0 - MPLS - Basic - Training - Intro (Cisco Training)

MPLS Basic Training
Presentation_ID
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Introduction
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Introduction What is MPLS?

Multi Protocol Label Switching
MPLS is an efficient encapsulation mechanism
Uses Labels appended to packets (IP packets, AAL5 frames) for
transport of data
MPLS packets can run on many layer 2 technologies
such as ATM, FR, PPP, POS, Ethernet
Other layer 2 technologies can be run over an MPLS network
- Pseudowires
Labels can be used as designators

For exampleIP prefixes, ATM VC, or a bandwidth guaranteed path
MPLS is a technology for delivery of IP Services
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Original Motivation for MPLS

Allow core routers/networking devices to switch packets
based on some simplified, fixed length header
Provide a highly scalable mechanism that was topology
driven rather than flow driven
Leverage hardware so that simple forwarding paradigm
can be used
It has evolved a long way from the original goal
Hardware became better and looking up the longest best
match was no longer an issue
By associating labels with prefixes, groups of sites or
bandwidth paths or light paths with new services such as MPLS
VPNs and Traffic engineering, GMPLS were now possible
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Concepts
Few components play a role in creating an MPLS
network
IGP: Core Routing Protocol
MPLS Label (or shim, think OSI layer 2.5)
Encapsulation of MPLS label (push/pop/swap)
Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
MPLS Applications related protocols: MP-BGP, RSVP, etc.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Terminology
Acronyms
PE - Provider edge router (or Label Edge Router (LER))
P - Provider core router (or Label Switch Router (LSR))
CE - Customer Edge router (also referred to as CPE)
ASBR - Autonomous System Boundary Router
RR - Route Reflector
TE -Traffic Engineering
TE Head end - Router that initiates a TE tunnel
TE Midpoint - Router where the TE Tunnel transits
VPN - Collection of sites that share common policies

AToM - Any Transport over MPLS
Cisco scheme for building layer 2 circuits over MPLS
Attachment Circuit - Layer 2 circuit between PE and CE
Emulated circuit - Pseudowire between PEs
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Concepts
In Core:
Forward using labels (as
opposed to IP addr)
Label indicates service class
and destination
Label Swapping or Switching
At Edge:
Classify packets
Label them
Label Imposition
At Edge:
Remove Labels and
forward packets
Label Disposition
PE or Label
Switch Router
(LER)
(ATM Switch or
IP Router)
Label Distribution Protocol
P or Label Switch Router

(LSR)
Router
ATM switch + Label
Switch Controller
Create new services via flexible classification

Provides the ability to setup bandwidth guaranteed paths (TE)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
MPLS Operation
1a. Existing routing protocols (e.g. OSPF, IS-IS)
establish reachability to destination networks
1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
establishes label to destination
network mappings
2. Ingress LER receives packet,

performs Layer 3 value-added services,
and labels packets
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
4. LER at egress
removes label and
delivers packet
3. LSR switches
packets using label
swapping
8
MPLS Labels
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Data Encapsulation Review

3k of Data to be sent
MTU = 1500 Bytes (Data segment is MSS)
MSS = MTU Encapsulation Headers
TCP
Header
DATA
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
Frame
Header
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
FCS
Frame
Frame
Header
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
FCS
Bits
TCP Header = 20 bytes

IP Header = 20 bytes
MSS = 1500 40 = 1460 bytes of
data sent
Frame Header = 14 bytes
FCS = 4 bytes
L2 Frame = 1518 bytes
011010101
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Segment
Packet
10
Label Header for Packet Media

0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Label
EXP S
TTL
Label = 20 bits
COS/EXP = Class of Service, 3 bits
S = Bottom of Stack, 1 bit
TTL = Time to Live, 8 bits
Presentation_ID
Can be used over Ethernet, 802.3, or PPP links

Fixed length label 4 bytes per label (32 bits)
Uses two new Ethertypes/PPP PIDs
Contains everything needed at forwarding time
One word per label
Cisco Confidential
11
MPLS Labels increase MTU!!!

3k of Data to be sent
MTU = 1500 Bytes (Data segment is MSS)
MSS = MTU Encapsulation Headers
TCP Header = 20 bytes
IP Header = 20 bytes
MSS = 1500 40 = 1460 bytes of
data sent
Labels imposed
on the IP packet
(4 bytes each)
011010101
Presentation_ID
TCP
Header
DATA
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
Segment
Packet
Frame
Header
MPLS
Label
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
FCS
Frame
Frame
Header
MPLS
Label
IP
Header
TCP
Header
DATA
FCS
Bits
Cisco Confidential
12
MPLS MTU
You need to account for the increased packet size
Change the physical MTU of the interface
Or
Use the mpls mtu <n> command
FE interfaces cannot increase MTU, have to use mpls

mtu command
GE can go up to 9000 bytes
Switches can change system mtu <n>
set CE facing interfaces back to 1500
Choose MTU large enough to account for all labels

min of 2 labels
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
13
Forward Equivalence Class (FEC)

Describes a set of packets with similar and / or identical
characteristics which may be forwarded the same way
I.E. bound to the same MPLS label
An FEC is a set of packets that a single router:

(1) Forwards to the same next hop;
(2) Out the same interface; and
(3) With the same treatment (such as queuing).
Determines how packets are mapped to LSPs

IP Prefix/host address
Layer 2 Circuits (ATM, FR, PPP, HDLC, Ethernet)
Groups of addresses/sites - VPN x
A VPLS instance - VFI
Tunnel Interface - Traffic Engineering
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
14
MPLS in hardware
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
15
MPLS Control and Forwarding Planes

Control plane used to distribute labels - LDP, RSVP or MP-BGP
Forwarding plane consists of label imposition, swapping and
disposition
Key: There is a separation of Control Plane and Forwarding Plane
Basic MPLS: destination-based unicast
Labels divorce forwarding from IP address *
Many additional options for assigning labels
Labels define destination and service
* BGP Free core
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
16
Control and Forward Plane Separation

RIB
Routing
Process
Route
Updates/
Adjacency
MPLS
Process
LIB
LFIB
Cisco Confidential
Updates/
Adjacency
FIB
MPLS Traffic
Presentation_ID
Label Bind
IP Traffic
17
Routing Basics
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
18
Router Example: Forwarding Packets

address
prefix
address
prefix
address
prefix
I/F
128.89
171.69
128.89
171.69
...
128.89
I/F
I/F
...
...
128.89
0
0
128.89.25.4
Data
128.89.25.4
Data
1
128.89.25.4
Data
128.89.25.4
Data
171.69
Packets Forwarded Based

on IP Address
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
19
MPLS Example: Routing Information

In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
128.89
171.69
171.69
...
...
...
...
In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
...
...
128.89
You can reach 128.89 thru me

You can reach 128.89 and
171.69 thru me
Routing Updates
(OSPF, EIGRP, )
Presentation_ID
You can reach 171.69 thru me
Cisco Confidential
171.69
20
MPLS Example: Assigning Labels

In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
In
label
Address
Prefix
128.89
171.69
...
...
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
171.69
...
...
...
...
...
...
In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
...
...
...
...
128.89
Use label 9 for 128.89

Use label 4 for 128.89 and
Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP)
171.69
(Downstream Unsolicited Label Allocation)

Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
21
MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets

In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
In
label
Address
Prefix
128.89
171.69
...
...
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
171.69
...
...
...
...
...
...
In
label
Address
Prefix
Out Out
Iface label
128.89
...
...
...
...
128.89
0
128.89.25.4
1
128.89.25.4
Data
9
128.89.25.4
Data
Cisco Confidential
Data
Label Switch Forwards

Based on Label
Presentation_ID
128.89.25.4
Data
171.69
22
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
23
Unicast Routing Protocols

OSPF, IS-IS, BGP are needed in the network
They still provide reachability between devices in the network
Label distribution protocols distribute labels for prefixes

advertised by unicast routing protocols using
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP,TDP)
RSVP-TE for Traffic Engineering
Extending existing protocols like BGP (MP-BGP address-families)
to distribute Labels (inter-AS) *
* Not covering inter-AS or CSC in this class

Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
24
TDP & LDP

Tag Distribution ProtocolCisco proprietary
Pre-cursor to LDP
Used for Cisco Tag Switching (port 711)
TDP and LDP supported on the same device

Per neighbor/ link basis
Per target basis
TDP is the default on most Cisco devices, go figureJ
LDP is a superset of TDP

Uses the same label/ tag
Difference? They have different message formats
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
25

Defined in RFC 3035 and 3036
Used to distribute Labels in an MPLS network
Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
How packets are mapped to LSPs (Label Switched Paths)
VPN_ID
VC_ID
Class of Service
Advertise Labels per FEC

Reach destination a.b.c.d with label x
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
26
Label Distribution Modes

Downstream unsolicited
Downstream node just advertises labels for prefixes/FEC
reachable via that device
Downstream on-demand
Upstream node requests a label for a learned prefix via the
downstream node
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
27
Label Distribution: Unsolicited

Downstream
Network X
E
Label for a prefix is allocated and advertised to all

neighbor LSRs, regardless of whether the neighbors
are upstream or downstream LSRs for the destination!
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
28
Label Distribution: Unsolicited

Downstream
LIB on B
Network
LSR label
X
local
25
X = 25!
A
X = 25!
B
Network X
E
Label for a prefix is allocated and advertised to all

neighbor LSRs, regardless of whether the neighbors
are upstream or downstream LSRs for the destination!
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
29
Label Distribution: Downstream on

Demand
Routing table of A
Network Next-hop
X
C
Routing table of C
Network Next-hop
X
D
Routing table of D
Network Next-hop
X
E
Routing table of E
Network Next-hop
X
conn
RQ X!
A!
C!
D!
E!
Network X!
An LSR will only assign a label to a prefix when asked

for a label by an upstream LSR!
Label distribution is a hop-by-hop parameter
different label distribution mechanisms can coexist in
an MPLS network!
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
30
LDP on Cisco platforms

LDP and TDP are both supported
The protocol to use is configurable
Per-interface basis for directly connected peers
Per-target basis for non-directly connected peers
Default is TDP
A platform may support LDP and TDP sessions

simultaneously but not using the same label space to
the same LSR
An LSP may be signaled by LDP on some segments
and by TDP on other segments
Why???
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
31
Other Label Distribution Protocols RSVP-TE

Used in MPLS Traffic Engineering
Additions to RSVP signaling protocol
Leverage the admission control mechanism of RSVP to
create an LSP with bandwidth requirements
Label requests are sent in PATH messages and binding
is done with RESV messages
EXPLICT-ROUTE object defines the path over which
setup messages should be routed
Using RSVP has several advantages
Fixed path through network
Bandwidth guarantee
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
32
Other Label Distribution Protocols - MP-BGP

Used in the context of MPLS VPNs
Inter-AS VPNs
Carrier Supporting Carrier
Need multi-protocol extensions to BGP

Routers need to be BGP peers
Label mapping info carried as part of NLRI (Network
Layer Reacheability Information)
Lots of neat tricks can be done
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
33
LDP Peer Discovery
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
34
LDP Peer Discovery Mechanism

LSRs discover LDP peers by exchanging LDP Hello
messages (dynamic neighbor discovery)
Basic Neighbor Discovery
Discover directly attached neighborspt-to-pt links
(including Ethernet)
LDP link Hellos are sent periodically using UDP port 646
(multicast to 224.0.0.2)
Establish a TCP session and Exchange prefix/FEC and
label information
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
35
LDP Peer Discovery Mechanism (cont)

LSRs discover LDP peers by exchanging LDP Hello
messages (dynamic neighbor discovery)
Extended neighbor discovery
Establish peer relationship with a non-directly connected
router
LDP Targeted Hellos are sent using UDP port 646 (unicast)
Establish a TCP session and Exchange prefix/FEC and
label information
* Used in Traffic Engineering

Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
36
LDP Discovery - Non-adjacent Neighbors
Normally Routed Path!
R7!
R6!
R5!
R2!
R3!
R4!
R8!
R9!
R1!
Traffic Engineering Route!
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Normally
Routed Path!
Traffic
Engineering
Route"
37
LDP Discovery - Non-adjacent Neighbors
R7!
R6!
R5!
R2!
R3!
R4!
R8!
R9!
R1!
Presentation_ID
TE!
TE!
TE!
LDP!
LDP!
LDP!
LDP!
Packet!
Packet!
Packet!
Packet!
Cisco Confidential
38
LDP Session Establishment

TCP connection establishment
Once neighbors are discovered, TCP session established
Open a TCP connection to be used to distribute label bindings
Use Router-id or the IP source address of its Hello
messages to avoid two concurrent TCP connections
Session Initialization
LDP peer exchange and negotiate Session parameters
Protocol version, label distribution method, timer values,
label ranges, etc.
Active LSR will track this parameter and reply with
initialization message; and keepalives are exchanged
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
39
LDP Session
R2#sh mpls ldp neighbor!
Peer LDP Ident: 192.168.0.3:0; Local LDP Ident 192.168.0.2:0!
TCP connection: 192.168.0.3.11000 - 192.168.0.2.646!
State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 1658/1659; Downstream!
Up time: 23:58:08!
LDP discovery sources:!
Serial2/0, Src IP addr: 10.0.1.10!
Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:!
10.0.1.10
10.0.1.13
192.168.0.3!
!
!
R2s loopback or Router-Id is 192.168.0.2!
R3s loopback or Router-Id is 192.168.0.3!
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
40
Loop Detection
LDP relies on loop-detection mechanisms built into IGPs that are used
to determine the path
If, however, a loop is generated (that is, mis-configuration with static
routes), the TTL field in the label header is used to prevent indefinite
looping of data packets
TTL functionality in the label header is equivalent to TTL in the IP
headers
TTL is usually copied from the IP headers to the label headers (TTL
propagation)
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Label
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
EXP S
TTL
41
Label Stacking
There may be more than one label in an MPLS packet
Need to account for 4 bytes in MTU per label
As we know labels correspond to forwarding equivalence classes (FECs)

Examplethere can be one label for routing the packet to an egress point and
another that separates a customer A packet from customer B
Inner labels can be used to designate services/FECs, etc.
ie: VPNs, fast reroute
Outer label used to route/switch the MPLS packets in the network

Called the Transport Label
Last label in the stack is marked with End of Stack (EOS) bit
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Label
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
EXP S
TTL
42
MPLS Configuration
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
43
Lab Topology
30
S2/0
CE
R5
Presentation_ID
S0/0
S3/0
172.16.0.0/30
E0/0
PE
PE
E1/0
E1/0
R4
E0/0
10.0.34.0/30
Cisco Confidential
R1
30
0/
1.
8.
.4
/
S3/0
16
.1
IGP=OSPF
R2
CE
2.
68
E1/0
S2/0
S0/0
172.16.0.4/30
19
2.
1
R7
10.0.48.0/30
19
R8
PE
E0/0
E0/0
10.0.27.0/30
/ 30
E0/0
S0/0
E1/0
E1/0
10.0.78.0/30
10 .
0.2
R9
3.0
CE
S0/0
CE
R3
R6
44
MPLS Configuration Steps

1. Insure CEF is running on the Router
2. Insure MPLS is running on the router
MPLS is enabled by default
3. Determine which Label Distribution Method you

will use (TDP or LDP)
This can be done globally setting the default

or setting it on a per interface basis
4. Establish the Router-ID for the LDP

5. Configure all Provider Interfaces to run LDP
6. Verify the configuration
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
45
MPLS Configuration
1. Enable CEF
Router(config)# ip cef [distributed]
2. Enable MPLS (default is on)

Router(config)# mpls ip
3. Enable LDP Protocol globally (optional)

Router(config)# mpls label protocol ldp
4. Establish LDP router ID (optional/recommended)

Router(config)#mpls ldp router-id interface [force]
5. Enable LDP per interface

Router(config-if)# mpls ip
6. Enable LDP Protocol per interface (optional)

Router(config-if)# mpls label protocol ldp
NOTE: CAN ALSO BE DONE IN GLOBAL CONFIGURATION
7. Verify
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
46
Verify your configuration

Show mpls interfaces
Show mpls ldp discovery
Show mpls ldp neighbors
Show mpls ldp bindings
Show mpls forwarding-table
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
Verification Commands
Which interfaces are running MPLS?
R2#sh mpls interfaces
Interface
Serial2/0
Serial5/0
R2#
IP
Yes (ldp)
Yes (ldp)
Tunnel
No
No
BGP Static Operational

No No
Yes
No No
Yes
Which neighbors have been discovered?

R2#sh mpls ldp discovery
Local LDP Identifier:
10.0.0.2:0
Discovery Sources:
Interfaces:
Serial2/0 (ldp): xmit/recv
LDP Id: 10.0.0.3:0
LDP Id: 10.0.0.7:0
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
48
Verification Commands (cont)

R2#sh mpls ldp neighbor
Peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.3:0; Local LDP Ident 10.0.0.2:0
TCP connection: 10.0.0.3.11001 - 10.0.0.2.646
State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 15/13; Downstream
Up time: 00:00:19
LDP discovery sources:
Serial2/0, Src IP addr: 10.0.1.10
Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:
10.0.1.10
10.0.1.13
10.0.0.3
Peer LDP Ident: 10.0.0.7:0; Local LDP Ident 10.0.0.2:0
TCP connection: 10.0.0.7.11001 - 10.0.0.2.646
State: Oper; Msgs sent/rcvd: 15/13; Downstream
Up time: 00:00:18
LDP discovery sources:
Serial5/0, Src IP addr: 10.0.1.18
Addresses bound to peer LDP Ident:
10.0.1.18
10.0.1.21
10.0.0.7
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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R2#sh mpls ldp bindings
lib entry: 10.0.0.2/32, rev 2
local binding:
label: imp-null
remote binding: lsr: 10.0.0.3:0, label: 16

lib entry: 10.0.0.3/32, rev 4
local binding:
label: 16
remote binding: lsr: 10.0.0.3:0, label: imp-null

lib entry: 10.0.0.4/32, rev 6
local binding:
label: 17

Cont
Presentation_ID
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R2#sh mpls forwarding-table
Local Outgoing
Prefix
Label Label or VC
or Tunnel Id
16
Pop Label
10.0.0.3/32
17
16
10.0.0.4/32
18
19
10.0.0.5/32
19
20
10.0.0.6/32
20
Pop Label
10.128.34.0/24
21
17
10.128.45.0/24
22
21
10.128.56.0/24
R2#
Bytes Label
Switched
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Outgoing
interface
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Fa2/0
Next Hop
R2#sh mpls forwarding-table

Local Outgoing
Prefix
Label Label or VC
or Tunnel Id
16
Pop Label
10.0.0.3/32
17
17
10.0.0.4/32
18
Pop Label
10.0.0.7/32
19
19
10.0.0.8/32
20
Pop Label
10.0.1.12/30
21
Pop Label
10.0.1.20/30
Bytes Label
Switched
0
0
0
0
0
0
Outgoing
interface
Se2/0
Se2/0
Se5/0
Se5/0
Se2/0
Se5/0
Next Hop
22
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
10.128.23.3
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
point2point
22
10.0.1.24/30
Se2/0
point2point
22
10.0.1.24/30
Se5/0
point2point
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
51

R2#sh mpls forwarding-table 10.0.0.8 detail
Local
Outgoing
Prefix
Bytes Label
Outgoing
Label
Label or VC
or Tunnel Id
Switched
interface
19
19
10.0.0.8/32
Se5/0
Next Hop
point2point
MAC/Encaps=4/8, MRU=1500, Label Stack{19}

0F008847 00013000
No output feature configured
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
52

Verifying Labels Are Set traceroute is MPLS aware
!
R2#traceroute 10.0.0.8
Type escape sequence to abort.
Tracing the route to 10.0.0.8
1 10.0.1.18 [MPLS: Label 19 Exp 0] 52 msec 40 msec 52 msec
2 10.0.1.22 44 msec *
32 msec
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
53
Stupid Router Tricks (but useful)

mpls ip propagate-ttl
To control the generation of the time-to-live (TTL) field in the
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) header when labels are first added
to an IP packet, use the mpls ip propagate-ttl command in global
configuration mode. To use a fixed TTL value (255) for the first label of
the IP packet, use the no form of this command.
mpls ip propagate-ttl
no mpls ip propagate-ttl [forwarded | local]
forwarded
local
Presentation_ID
(Optional) Prevents the traceroute command from

showing the hops for forwarded packets. (customer
can not see)
(Optional) Prevents the traceroute command from
showing the hops only for local packets. (you can
not see)
Cisco Confidential
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Troubleshooting MPLS Configuration

Which interfaces are running MPLS?
R2#sh mpls interfaces
Interface
Serial2/0
Serial5/0
R2#
IP
Yes (ldp)
Yes (ldp)
Tunnel
No
No
BGP Static Operational

No No
Yes
No No
Yes
Which neighbors have been discovered?

R2#sh mpls ldp discovery
Local LDP Identifier:
10.0.0.2:0
Discovery Sources:
Interfaces:
LDP Id: 10.0.0.3:0
LDP Id: 10.0.0.7:0
R2#
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
55
Troubleshooting MPLS Configuration (cont)

Which labels are being used for a subnet?
R2#sh mpls ldp binding 10.0.0.8 255.255.255.255
10.0.0.8/32
in label:
19
out label:
19
lsr: 10.0.0.3:0
out label:
19
lsr: 10.0.0.7:0
R2#
inuse
Summary of labels learned and assigned

R2#sh mpls ip binding summary
Total number of prefixes: 12
Generic label bindings
R2#
Presentation_ID
prefixes
12
assigned
in labels
12
Cisco Confidential
learned
out labels
20
56
Troubleshooting MPLS Configuration (cont)

R2#debug mpls ldp messages received
LDP received messages, excluding periodic Keep Alives debugging is on
R2#debug mpls ldp messages sent
LDP sent PDUs, excluding periodic Keep Alives debugging is on
R2#clear mpls ldp neighbor 10.0.0.3
00:49:46: %LDP-5-CLEAR_NBRS: Clear LDP neighbors (10.0.0.3) by console
00:49:46: %LDP-5-NBRCHG: LDP Neighbor 10.0.0.3:0 is DOWN
00:49:53: ldp: Rcvd init msg from 10.0.0.3 (pp 0x0)
00:49:53: ldp: Sent init msg to 10.0.0.3:0 (pp 0x0)
00:49:53: ldp: Sent keepalive msg to 10.0.0.3:0 (pp 0x0)
00:49:53: ldp: Rcvd keepalive msg from 10.0.0.3:0 (pp 0x0)
00:49:53: %LDP-5-NBRCHG: LDP Neighbor 10.0.0.3:0 is UP
00:49:53: ldp: Sent address msg to 10.0.0.3:0 (pp 0x63C3B360)
00:49:53: ldp: Sent label mapping msg to 10.0.0.3:0 (pp 0x63C3B360)
< cut for brevity>
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
57
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
58

0 - MPLS - Basic - Training - Intro (Cisco Training)

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MPLS Basic Training

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MPLS Introduction What is MPLS?

Labels can be used as designators

MPLS is a technology for delivery of IP Services

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Original Motivation for MPLS

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

VPN - Collection of sites that share common policies

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Label Distribution Protocol

P or Label Switch Router

Create new services via flexible classification

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Ingress LER receives packet,

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Data Encapsulation Review

TCP Header = 20 bytes

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Label Header for Packet Media

Can be used over Ethernet, 802.3, or PPP links

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MPLS Labels increase MTU!!!

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

FE interfaces cannot increase MTU, have to use mpls

Choose MTU large enough to account for all labels

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Forward Equivalence Class (FEC)

An FEC is a set of packets that a single router:

Determines how packets are mapped to LSPs

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MPLS Control and Forwarding Planes

* BGP Free core

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Control and Forward Plane Separation

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Router Example: Forwarding Packets

Packets Forwarded Based

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MPLS Example: Routing Information

You can reach 128.89 thru me

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

You can reach 171.69 thru me

MPLS Example: Assigning Labels

Use label 9 for 128.89

Use label 7 for 171.69

(Downstream Unsolicited Label Allocation)

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Label Switch Forwards

Label Distribution Protocol

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unicast Routing Protocols

Label distribution protocols distribute labels for prefixes

* Not covering inter-AS or CSC in this class

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

TDP & LDP