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BUCKLING
(Tekukan)
DTM FTUI
Stability of Structures
In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
all
A
PL
spec
AE
DTM FTUI
Stability of Structures
Consider model with two rods and torsional
spring. After a small perturbation,
K 2 restoring moment
L
L
P sin P destabiliz ing moment
2
2
4K
L
DTM FTUI
Stability of Structures
4 K Pcr sin
DTM FTUI
d2y
dx
M
P
y
EI
EI
P
y0
EI
2 EI
L2
P
2 E Ar 2
2E
cr
2
A
L A
L r 2
DTM FTUI
cr
2 E Ar 2
2
L A
2
L r 2
critical stress
L
slenderness ratio
r
DTM FTUI
cr
2 EI
L2e
2E
Le r 2
Le 2 L equivalent length
DTM FTUI
DTM FTUI
Example
An aluminum column of length L and
rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.
a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of
the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
DTM FTUI
Example
SOLUTION:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.
Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba 3
I
a2
rz2 z 12
A
ab
12
Le, z
rz
rz
a
12
0.7 L
a 12
10
DTM FTUI
Example
Buckling in xz Plane:
ry2
Le, y
ry
1 ab3
b2
12
A
ab
12
Iy
ry
b
12
2L
b / 12
Le , y
ry
0.7 L
2L
a 12 b / 12
a 0.7
b
2
a
0.35
b
11
DTM FTUI
Example
Design:
Le
2L
220 in 138.6
ry b 12 b 12
b
Pcr FS P 2.55 kips 12.5 kips
P
12500 lbs
cr cr
A
0.35b b
cr
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
2E
Le r 2
2
138.6 b
0.35bb
138.6 b2
b 1.620 in.
a 0.35b 0.567 in.
a/b = 0.35
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
12
DTM FTUI
Py Pe
EI
P
1
ymax e sec
2 Pcr
Pcr
2 EI
L2e
Maximum stress
max
P ymax e c
1
r2
1 P Le
P ec
1 sec
A r2
2 EA r
13
DTM FTUI
max Y
P ec 1 P Le
1 sec
A r 2 2 EA r
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
14
DTM FTUI
Problem
The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.
a) Using Eulers formula and a factor of safety
of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.
E 29 106 psi.
SF=2
15
DTM FTUI
Problem
SOLUTION:
Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le 28 ft 16 ft 192 in.
- Critical load,
Pcr
2 EI
L2e
192 in 2
62.1 kips
- Allowable load,
P
62.1 kips
Pall cr
FS
2
P
31.1 kips
all
A
3.54 in 2
8.79 ksi
16
DTM FTUI
Problem
Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
P
1
ym e sec
2 Pcr
0.075 in sec
1
2 2
ym 0.939 in.
P ec P
1 sec
A r2
2 Pcr
1
2 2
3.54 in 2
1.50 in 2
m 22.0 ksi
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
17
DTM FTUI
18
DTM FTUI
2E
all cr
FS
Le / r 2
FS 1.92
all cr
FS
5 3 L / r 1 L / r
FS e e
3 8 Cc
8 Cc
At Le/r = Cc
cr 12 Y
Cc2
2 2 E
Y
19
DTM FTUI
Alloy 6061-T6
Le/r < 66:
all 20.2 0.126Le / r ksi
139 0.868Le / r MPa
51000 ksi
Le / r 2
Le / r 2
Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
all 30.7 0.23 Le / r ksi
212 1.585 Le / r MPa
54000 ksi
2
Le / r
Le / r 2
20
10
DTM FTUI
Problem
21
DTM FTUI
Problem
SOLUTION:
With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ration can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.
Calculate required diameter for
assumed slenderness ratio regime.
Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify
initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.
22
11
DTM FTUI
Problem
For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55
Determine cylinder radius:
all
A
L r 2
60 103 N
c cylinder radius
r radius of gyration
I
c 4 4 c
A
2
c 2
c/2
c 18.44 mm
81.3 55
r c / 2 18.44 mm
23
DTM FTUI
Problem
For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55
Determine cylinder radius:
all
P
L
212 1.585 MPa
A
r
60 103 N
c 2
0. 3 m
6
212 1.585
10 Pa
c / 2
c 12.00 mm
50 55
r c / 2 12.00 mm
24
12
DTM FTUI
P Mc
A I
all
A I
Interaction method:
P A
Mc I
25
DTM FTUI
t
Ref. Product Information : Technical Data of Dicoat Punch.
26
13
DTM FTUI
27 27
28 28
DTM FTUI
14
DTM FTUI
29
DTM FTUI
30 30
15
DTM FTUI
31 31
DTM FTUI
SKH51
HAP40
V30
: 21000
: 22000
: 23000
: 56000
As expected from Eulers formula, to improve buckling strength P, it is recommended that a stripper guide and a
material with higher Youngs modulus ( SKD, SKH, and HAP in increasing order of Youngs modulus ) be used,
and that the punch tip length be reduced.
The buckling load P represents the value of the load when a buckled punch fractures. When selecting a punch,
therefore, the safety factor should be taking account.
When selecting a punch for small holes, special attention should be paid to buckling load and stress exerted on
the punch.
[Example] To obtain the buckling load P for SHAL5 60 P2.00 BC30, the punch is used without a stripper guide:
P n 2 E I / B2
1 2 22000 0.785 / 30 2
190 kgf
If the tip is too long, a punch will be buckle under a relatively small load.
(when B = 13 [standard punch tip length], the buckling load is 1010 kgf.)
32 32
16
DTM FTUI
Test results
Both buckling strength and traverse rupture strength increase
in the order of SKD11, SKH51, and HAP40. Especially,
HAP40 maintains high hardness, and thus it is excellent in
compression resistance. The metal structure of HAP40 is very
fine, and it contains high alloy components (W, V, Co, etc),
which makes the HAP40 punch excellent in toughness.
Therefore, the HAP40 punch is most suitable for punching that
may cause fracture of chipping.
Since the TD processed punches are degraded in base
material hardness, they are also slightly low in buckling
strength and traverse rupture strength.
33 33
DTM FTUI
References
34 34
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