
for appropriate wave load calculations
22-Jul-13
20

Shear and Yoke Plates
Skirt Piles are normally connected to the jacket legs using plated
connection for simplicity and economical.
Further,
F
h
the
h fatigue
f i
design
d i
off tubular
b l members
b
between
b
the
h skirt
ki sleeve
l
and the jacket leg may be more difficult to handle.
These plated connections need to be modeled as accurately as possible
to simulate the load path correctly using finite elements.
However, Drag are shall be provided to simulate the wave/current loads
22-Jul-13
21

SHEAR PLATE / YOKE PLATE CONNECTION
22-Jul-13
22

Structural Response Analysis Methods
Global response of structure can be performed by any one of the
methods.
Static
S
i Analysis
A l i
Static Analysis (Pseudo-Static)
Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Frequency Domain)
Dynamic Wave Response Analysis (Time Domain)
All the above methods uses a linear stress strain principles

within elastic limit and assumes small displacement assumptions
as most off practicall applications
l
in fixed
f d offshore
ff h
structures fall
f ll
within this region.
The methodology,
methodology governing equations,
equations simplifying assumptions
are described. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Hence selection of method depends on the type of structure and
its loading
gp
pattern.
22-Jul-13
23

Static Analysis
Static analysis can be performed when the loads are static (not
varying with time). This method is very similar to simple stiffness
methods. For very large structures, matrix methods are employed.
K X F
where
K is the stiffness matrix

F is the force vector
X is the displacement vector
3EI W
L
3
The
Th
above
b
equation
ti
depicts a cantilever with W
as end load.
This type of assumptions are true,

true when the natural periods
(frequency) of structure is away from the loading (frequency).
Typical
yp
example
p of natural p
period of jjacket less than 2 sec,, is away
y
from the wave period of say 10 sec. Hence the loads due to wave
can be assumed to be static. However, this needs to considered
carefully if the wave periods is less than 10 sec.
22-Jul-13
24

Pseudo-Static Analysis
Pseudo-Static analysis are performed when the loads are varying
with time. In this method, the dynamic loads are approximated by
considering the maximum amplitude of the load in a wave cycle.
However, the effect of dynamic interaction between the structure
and the load is taken in to consideration approximately by using a
discrete Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF).
(DAF)
K X F DAF
where
h
K is the
h stiffness
ff
matrix (elastic)
( l
)
F is the force vector
X is the displacement vector
DAF is the dynamic amplification factor
It is to be noted that this method is approximate as it considers only the

first mode and there may be other local modes contributing to
dynamics
dynamics.
22-Jul-13
25

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (SDOF)
Dynamic
amplification
of
a
structure can be calculated using a
approximate
pp
equivalent
q
model of
the structure using Single Degree
of Freedom System (SDOF).
DAF
1
T T
1 2
T T
2
TN Natural Period of the structure

T Wave Period
Structural Damping Ratio
22-Jul-13
26

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR (DAF)
10
9
Damping = 0.1%
8
Damping = 5%
7
6
DAF
D
Damping
i = 15%
5
Damping = 50%
4
Damping = 100%
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Frequency Ratio
22-Jul-13
27
3.5
4.5
= TN / T

Wave Response analysis
If the natural period of the platform is close to the fatigue waves,
assumption of equivalent static analysis does not hold good. Simple
calculations for DAF using SDOF model for will result in very conservative
or non-conservative results depending on the assumptions made on
average wave periods for the calculation of DAF. Hence a Dynamic Wave
Response analysis needs to be performed.
Wave response analysis is performed using mode superposition principles.
principles
The details of this method can be referred in standard text books.
However, brief details are given below. The equation for computation of
response is
K X M X C X F
where
M is the structural mass matrix

C is the structural damping matrix
are displacement,
X X and X
X,
displacement velocity and acceleration vectors
The solution to the above can be performed using iterative methods such
Wilson-theta or Newton-Raphson methods. But this cannot be combined with
pile soil interaction which is another iterative technique.
22-Jul-13
28

Free vibration analysis of multi-element framed structures can be performed using
the following equation.
The above equation can be
K X M X 0 written in a simple form for a
single
i l degree
d
off freedom
f d
Using the above, mass [M] and stiffness matrices [K] equation as
can be generated, which can be used for further
analysis
y
for dynamic
y
responses.
p
Further, mode
K/M
shapes (normalized displacements) and Eigen
frequencies () are also extracted from the above
analysis.
Hence a dynamic
H
d
i wave response analysis
l i can be
b performed
f
d in
i two
t
stages
t
i l di
including
Pile Soil Interaction analysis (PSI).
K X M X 0
Dynamic Response Analysis

22-Jul-13
29
K X M X C X F

Mass Modelling
Since the dynamic analysis involves accurate modeling of mass,
following items shall be included in the model for their mass
contribution in addition to the primary structure with stiffness.
Deck Plate
Boat Landing
Platforms
Anodes
Monorails
Barge Bumper
Padeyes
Padeyes
Equipment
Mudmat
Walkways
Walkways
Handrails
Handrails and Grating
Grating
Risers and Caissons
Piping
Launch Cradle
p g
Supports
Flooding and Grouting pipes
Crane Boom rest
Bouyancy Tanks
Shear / Yoke Plates
22-Jul-13
30

FATIGUE ANALYSIS METHODS
DETERMINISTIC METHODS (STATIC OR DYNAMIC)
Wave Induced
Motion Induced
SPECTRAL METHODS (STATIC OR DYNAMIC)
Wave Induced
Wind Induced
Deterministic or Spectral methods, one can include dynamic

effects
ff
d
depending
d
on the
h type off structure and
d loading.
l d
For
example, fixed structures such as jacket may not be sensitive to
dynamic loading and hence quasi-static methods is sufficient
where as slender fixed structures such as monopod,
monopod complaint
tower may require dynamic response as the natural period may
fall within the wave energy regime.
22-Jul-13
31

FATIGUE ANALYSIS STEPS
The various steps involved in the fatigue analysis of offshore
structures is listed below irrespective of the method. The major
difference comes in the response evaluation. The reminder of the
procedure
d
i some what
is
h t similar.
i il
Spectral
Deterministic
Structural Model
Wave Climate (Scatter Data)
Hydrodynamic Model
Wave Load Estimation
Non-linear
Non
linear Pile Soil Interaction
Structural Response
Dynamic effects (if required)
Cyclic Stress Estimation
SCF Calculation
a ua o
Hot Spot Stress Computation
Estimate of N using S-N curve
Selection of Factor of Safety
g
Damage
g Calculations
Fatigue
22-Jul-13
32
Structural Model
Wave Climate (Scatter Data)
Centre of fatigue damage wave
Drag Linearization
Foundation Linearization
Structural Response
Dynamic effects (if required)
Cyclic Stress Estimation
SCF Calculation
a ua o
Hot Spot Stress Computation
Estimate of N using S-N curve
Selection of Factor of Safety
g
Damage
g Calculations
Fatigue
DETERMINISTIC
METHOD
22-Jul-13
33

Deterministic Method
Deterministic analysis is based on the
discrete wave scatter data with wave
height and period and associated
number of occurrences for each sea
state. This method is suitable if the
distribution of wave energy
gy is away
y
from the natural period of the structure.
Two methods are adopted depending
the dynamic characteristics of the
structure.
Static Response
Dynamic Response
If the natural period of the structure is
less than 3 seconds, normally the
dynamic effects can be ignored.
22-Jul-13
34
All wave directions All sea states
j 1
22-Jul-13
35
i 1
ni
Ni
22-Jul-13
36

Directional distribution of wave height and period
22-Jul-13
37

2.39%
1.25%
27 38%
27.38%
0.31%
28.00%
0 42%
0.42%
13.67%
26.54%
22-Jul-13
38

NORTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax andT
NORTHDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFH
and Tz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.5
338
1.395
2 325
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6 975
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22186 132098 16856

59 14474 14469
0
497 1351
0
0
16
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4561
2940
1906
25
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
879
1206
803
59
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
292
324
39
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
338
47390 153770 33066
9433
2961
777
Total
22-Jul-13
2.5
25145
3.5
6701
39
4.5
372
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
9.5
10.5
11.5
Total
12.5
50
31
162
20
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
9
7
8
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 176746
0 33487
0
5050
0
167
0
58
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
276
46
0 248065
32557

NORTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax andT
NORTHEASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFH
and Tz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.395
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
Total
22-Jul-13
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
248 18392 4901
272
0 12968 77213 9853
0
13 3132 3131
0
0
24
67
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
248 31373 85272 13339
40
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
2666
514
58
29
636
261
63
7
94
40
16
8
26
63
41
21
0
3
6
3
0
4
18
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3423
884
202
83
9.5
10.5
0
10
2
0
9
1
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
11.5
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
12.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0 23813
0 103311
0
7246
0
249
0
177
0
15
0
45
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 134856

EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax andT
EASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFH
and Tz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.395
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
Total
22-Jul-13
1.5
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
2.5
3.5
2284
609
2565 15270
7 1744
0
148
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4856 17772
4.5
34
1949
1743
404
47
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4180
41
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
527
102
12
6
354
145
35
4
569
240
97
49
75
178
116
59
6
47
80
45
1
16
74
61
0
1
21
30
0
1
17
46
0
0
2
18
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1533
730
455
336
9.5
0
2
1
2
25
20
25
13
24
15
25
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
10.5
0
0
1
0
1
5
8
3
3
2
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
11.5
Total
12.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2957
20431
4035
1509
502
206
187
69
91
36
46
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30091

SOUTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hmax andT
SOUTHEASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFH
and Tz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.395
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16 2
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
Total
22-Jul-13
1.5
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38
2.5
3.5
2818
751
3257 19392
8 1905
0
149
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6083 22197
42
4.5
42
2474
1904
404
36
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4871
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
670
129
15
7
387
159
38
4
570
240
97
49
57
136
89
45
24
184
315
176
3
33
152
125
0
6
89
126
0
2
53
146
0
0
4
44
0
0
0
12
0
0
1
11
0
0
0
6
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1711
890
857
808
9.5
0
2
1
2
19
77
52
52
77
36
19
31
19
28
25
24
35
9
6
5
0
520
10.5
11.5
0
0
1
0
1
20
17
11
8
4
3
14
8
17
21
8
0
0
3
5
0
141
Total
12.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3649
25946
4407
1510
384
808
385
287
290
90
36
57
34
51
59
48
58
9
9
9
0
38126

SOUTHDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHmax andTz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.5
75
2.5
5544
3.5
1477
1.395
0 112592 670387
2.325
2
325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
22-Jul-13
4.5
5.5
82
ZeroCrossingPeriod
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
9.5
10.5
11.5
Total
12.5
7178
85545
23147
4461
505
253
84
896973
1664 407678 407527

0 15689 42686
0
44
2018
0
0
22
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82800
60190
3198
50
11
1
0
0
0
33973
25363
7608
378
121
19
3
1
0
8229
10229
4983
648
553
285
68
16
1
877
5130
2544
362
452
403
187
172
32
242
225
1060
158
189
166
98
142
53
182
0
47
41
63
34
11
15
9
0
0
0
1
7
7
3
5
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
943172
159511
21502
1660
1398
917
371
353
98
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
12
2
5
17
32
0
0
0
0
82
35
12
9
26
47
57
19
14
0
36
14
8
8
9
0
0
9
14
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150
62
22
21
51
79
57
28
27
17
75 119799 1095275 537881 169396
71927
25522
10507
2718
508
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
7 2033647

SOUTHWESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHmax andTz)
HMAX(m)
1.5
2.5
312
13043
3.5
0.465
1.395
4
0
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17 205
17.205
18.135
19.065
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
505 123751 123705

0 14828 40344
0
156
7208
0
0
799
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25134
56887
11422
1802
314
25
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10313
23971
27174
13775
3541
463
113
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2498
9668
17800
23575
16167
6974
2419
329
30
25
11
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13860 216478 181994
98278
79878
79569
Total
22-Jul-13
83
77660
4.5
5
9910
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
0
0
0
0
2681
517
59
29
44
9.5
10.5
11.5
Total
12.5
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
404
103909
266
4848
9088
13171
13215
9852
6630
3521
910
357
141
41
31
18
7
0
0
0
0
73
213
3786
5757
5514
4066
3465
2918
1514
1013
433
258
61
27
11
74
95
31
0
55
0
169
1500
1851
838
382
311
269
440
173
163
51
9
0
0
48
31
24
0
0
0
29
199
163
100
97
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
0
0
0
10
15
31
6
49
46
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
286300
150759
76802
60419
40839
22412
13128
7237
2810
1844
757
476
143
54
18
74
143
61
48
62125
29320
6314
653
165
768637

WESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHmax andTz)
HMAX(m)
1.5
0.465
1.395
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17.205
18.135
19.065
Total
22-Jul-13
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2.5
3.5
4.5
307
82
5
17691 105333 13441
490 120085 120040
0 19826 53942
0
342 15852
0
0
2573
0
0
94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18487 245667 205947
45
ZeroCrossingPeriod
5.5
6.5
7.5
0
0
0
3637
701
79
24389 10007
2424
76061 32051 12926
25118 59759 39146
5805 44370 75937
1279 14444 65947
125
2306 34749
60
542 11625
0
58
1555
0
0
171
0
0
72
0
0
20
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
136475 164238 244669
8.5
9.5
0
0
40
13
258
71
6482
284
19986
8325
42425 18545
53906 22492
49085 20257
31864 16655
16644 13793
5107
8502
1027
2914
266
819
48
307
52
104
10
15
4
5
0
9
0
12
0
18
0
0
227204 113141
10.5
0
0
53
0
371
4832
7549
4176
1837
1469
1512
1266
328
194
87
5
0
0
6
18
0
23702
11.5
0
0
0
0
0
94
811
810
482
461
228
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2886
12.5
Total
0
397
0 140935
0 277818
0 201573
0 168900
31 194613
62 166584
156 111665
30
63095
230
34210
257
15778
24
5303
0
1433
0
565
0
243
0
29
0
9
0
9
0
18
0
35
0
0
791 1383212

NORTHWESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHmax andTz)
HMAX(m)
0.465
1.395
2.325
3.255
4.185
5.115
6.045
6.975
7 905
7.905
8.835
9.765
10.695
11.625
12 555
12.555
13.485
14.415
15.345
16.275
17 205
17.205
18.135
19.065
Total
ZeroCrossingPeriod
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
414 30790
8205
456
0
0 181700 1081870 138052 37354
0
1409 345282 345153 70127
0
0 12156 33074 46635
0
0
36
1666
2640
0
0
0
37
83
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
414 213900 1447548 518438 156841
22-Jul-13
46
6.5
7.5
0
7199
28773
19651
6281
635
16
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
62559
0
815
6969
7926
4114
1087
74
50
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21039
8.5
0
408
743
3974
2101
607
61
71
10
4
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7988
9.5
0
136
205
174
875
265
25
29
5
4
10
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1739
10.5
0
0
154
0
39
69
8
6
1
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
283
11.5
12.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Total
0
39866
0 1447534
0 798816
0 123590
0
17751
0
2785
0
187
0
162
0
19
0
9
0
18
0
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2430755
SPECTRAL METHOD
22-Jul-13
47

SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The spectral analysis used for the determining stress
response to sea state loadings.
The analysis is used to properly account for the actual
distribution of wave energy over the entire frequency
range.
The spectral approach can be subdivided based upon the
method used to develop
p transfer functions.
Static Transfer Function Methods
Dynamic Transfer function methods
22-Jul-13
48

REGULAR WAVE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Transfer functions developed using regular waves in the
frequency domain.
Characterize the wave climate using either the two, three, four
or eight parameter format.
Select a sufficient number of frequencies to define all the peaks
and valleys inherent in the jacket response transfer functions.
Select a wave height corresponding to each frequency. A
constant wave steepness that is appropriate for the wave climate
can be used. A minimum height of one foot and a maximum
height equal to the design wave height should be used.
22-Jul-13
49

GENERATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION
A)Wave Period Selection
p
of natural p
period of structure
Multiples
Sufficient number of periods mean natural period
Wide range covering scatter of wave height in the field.
B) Wave Height
Wave height shall be as 1/20 to 1/25 of wave length.

This means with limiting wave steepness in deep water.
water
C) Methods
22-Jul-13
Regular wave in time domain.

Regular wave in frequency domain.
Regular wave in time domain.
50

SELECTION OF WAVE FREQUENCY FOR TRANSFER FUNCTION
22-Jul-13
51

Stress Range Transfer Function
Compute a stress range transfer function at each point where fatigue
damage is to be accumulated for a minimum of four platform
directions.
For jackets with unusual geometry or where wave directionality

or spreading or current is considered, more directions may be
required
At each frequency, a point on the transfer function is determined

by passing an Airy wave of the appropriate height through the
structure and dividing the response stress range by the wave
height.
A sufficient number of time steps in the wave cycle at which

members stresses are computed should be selected to
determine the maximum brace hot spot stress range.
A minimum of four hot spot locations at both the brace and

chord side of the connection should be considered.
22-Jul-13
52

Spectral Representation
Spectral analysis is useful in
representing the sea state energy
accurately
y as approximation
pp
is discrete
wave scatter data is removed. Again
the response can be generated either
of the methods discussed above.
If the structure system responds
dynamically to the incident loads,
spectral
t l analysis
l i with
ith dynamic
d
i effects
ff t
is suitable.
22-Jul-13
53
22-Jul-13
54

Centre of Fatigue Damage Wave
The partial damage, Di, j caused by a particular
sea state is hence proportional to the number of
occurrences of the sea state, ni, j, and the
significant wave height, HS, raised to the power
( ) off the
(m)
h slope
l
off the
h S-N
S N curve. Proportionality
P
i
li
to the number of stress cycles in the sea state
translates
into
an
inversely
proportional
relationship to the mean zero crossing period, Tz
Consequently:
Di , j
TZ
HS
TC
HC
Di, j
Di
Dj
D
22-Jul-13
N i , j 0.5 H i H i 1
0.5 T j T j 1
The above calculation is repeated for each

sea state in the wave scatter diagram to
produce a damage scatter diagram with
relative damages in the state bins.
mean zero-crossing period

significant wave height
central value of the mean zero crossing period
central value of the significant wave height
fatigue damage from sea states with Hi<Hs<Hi+1 and Tj<Tz<Tj+1
fatigue damage from sea states with Hi<Hs<Hi+1
fatigue damage from sea states with Tj<Tz<Tj+1
fatigue damage from sea states falling within indicated range of Hs and Tz
55

CENTRE OF FATIGUE DAMAGE SEASTATE
D H
Significant wave height at the

centre of damage
HS
Zero crossing period at the

centre of damage
Tz
Significant wave height at the

centre of damage
H d 1.86 H s
Zero crossing period at the

centre of damage
Td 1.27Tz
si
Di
DT
i si
Di
Using the above wave height and period, an analysis of the structure can
be carried out which represents the same cumulative effect.
22-Jul-13
56
All wave directions All sea states
j 1
22-Jul-13
57
i 1
ni
Ni

Wave Scatter Data
Wave scatter data is the information relating wave height, period and the
occurrences for defining the sea state at a particular site during a specified period.
This can be expressed in following two ways.
Two Parameter
T
P
t
Scatter
S tt Diagram
Di
This is specified as a relationship between the number of occurrences for a
particular wave height (Hmax) and period (Tz) The specified waves shall be
maximum wave height with zero crossing period for that group of occurrences.
Two parameter scatter data can be developed for each direction and used for the
deterministic fatigue analysis using the relationship between wave direction () and
wave period (Tz).
Directional Scatter Data
Directional scatter data includes three parameters : Significant wave height (Hs),
Peak Period (Tp) and the mean direction.
This data is normally used for spectral distribution of wave energy represented by
Hs and Tp for each direction.
22-Jul-13
58

Two Parameter Wave Scatter Data
0
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
T1
T2
T4
T3
n00
n01
n02
n03
n10
n20
n30
T5
n04
T6
T7
T8
T9
nr0
nr1
nr2
nr3
n40
nr44
nr5
nr6
nr7
nr8
nc0
nc1
nc2
nc3
nc4
nc5
nc6
nc7
nc8
n00, n01,. . . are number of occurrences for each set of wave height and period
nc0, nc1,. . . are summation for each wave period and
nr0, nr1,. . . are summation for each wave height and
n is the total number of occurrences for all wave height and period
22-Jul-13
59

Directional distribution for wave height
0
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
NE
SE
SW
NW
Total
d00
d01
d02
d03
d04
nh0
d10
d20
d30
nh1
nh2
nh3
d40
nh4
nh5
nh6
nh7
nh8
nd1
nd2
nd3
nd4
nd5
nd6
nd7
nd8
d00, d01,. . . are number of occurrences for each set of wave height and direction
nd0, nd1,. . . are summation for each direction and nh0, nh1,. . . are summation
for each wave height
g and n is the total number of occurrences.
22-Jul-13
60

LINEAR SYSTEM
Response of a linear system can be described by
R f Z f F f
where
Z(f)
= Response transfer function
F(f)
= Fourier Transform of forcing function
R(f)
= Fourier Transform of Response
If the forcing function has many number of sinusoidal function with
unit amplitude, such as decomposed Random waves, then for each
forcing function, the above equation can be written as,
R1 f1 Z1 f1 F1 f1
In matrix notation, it can be written as
Ri f Z i f Fi f
22-Jul-13
61

Multiplying the variable and retaining the diagonal terms
Ri f Ri f H i f H i f F 2 f
For a stationary random process of y(f),
y(f) the power spectral density
Sy(f) is y2(f) and hence the displacement can be written as
y t S y f df
2
RMS value of
displacement
YRMS
2
R
i f SF f
0
where
= Power spectral density of response
Sy(f)
SF(f)
= Power spectral density forcing function.
22-Jul-13
62

SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF JACKET STRUCTURE
This transfer function approach can be applied to a realistic system such as
jacket structure response (in this case stress at a particular point in the
structure). Following assumptions are made in the development of stress
transfer function.
function
Sea state is assumed to be a
stationary Gaussian random
process. The stationary process
has
the
joint
probability
distribution
that
des
not
change with time or space.
The Spectra representing the
state is assumed to be narrow
banded.
Transfer
The stress response of the Incident
h i ht
f
function
ti off
jacket
structure
can
be wave height
stresses
simulated
by
Rayleigh spectra
Distribution for a narrow band
wave spectra.
22-Jul-13
63

SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF JACKET STRUCTURE
The sea state

Th
t t att the
th location
l
ti
off the
th jacket
j k t shall
h ll be
b represented
t d by
b a typical
t i l
spectra of either P-M, or JONSWAP type.
The spectrum shall be
divided in to several sub
segments as shown in
figure
each
with
a
constant frequency range
df and energy density
SHi(f).
This
procedure
is
repeated
for
all
directions
with
each
direction represented by
a spectrum
t
with
ith different
diff
t
significant wave height
and peak period
22-Jul-13
64

From the definition of linear system for the transfer function,
function the
transfer function Zi (f) and the forcing function Fi(f) can be related
as
2
2
RMS R
Response off
RMSi
i
i
structure
0
Z f F f
Replacing spectral density of forcing function with SHi(f) spectral

density of wave height, the equation can be written as
RMS stress response of

structure
Z f S f
RMS
0
Stress transfer function
Power spectral density of wave
22-Jul-13
65

The expected
p
number of cycles
y
n(s)
( ) associated with the spectrum
p
during
g the
design life (DL) can be calculated for each sea state induced stress (s) in which the
term dL is the fraction of spectrum of the sea state that prevails and Tz is the zero
crossing period.
N b off cycles
Number
l applied
li d
L L
i
for each stress state (s)
zi
d D
n ( s)
T
The response in terms of stress at a particular location in the jacket and

corresponding zero crossing period can be written as
RMS H ( f ) S H ( f )df
RMS stress range
Tzi
Zero crossing period
22-Jul-13
66
2
i
RMS
f i H i ( f ) S H i ( f )df
2

Using Rayleigh probability distribution function (PDF) of the stress range at a
location in the jacket, the probability of the stresses in terms of RMS response
2
stress can be expressed as
p( s )
2
RMS
s
exp 2
RMS
The partial fatigue damage due to stress range between s and s+ds using the S-N
curve and the number of cycles that corresponding sea state n(s) can be computed
as
n( s )
dD( s )
p( s )ds
N s
The cumulative fatigue damage due to stress ranges in the complete spectrum can
be computed by integrating between 0 and frequencies of the spectrum
Cumulative fatigue
damage
22-Jul-13
67
n( s)
2
RMSi
p( s)
s
exp 2
RMS
N ( s)
i
ds

Probability Distribution of Stress Response
The probability distribution of stress response using Rayleigh distribution is shown in
figure.
p( s)
22-Jul-13
s
2
RMS
s2
exp 2
RMS
68

Linearisation of Wave Forces
In linearizing the applied wave force, drag forces are approximated by sinusoidally
varying forces and inundation effects are approximated or neglected. As a result,
the equations of motion can then be solved without performing direct time
integration. For typical small waves the effects
ff
off linearization are not off great
importance; however, for large waves they may be significant if inundation effects
are neglected
2
M i
Morison
E
Equation
ti
1
D
FT C D w D V V
C M W a
2
4
The square term in the drag part of the Morison can be linearized using stochastic
principles
principles.
Linearized Morison
Equation
1
8
D2
VV
wCm a
FT wCd
2
4
where V is the standard deviation of the velocity obtained using Gaussian

process probability density function.
22-Jul-13
69

Jacket Models
22-Jul-13
70

Directional distribution of significant wave height and
peak
k period
i d
22-Jul-13
71

2.39%
1.25%
27 38%
27.38%
0.31%
28.00%
0 42%
0.42%
13.67%
26.54%
22-Jul-13
72

NORTH DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF HS and TP)
NORTHDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHSandTP)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1 25
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0027
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0027
3.18
0.2000
0.2130
0 0007
0.0007
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.4137
4.45
0.0533
1.2683
0 1630
0.1630
0.0060
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.4906
5.72
0.0030
0.1618
0 1629
0.1629
0.0163
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3442
73
6.99
0.0000
0.0438
0 0331
0.0331
0.0230
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1002
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0084 0.0010
0 0136 0.0033
0.0136
0 0033
0.0097 0.0039
0.0007 0.0005
0.0002 0.0004
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0327 0.0090
10.80
0.0000
0.0005
0 0004
0.0004
0.0020
0.0002
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0032
12.07
0.0000
0.0002
0 0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0 0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Total
0.2590
1.6970
0 3770
0.3770
0.0610
0.0020
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
2.3970

NORTH EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)
NORTHEASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1 25
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0019
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0019
3.18
0.1444
0.1230
0 0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2676
4.45
0.0385
0.7324
0 0359
0.0359
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.8071
5.72
0.0021
0.0935
0 0359
0.0359
0.0008
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1325
74
6.99
0.0000
0.0253
0 0073
0.0073
0.0011
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0342
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0049 0.0006
0 0030 0.0007
0.0030
0 0007
0.0005 0.0002
0.0011 0.0007
0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0004
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0095 0.0026
10.80
0.0000
0.0003
0 0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0004
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0011
12.07
0.0000
0.0001
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Total
0.1870
0.9800
0 0830
0.0830
0.0030
0.0030
0.0000
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.2570

EAST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)
EASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1 25
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
1.91
0.0002
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
22-Jul-13
3.18
0.0178
0.0251
0 0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0430
4.45
0.0047
0.1495
0 0203
0.0203
0.0022
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1767
5.72
0.0003
0.0191
0 0203
0.0203
0.0059
0.0008
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0463
75
6.99
0.0000
0.0052
0 0041
0.0041
0.0083
0.0012
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0189
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0010 0.0001
0 0017 0.0004
0.0017
0 0004
0.0035 0.0014
0.0028 0.0019
0.0009 0.0016
0.0003 0.0016
0.0000 0.0003
0.0000 0.0004
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0103 0.0077
10.80
0.0000
0.0001
0 0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0009
0.0009
0.0013
0.0004
0.0010
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0064
12.07
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0002
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Total
0.0230
0.2000
0 0470
0.0470
0.0220
0.0080
0.0040
0.0040
0.0010
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.3140

SOUTHEASTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
(
p)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
1.91
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
22-Jul-13
3.18
0.0263
0.0331
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0595
4.45
0.0070
0.1973
0.0229
0.0023
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2295
5.72
0.0004
0.0252
0.0229
0.0062
0.0006
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0554
76
6.99
0.0000
0.0068
0.0047
0.0087
0.0009
0.0004
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0216
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0013 0.0001
0.0019 0.0005
0.0037 0.0015
0.0021 0.0014
0.0034 0.0059
0.0007 0.0032
0.0001 0.0019
0.0001 0.0011
0.0000 0.0001
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0133 0.0156
10.80
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0007
0.0007
0.0033
0.0026
0.0026
0.0030
0.0010
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0004
0.0003
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0164
12.07
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0014
0.0011
0.0011
0.0016
0.0008
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0009
0.0005
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0111
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0007
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0030
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
Total
0.0340
0.2640
0.0530
0.0230
0.0060
0.0150
0.0080
0.0060
0.0060
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0020
0.0010
0.0020
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.4260

SOUTHDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
3.18
0.0602
1.3119
0.0227
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.3948
4.45
0.0161
7.8110
5.5565
0.2606
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
13.6449
5.72
0.0009
0.9967
5.5544
0.7092
0.0367
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
7.2983
77
6.99
0.0000
0.2697
1.1285
0.9999
0.0581
0.0009
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
2.4574
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0520 0.0059
0.4630 0.1122
0.4214 0.1699
0.1383 0.0906
0.0066 0.0113
0.0025 0.0115
0.0004 0.0065
0.0001 0.0017
0.0000 0.0004
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0001
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
1.0844 0.4101
10.80
0.0000
0.0029
0.0120
0.0852
0.0463
0.0063
0.0094
0.0092
0.0045
0.0039
0.0010
0.0008
0.0004
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0008
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1833
12.07
0.0000
0.0010
0.0033
0.0037
0.0193
0.0028
0.0039
0.0038
0.0024
0.0032
0.0016
0.0022
0.0011
0.0005
0.0004
0.0005
0.0012
0.0020
0.0007
0.0005
0.0000
0.0542
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0025
0.0000
0.0009
0.0007
0.0013
0.0008
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0010
0.0005
0.0003
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0005
0.0005
0.0107
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
Total
0.0780
10.4510
12.8550
2.6500
0.3910
0.0290
0.0290
0.0210
0.0090
0.0080
0.0030
0.0040
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0020
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
26.5400

SOUTH WEST DIRECTION (JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF Hs and Tp)
SOUTHWESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.18
0.0031
0.1614
0.0073
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1719
4.45
0.0008
0.9611
1.7994
0.2627
0.0033
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.0274
5.72
0.0000
0.1226
1.7988
0.7148
0.1534
0.0193
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
2.8095
78
6.99
0.0000
0.0332
0.3655
1.0079
0.2430
0.0436
0.0082
0.0007
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.7024
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0064 0.0007
0.1500 0.0363
0.4247 0.1713
0.5781 0.3787
0.3333 0.5705
0.0931 0.4252
0.0126 0.1904
0.0031 0.0660
0.0004 0.0095
0.0000 0.0009
0.0000 0.0008
0.0000 0.0003
0.0000 0.0004
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
1.6017 1.8510
10.80
0.0000
0.0004
0.0039
0.0859
0.1934
0.3187
0.3475
0.2690
0.1808
0.1017
0.0272
0.0112
0.0043
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.5471
12.07
0.0000
0.0001
0.0011
0.0038
0.0805
0.1393
0.1450
0.1110
0.0945
0.0843
0.0453
0.0319
0.0131
0.0081
0.0017
0.0010
0.0006
0.0020
0.0027
0.0010
0.0000
0.7670
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0036
0.0363
0.0487
0.0229
0.0104
0.0090
0.0081
0.0138
0.0053
0.0051
0.0014
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0013
0.0010
0.0010
0.1690
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0052
0.0044
0.0027
0.0028
0.0012
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0181
15.88
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0009
0.0002
0.0014
0.0014
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0047
Total
0.0040
1.2860
4.1630
2.6710
1.6340
1.4620
1.0740
0.6120
0.3580
0.2090
0.0840
0.0580
0.0230
0.0150
0.0040
0.0020
0.0010
0.0020
0.0040
0.0020
0.0020
13.6700

WESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6 25
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8 75
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.18
0.0031
0.2033
0.0069
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.2133
4.45
0.0008
1.2108
1.6879
0.3527
0.0074
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.2596
5.72
0.0000
0.1545
1.6873
0.9596
0.3416
0.0617
0.0024
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
3.2072
79
6.99
0.0000
0.0418
0.3428
1.3531
0.5413
0.1392
0.0325
0.0033
0.0016
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
2.4557
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0081 0.0009
0.1407 0.0341
0.5702 0.2300
1.2879 0.8436
1.0638 1.8207
0.3674 1.6773
0.0610 0.9186
0.0148 0.3180
0.0016 0.0442
0.0000 0.0050
0.0000 0.0022
0 0000 0.0006
0.0000
0 0006
0.0000 0.0005
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0 0000 0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
3.5154 5.8958
10.80
0.0000
0.0005
0.0036
0.1153
0.4307
1.0172
1.3711
1.2976
0.8717
0.4729
0.1505
0.0310
0 0080
0.0080
0.0015
0.0017
0.0003
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
5.7736
12.07
0.0000
0.0002
0.0010
0.0051
0.1794
0.4446
0.5721
0.5355
0.4556
0.3919
0.2506
0.0879
0 0246
0.0246
0.0098
0.0034
0.0005
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0005
0.0000
2.9633
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0008
0.0000
0.0080
0.1159
0.1920
0.1104
0.0503
0.0417
0.0446
0.0382
0 0098
0.0098
0.0062
0.0029
0.0002
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0005
0.0000
0.6216
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0023
0.0206
0.0214
0.0132
0.0131
0.0067
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0773
Total
15.88
0.0000 0.0040
0.0000 1.6200
0.0000 3.9050
0.0000 3.5860
0.0000 3.6400
0.0008 4.6660
0.0016 4.2370
0.0041 2.9520
0.0008 1.7260
0.0065 0.9720
0.0076 0.4650
0.0007 0.1600
0 0000 0.0430
0.0000
0 0430
0.0000 0.0180
0.0000 0.0080
0.0000 0.0010
0.0000 0.0000
0 0000 0.0000
0.0000
0 0000
0.0000 0.0010
0.0000 0.0010
0.0000 0.0000
0.0221 28.0050

NORTHWESTDIRECTION(JOINTDISTRIBUTIONOFHsandTp)
Hs(m)
0.25
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.25
2.75
3.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.25
5.75
6.25
6.75
7.25
7.75
8.25
8.75
9.25
9.75
10.25
Total
22-Jul-13
1.91
0.0036
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0036
3.18
4.45
0.2657 0.0708
1.9238 11.4545
0.0172 4.2144
0.0000 0.1624
0.0000 0.0005
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
2.2067 15.9025
5.72
0.0039
1.4617
4.2128
0.4418
0.0246
0.0006
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
6.1454
80
6.99
0.0000
0.3955
0.8559
0.6230
0.0390
0.0013
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.9148
PeakPeriod
8.26
9.53
0.0000 0.0000
0.0762 0.0086
0.3512 0.0851
0.2625 0.1059
0.0927 0.0607
0.0103 0.0176
0.0003 0.0016
0.0001 0.0012
0.0000 0.0002
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.7933 0.2809
10.80
0.0000
0.0043
0.0091
0.0531
0.0310
0.0098
0.0013
0.0018
0.0005
0.0000
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1112
12.07
0.0000
0.0014
0.0025
0.0023
0.0129
0.0043
0.0005
0.0007
0.0003
0.0000
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0255
13.34
0.0000
0.0000
0.0019
0.0000
0.0006
0.0011
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0040
14.61
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
Total
15.88
0.0000 0.3440
0.0000 15.3260
0.0000 9.7500
0.0000 1.6510
0.0000 0.2620
0.0000 0.0450
0.0000 0.0040
0.0000 0.0040
0.0000 0.0010
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0010
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 27.3880

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