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31
Notes
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to :
l
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
MODULE - 6A
Notes
Apart from the lenses, it also has a condenser, having a simple mirror on one side
and concave mirror on the other. The object is placed first below the objective lens
over the stage. The objective lens forms an image of the object. This image is further
magnified by the eye piece.
Table 31.1 Differences between a Simple Microscope and
a Compound Microscope
Simple Microscope
Compound Microscope
the object.
3. The Electron Microscope : The organelles of the cell became known after the
electron microscope was invented. As is seen in table 31.2 the magnification
and resolution of the electron microscope are much higher than that of the
compound microscope. Table 31.3 gives the comparison between transmission
electron microscope and scanning electron microscope.
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BIOLOGY
MODULE - 6A
Electron Microscope
Notes
Fig. 31.5 Showing similarities and differences between the light (compound)
and electron microscope
BIOLOGY
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
BIOLOGY
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
The cells are first homogenised or broken down by a special method. The
homogenate (crushed cells) is then put into tubes and tubes are placed in a
centrifuge. The centrifuge is rotated at a high speed. By doing so under the
influence of centrifugal force, organelles separate according to their particle
density and sizes. The lighter particles settle at the top and the heaviest particles
settle at the bottom. The layers are then studied separately and the structure in
details gets to be known.
5. Ultracentrifugation : By rotation at a high speed, particles/organelles of
different sizes and shape separate, according to their density. Since the rotation
is at very high speed, friction with air produces heat, so has to run under
refrigeration and vacuum. Nucleus, mitochondria etc. separate out at different
speeds.
6. Tissue Culture : This technique involves growing living cells outside the
organism by providing all necessary conditions for their survival and growth.
The cells from an organism are grown in the laboratory on a nutritive medium
at a suitable temperature. Using this technique it has been possible to develop
a whole organism from a single cell. Some new fully grown plants have been
developed in this way. (Fig. 31.8).
The steps in tissue culture are given in Fig. 31.8. Tissue is removed from the
plant body and grown in a nutrient medium. The cells divide to form an
undifferentiated mass of cells called callus which then differentiates into a
plant. In the diagram leaf tissue culture has been shown but tissue from any
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BIOLOGY
part of the plant has the ability to follow the similar path as shown in the
Fig. 31.8, and produce an entire plant. The tissue taken from the plant is called
an explants. It is now possible to culture a single cell into a whole plant.
MODULE - 6A
Tools and Techniques in
Biology
Notes
Compound microscope uses light and can give magnification up to about 1500
times whereas the electron microscope uses electron beam and magnifies the
image upto 2,00,000 times.
Phase contrast microscope is chiefly used for observing activities inside the
living cells.
Tissue culture involves growing of cells and tissues outside the body of the
organism.
BIOLOGY
MODULE - 6A
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Name the scientist who constructed the first microscope?
Notes
10
Biconvex lens
any two points given in the table 38.1
Radiolabelled
Ultracentrifugation
BIOLOGY