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DTM FTUI

BUCKLING
(Tekukan)

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures
In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded

P
all
A

- deformation falls within specifications

PL
spec
AE

After these design calculations, may discover


that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures
Consider model with two rods and torsional
spring. After a small perturbation,
K 2 restoring moment
L
L
P sin P destabiliz ing moment
2
2

Column is stable (tends to return to aligned


orientation) if
L
P K 2
2
P Pcr

4K
L

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Stability of Structures

Assume that a load P is applied. After a


perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin K 2
2
PL
P

4 K Pcr sin

Noting that sin < , the assumed


configuration is only possible if P > Pcr.

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y
dx

d2y
dx

M
P

y
EI
EI

P
y0
EI

Solution with assumed configuration


can only be obtained if
P Pcr

2 EI
L2

P
2 E Ar 2
2E
cr

2
A
L A
L r 2

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


The value of stress corresponding to
the critical load,
2 EI
L2
P
P
cr cr
A
A
P Pcr

cr

2 E Ar 2
2

L A
2

L r 2

critical stress

L
slenderness ratio
r

Preceding analysis is limited to


centric loadings.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Extension of Eulers Formula


A column with one fixed and one free
end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.
The critical loading is calculated from
Eulers formula,
Pcr

cr

2 EI
L2e
2E

Le r 2

Le 2 L equivalent length

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Extension of Eulers Formula

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Example
An aluminum column of length L and
rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.
a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of
the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi

b) Design the most efficient cross-section for


the column.

P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Example
SOLUTION:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.

Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba 3
I
a2
rz2 z 12

A
ab
12

Le, z
rz

rz

a
12

0.7 L
a 12

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

10

DTM FTUI

Example
Buckling in xz Plane:
ry2
Le, y
ry

1 ab3
b2
12

A
ab
12

Iy

ry

b
12

2L
b / 12

Most efficient design:


Le, z
rz

Le , y
ry

0.7 L
2L

a 12 b / 12
a 0.7

b
2

a
0.35
b
11

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Example
Design:
Le
2L
220 in 138.6

ry b 12 b 12
b
Pcr FS P 2.55 kips 12.5 kips
P
12500 lbs
cr cr
A
0.35b b

cr

L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5

2E

Le r 2
2

2 10.1 106 psi

138.6 b

12500 lbs 10.1 106 psi

0.35bb
138.6 b2

b 1.620 in.
a 0.35b 0.567 in.

a/b = 0.35
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

12

DTM FTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula


Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
d2y
dx 2

Py Pe
EI

P
1
ymax e sec

2 Pcr

Pcr

2 EI
L2e

Maximum stress
max

P ymax e c
1

r2
1 P Le
P ec
1 sec

A r2
2 EA r

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

max Y

P ec 1 P Le

1 sec
A r 2 2 EA r
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

14

DTM FTUI

Problem
The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.
a) Using Eulers formula and a factor of safety
of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.

E 29 106 psi.
SF=2

b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in


part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

15

DTM FTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le 28 ft 16 ft 192 in.

- Critical load,
Pcr

2 EI
L2e

2 29 106 psi 8.0 in 4

192 in 2

62.1 kips

- Allowable load,
P
62.1 kips
Pall cr
FS
2

Pall 31.1 kips

P
31.1 kips
all
A
3.54 in 2

8.79 ksi

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Problem
Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
P
1
ym e sec

2 Pcr

0.075 in sec
1
2 2
ym 0.939 in.

- Maximum normal stress,


m

P ec P
1 sec
A r2
2 Pcr

31.1 kips 0.75 in 2 in


sec

1
2 2
3.54 in 2
1.50 in 2

m 22.0 ksi
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

17

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Previous analyses assumed
stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns
Experimental data demonstrate
- for large Le/r, cr follows
Eulers formula and depends
upon E but not Y.
- for small Le/r, cr is
determined by the yield
strength Y and not E.
- for intermediate Le/r, cr
depends on both Y and E.
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Structural Steel
American Inst. of Steel Construction

For Le/r > Cc


cr

2E

all cr
FS

Le / r 2

FS 1.92

For Le/r > Cc


L / r 2
cr Y 1 e 2
2Cc

all cr
FS

5 3 L / r 1 L / r
FS e e
3 8 Cc
8 Cc

At Le/r = Cc
cr 12 Y

Cc2

2 2 E
Y
19

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Aluminum
Aluminum Association, Inc.

Alloy 6061-T6
Le/r < 66:
all 20.2 0.126Le / r ksi
139 0.868Le / r MPa

Le/r > 66:


all

51000 ksi

Le / r 2

351 103 MPa

Le / r 2

Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
all 30.7 0.23 Le / r ksi
212 1.585 Le / r MPa

Le/r > 66:


all

54000 ksi
2

Le / r

372 103 MPa

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

Le / r 2
20

10

DTM FTUI

Problem

Using the aluminum alloy 2014T6, determine the smallest


diameter rod which can be used to
support the centric load P = 60 kN
if a) L = 750 mm,
b) L = 300 mm

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

21

DTM FTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ration can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.
Calculate required diameter for
assumed slenderness ratio regime.
Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify
initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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11

DTM FTUI

Problem
For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55
Determine cylinder radius:
all

P 372 103 MPa

A
L r 2

60 103 N

c cylinder radius
r radius of gyration

I
c 4 4 c

A
2
c 2

372 103 MPa


0.750 m

c/2

c 18.44 mm

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


L
L
750mm

81.3 55
r c / 2 18.44 mm

assumption was correct


d 2c 36.9 mm
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Problem
For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55
Determine cylinder radius:
all

P
L
212 1.585 MPa
A
r

60 103 N

c 2

0. 3 m
6
212 1.585
10 Pa
c / 2

c 12.00 mm

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


L
L
300 mm

50 55
r c / 2 12.00 mm

assumption was correct


d 2c 24.0 mm
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load


An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.
Normal stresses can be found from
superposing the stresses due to the centric
load and couple,
centric bending
max

P Mc

A I

Allowable stress method:


P Mc

all
A I

Interaction method:
P A

Mc I

all centric all bending

Departemen Teknik Mesin


Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

25

DTM FTUI

Calculation of Punch Strength (example)


1. Calculating of punching force

Maximum punching force Pmax. [kgf]


Pmax t

: Punching profile length [mm]


t : Material thickness [mm]
: Shearing resistance of material
( 0.8 x tensile strength B)

[Example 1] To calculate the maximum punching force when a


round hole with a diameter of 12 mm is to be punched

t
Ref. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat Punch.

in a silicon steel plate (hard) with a thicness of 1 mm :


ln Pmax t
d 3.14 12 37.7 mm
The result from Table 1 is that the shearing resistance is 56 kgf/mm 2 .
Thus, Pmax 37.7 1 56 2110 kgf
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

2. Fracture of punch tip


Stress exerted on punch tip [kgf/mm 2 ]
P/A P Maximum punching force, kgf
( for a round punch tip : d t )
A Cross sectional area of punch tip mm 2
( for a round punch tip : d 2 / 4 )
P/A 4 t / d

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

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DTM FTUI

Ref. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat


Punch.
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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

DTM FTUI

Minimum punching diameter


Minimum punching diameter : dmin
dmin 4 t /

: Fatigue strength of tool steel [kgf/mm 2 ]

[Example] To obtain the minimum punching diameter


that makes it possible to punch SPCC
plates with a thickness of 2 mm 100,000
shots or more using a SKH51 punch :
dmin 4 t /
4 2 26/97
2.1 mm. The result from Fig.1 is that the
fatigue strength of SKH51,
subjected to 100,000 shots of
2
punching, is Departemen
97 kgf/mm
Teknik Mesin

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DTM FTUI

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Buckling load P [kgf] n 2 E I / B2 ( 4)


n : Coefficien t

n 1 ; Without stripper guide


n 2 ; With stripper guide

I : Secondary moment of inertia [mm 4 ]


for a round punch I d 4 / 64
B : Punch tip length [mm]

E : Young' s modulus [kgf/mm 4 ]


SKD11

SKH51
HAP40

V30

: 21000

: 22000
: 23000

: 56000

As expected from Eulers formula, to improve buckling strength P, it is recommended that a stripper guide and a
material with higher Youngs modulus ( SKD, SKH, and HAP in increasing order of Youngs modulus ) be used,
and that the punch tip length be reduced.
The buckling load P represents the value of the load when a buckled punch fractures. When selecting a punch,
therefore, the safety factor should be taking account.
When selecting a punch for small holes, special attention should be paid to buckling load and stress exerted on
the punch.
[Example] To obtain the buckling load P for SHAL5 60 P2.00 BC30, the punch is used without a stripper guide:

P n 2 E I / B2
1 2 22000 0.785 / 30 2
190 kgf

Punch material : SKH51


E 22000 kgf/mm 2
Punch tip diameter d 2.0
Punch tip length B 30

If the tip is too long, a punch will be buckle under a relatively small load.
(when B = 13 [standard punch tip length], the buckling load is 1010 kgf.)

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

Buckling and traverse tests


Test conditions
As shown in [Fig.3], buckling loads and traverse rupture loads
were applied to test pieces at velocity of 1 mm/min. (the
traverse rupture loads were applied to the point 0.5 mm from
the end of a punch tip, using a knife-edge-shaped presser),
and respective maximum load under which the punch
rupture was found.

Test results
Both buckling strength and traverse rupture strength increase
in the order of SKD11, SKH51, and HAP40. Especially,
HAP40 maintains high hardness, and thus it is excellent in
compression resistance. The metal structure of HAP40 is very
fine, and it contains high alloy components (W, V, Co, etc),
which makes the HAP40 punch excellent in toughness.
Therefore, the HAP40 punch is most suitable for punching that
may cause fracture of chipping.
Since the TD processed punches are degraded in base
material hardness, they are also slightly low in buckling
strength and traverse rupture strength.

Ref. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat Punch.


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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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DTM FTUI

References

1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston & John T. DeWolf ;


Mechanics of Material, McGraw-Hill; 2002
2. Bernard J. Hamrock. Fundamental of Machine Elements. McGraw Hill.1999
3. R.S Khurmi & J.K Gupta. A Text Book of Machine Element.
Eurasia Publishing House. 1987
4. Popov. Mechanics of Material. Prentice-Hall, 1976.
5. Timoshenko. Strength of Material. 1965
6. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat Punch.

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Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia

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