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comes from the Greek word ethos; morals from mores, meaning the customs of people
helps us predict how people are going to behave
basic principles of what determines right and wrong
Logicality
parents
people of influence
government
school
religious doctrine
Metaethics
source of morality
do we make it up individually?
is it from G-d?
is it from nature?
do we get it from reason?
principles used to arrive at a moral conclusion:
consequences/result
impulses
Normative Ethics
how we determine what we will do
every action has a consequence
consequences of action makes the action moral or immoral
is the intention of the action that determines this?
what principles should we live by?
Areas of Normative Ethics
1. Deontologists:
believes that you should follow rules regardless of consequences and what the effect may be
on others
focuses on moral means
2. Consequentialists:
believes the most important consideration is getting the best result/consequences for
everyone
anything that leads towards that outcome is the right thing to do
example: utilitarianism maximizes pleasure and reduces pain
focuses on moral ends
3. Virtue Ethicists:
moral decisions are made by people with good character
no ultimate law on morality or consequences
focuses on acquiring and shaping character
Applied Ethics
more practical
how we apply the knowledge of ethics to situations in real life
used in situations like:
abortion
animal rights
death penalty
Abortion
For
Rebuttal
Against
Rebuttal
Murder
foetus does count as a
human being
they are forming as a
person
to take their life
counts as murder
prevents a human life
from occurring
the child could be just
fine in the troubled
home?
not giving them a
chance to live
life begins at
conception
okay if your life is at
risk if the baby is
delivered
rape abortionpunishing the child for
something the assailant
did
A womans rights
should not outweigh the
future child's
discriminates against
the unborn
we have to start
somewhere
not the point that
he/she won't feel, but the
chance they are given if
they are born
Other Choices
welfare if the mother
can't afford it
other help from govt.
adoption
you should look into
other options before
abortion
parents that adopt
WANT the child
Dangerous After-Effects
Choice
if made legal, it would
become much safer
would not have to
worry about
decreasing amount of
suffering children
reduces debt- children
cost approx. $250000
from birth to 18
birth control can fail
Legalization of Marijuana
Against
Rebuttal
Against
Rebuttal
Medical Effects
Contains 60 different
chemicals
single joint causes as
much damage as five
cigarettes
more likely to cause
cancer
temporary sterility in
men
birth defects
Addictive
regular users prove it
is
they crave the high,
but it wears off
current leading cause
of substance
addiction other than
alcohol
12 and older identify
as being addicted on
average
withdrawal
other alternatives for
happiness (egexercise)
Mental Health
Temporary psychotic
reactions
worsens
schizophrenia
causes depression,
anxiety, suicidal
thoughts
contributes to injury
and death
use of marijuana
decreases mental
abilities as they age
the earlier they start,
the earlier the mental
decline
Cloning
For
Rebuttal
Against
Rebuttal
Natural
normal animals could
be removed
changes human's
relationship to nature
could create ecosystem
problems
slippery slope
Medical
waiting times for heart we already have
3,000 on the waiting list,
diseases that can wipe
2,000 available
out things
if cloning was legal,
just because we can
one could be created
clone does not mean
effectively
we will wipe out other
no guarantee it will
breeds
we are smart enough to work
don't have to wait for
not destroy all genetic
variation
death
need
clone stem cells to cure
cancer
cloning cells to cure
degenerative diseases
can learn from failures
just because there are
failures doesn't mean that
we should stop trying
Technology will
Food
produce more food
improve
unethical to procreate
stop hunger in third
in order to
world countries
organs are living things
Unethical
morally wrong
too sci-fi?
army of clones???
couldn't they just
clone the food?
majority of cloning
Animals
endangered animals
would be not
would have to have a
back
secure animal
very good reason to
clone it
populations
if a country decides to
control diseases within
use cloning for an army,
animals
they still have the
expenses of humans
people will still abuse it
if it's outlawed
Euthanasia
For
Rebuttal
Against
Rebuttal
Cost
life support is costly
alternatives are still
being developed,
euthanasia is still cheapest
cost $35 for druginduced euthanasia
life support- 24,000 to
110,000 dollars
small chance of
survival
family burden
surrogate- person that
can make decision for the
patient if they cannot for
themselves
Quality of Life
free will to die
obligations limit their
rights, but it should not
prevent their right to
refuse medical
treatment
3000 people in the
Netherlands seek to be
euthanized- 1.7% of
deaths
58% of people
supported euthanasia in
1978
Euthanasia in Holland
is carried out by a doctor
and an ethics counsellor
it is their choice
most people that seek
euthanasia are not
euthanized (two thirds)
Tradition?
Been in practice since
ancient times
die on their own
without committing
suicide
competent- can decide
for themselves
incompetent- can't
decide for themselves
suicide is legal, so
euthanasia should be
too
Death Penalty
euthanasia is a choice
dignified
treatment costs more
huge failure rates
Against
Cost
trial time
90,000 per year to
keep someone in prison
for life w/o parole
137 million annually
average time from
sentencing to death is
10.1 years
20 times more
expensive for DP trials
Rebuttal
For
Rebuttal
Too Risky
false testimony
biased judges
social pressure
racial prejudice
better to jail them
for life and get
them out if they're
innocent, than to
kill them
two wrongs fallacy
(eye for an eye)
worse to put them
in prison???
killing them is not
going to bring back
the dead person
family members
have to endure the
long death penalty
trials, causing them
more pain